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| Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central, peripheral nervous system and spinal column diseases amenable to mechanical intervention. "Brain surgery" is commonly used, much like rocket science, to refer to a task requiring significant knowledge and skill. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (787x1174, 751 KB) incertion of electrode during parkinson surgery Source: taken by user File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Neurosurgery Deep brain stimulation ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (787x1174, 751 KB) incertion of electrode during parkinson surgery Source: taken by user File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Neurosurgery Deep brain stimulation ...
“Surgeon†redirects here. ...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ...
Look up rocket science in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Definition and scope
According to the U.S. Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME),[1] | “ | Neurological Surgery is a discipline of medicine and that specialty of surgery which provides the operative and nonoperative management (i.e., prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, critical care, and rehabilitation) of disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their supporting structures and vascular supply; the evaluation and treatment of pathological processes that modify the function or activity of the nervous system, including the hypophysis: and the operative and nonoperative management of pain. As such, neurological surgery encompasses the surgical, nonsurgical and stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of adult and pediatric patients with disorders of the nervous system: disorders of the brain, meninges, skull base, and their blood supply, including the surgical and endovascular treatment of disorders of the intracranial and extracranial vasculature supplying the brain and spinal cord; disorders of the pituitary gland; disorders of the spinal cord, meninges, and vertebral column, including those that may require treatment by heat fixation, instrumentation, or endovascular techniques; and disorders of the cranial and spinal nerves throughout their distribution. | ” |
History Unearthed remains of successful brain operations, as well as surgical implements, were found in France at one of Europe's noted archaeological digs. The success rate was remarkable, even circa 15,000 B.C.[citation needed]
Pre-historic evidence of brain surgery was not limited to Europe. Pre-Incan civilization used brain surgery as an extensive practice as early as 2,000 B.C. In Paracas, Peru, a desert strip south of Lima, archeologic evidence indicates that brain surgery was used extensively. Here, too, an inordinate success rate was noted as patients were restored to health. The treatment was used for mental illnesses, epilepsy, headaches, organic diseases, osteomylitis, as well as head injuries.
Brain surgery was also used for both spiritual and magical reasons; often, the practice was limited to kings, priests and the nobility.
Surgical tools in South America were made of both bronze and man-shaped obsidian (a hard, sharp-edged volcanic rock). This article is about a type of volcanic glass. ...
Africa showed evidence of brain surgery as early as 3,000 B.C. in papyrus writings found in Egypt. "Brain," the actual word itself, is used here for the first time in any language. Egyptian knowledge of anatomy may have been rudimentary, but the ancient civilization did contribute important notations on the nervous system. For other uses, see Papyrus (disambiguation). ...
Hippocrates, the father of modern medical ethics, left many texts on brain surgery. Born on the Aegean Island of Cos in 470 B.C., Hippocrates was quite familiar with the clinical signs of head injuries. He also described seizures accurately, as well as spasms and classified head contusions, fractures and depressions. Many concepts found in his texts were still in good stead two thousand years after his death in 360 B.C. For other uses, see Hippocrates (disambiguation). ...
Ancient Rome in the first century A.D. had its brain surgeon star, Aulus Cornelius Celsus. Hippocrates did not operate on depressed skull fractures; Celsus often did. Celsus also described the symptoms of brain injury in great detail.
Asia was home to many talented brain surgeons: Galenus of Pergamon, born in Turkey, and the physicians of Byzance such as Oribasius (4th century) and Paul of Aegina. An Islamic school of brain surgery also flourished from 800 to 1200 A.D., the height of Islamic influence in the world. Abu Bekr Muhammed el Razi, who lived from 852 to 932 in the Common Era, was perhaps the greatest of Islamic brain surgeons. A second Islamic brain surgeon, Abu l'Qluasim Khalaf, lived and practiced in Cordoba, Spain, and was one of the great influences on western brain surgery.
The Christian surgeons of the old Ages were clerics, well educated, knowledgeable in Latin, and familiar with the realm of medical literature. Despite the church's ban on study of anatomy, many churchmen of great renown (advisors and confessors to a succession of Popes) were outstanding physicians and surgeons. Leonardo da Vinci's portfolio containing hundreds of accurate anatomical sketches indicates the intense intellectual interest in the workings of the human body despite the Church's own brain surgery. “Da Vinci†redirects here. ...
Risks There are many risks to neurosurgery. Any operation dealing with the brain or spinal cord can cause paralysis (systemic), brain damage, infection, psychosis, or even death.
Conditions Neurosurgical conditions include primarily brain, spinal cord, vertebral column and peripheral nerve disorders. A human brain. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ...
Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include:
- Chiari Malformations
- Spinal disc herniation
- Spinal stenosis
- Hydrocephalus
- Head trauma (brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)
- Spinal cord trauma
- Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves
- Brain tumors
- Infections and infestations
- Tumours of the spine, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
- Cerebral aneurysms
- Stroke, including hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke
- Intracerebral hemorrhage, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal, and intraventricular hemorrhages
- Some forms of pharmacologically resistant epilepsy
- Some forms of movement disorders (advanced Parkinson's disease, chorea) – this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive stereotactic techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery) such as ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation surgery
- Intractable pain of cancer or trauma patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain
- Some forms of intractable psychiatric disorders
- Malformations of the nervous system
- Carotid artery stenosis
- Vascular malformations (i.e., arteriovenous malformations, venous angiomas, cavernous angiomas, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral neuropathies such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and ulnar neuropathy
- Moyamoya disease
- Congenital malformations of the nervous system, including spina bifida and craniosynostosis
A spinal disc herniation, incorrectly called a slipped disc, is a medical condition affecting the spine, in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion (nucleus pulposus) to bulge out. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Head injury is a trauma to the head, that may or may not include injury to the brain (see also brain injury). ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ...
In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ...
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ...
A brain tumor is any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or...
Tumor (American English) or tumour (British English) originally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ...
The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ...
A cerebral aneurysm or brain aneurysm is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel. ...
For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, i. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
List of Movement disorders Akinesia (lack of movement) Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting) Ataxia Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements) Hemiballismus Bradykinesia (slow movement) Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement) Sydenhams chorea Rheumatic chorea Huntingtons chorea Dystonia (sustained torsion) Dystonia muscularum Blepharospasm Writers cramp Spasmodic torticollis (twisting of...
Chorea may refer to: Chorea, an ancient Greek round dance accompanied by singing. ...
Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a minimally-invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinates system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation (removal), biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, etc. ...
In neurotechnology, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ...
A congenital disorder is a medical condition that is present at birth. ...
The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ...
Carotid artery stenosis is obstruction of the carotid artery, usually by atheroma (a fatty lump, the result of atherosclerosis). ...
Arteriovenous malformation or AVM is a congenital disorder of the veins and arteries that make up the vascular system . ...
// Incidence of Occurrence and Symptoms Cavernous Angioma, also known as cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), cavernous haemangioma, and cavernoma, is a vascular disorder of the central nervous system that may appear either sporadically or exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance. ...
This article is about the medical condition. ...
Moyamoya disease is an extremely rare disorder in most parts of the world except in Japan. ...
Craniosynostosis is a medical medical condition in which some or all of the sutures in the skull of an infant close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth. ...
Job field In the United States neurosurgical training is very competitive and grueling. It usually requires six to eight years of residency after completing medical school, plus the option of a fellowship for subspecialization (lasting an additional one to three years). Most applicants to neurosurgery training programs have excellent medical school grades and evaluations, have published scientific and/or clinical research, and have obtained board scores in the 95th percentile or higher. Resident work hour limits are set at 88 hours per week for many programs, although many neurosurgical programs have had problems meeting these new work hour limits due to the small size of residency programs, the high volume of neurosurgical patients, and the need to provide constant coverage in the emergency room (ER), operating room (OR), and intensive care unit (ICU).
All neurosurgical residency programs have some form of research included in the training. Most programs include one year of research time, which can be clinical, translational, or basic science research. Some programs offer two or more years of research, and may offer the ability to complete a second degree, such as a PhD, MPH, Masters of Science, etc.
On average 50-60% of medical students applying to neurosurgery match into a residency program (about 80% of US senior medical student applicants).[2]
Career The average compensation for a neurosurgeon ranges from US $250,000-$500,000 annually. MGMA data from 2001 for US neurosurgeons show an average of $410k in private practice, $275k in academics, and $438k for all neurosurgeons at least 3 years out of training.
See also Anton Freiherr von Eiselsberg was born on July 31, 1860 at Steinhaus Castle, Upper Austria. ...
Mahmut Gazi Yaşargil is a Turkish medical scientist and neurosurgeon (born on July 6, 1925 in Lice, Diyarbakır, Turkey. ...
Harvey Cushing (c. ...
Benjamin Solomon Carson (born September 18, 1951 in Michigan)[1] is a noted American neurosurgeon. ...
References 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
External links | Health science > Medicine | | Specialties
and
Subspecialties | | | | Anesthesiology · Cardiac surgery · Cardiothoracic surgery · General surgery · Neurosurgery · Oral and maxillofacial surgery · Orthopedic surgery (Hand surgery) · Otolaryngology (ENT) · Pediatric surgery · Plastic surgery · Surgical oncology · Thoracic surgery · Transplant surgery · Trauma surgery · Urology · Vascular surgery Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ...
For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...
“Surgeon†redirects here. ...
Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ...
Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e. ...
In medicine, the field of (cardio)thoracic surgery or cardiovascular surgery is involved in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting organs inside the thorax, i. ...
A surgeon operating General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e. ...
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. ...
This fracture of the lower cervical vertebrae, known as a teardrop fracture is one of the conditions treated by orthopaedic surgeons. ...
The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder). ...
Otolaryngology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head & neck disorders. ...
Pediatric surgery (sometimes spelled paediatric surgery) is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. ...
For the album by The Huntingtons, see Plastic Surgery (album). ...
Surgical Oncology is the branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical managment of malignant neoplasms (cancer). ...
In medicine, the field of (cardio)thoracic surgery is involved in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting the heart (cardiovascular disease) and lungs (lung disease). ...
An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ...
It has been suggested that Traumatology be merged into this article or section. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Vascular surgery is a subspecialty of general surgery in which diseases of the vascular system, or arteries and veins, are managed, largely via surgical intervention, and was originally founded by Dr. Clyde Otis Hagood Jr. ...
| | | | | Cardiology · Endocrinology · Gastroenterology · Hematology · Hepatology · Infectious diseases · Intensive care medicine · Nephrology · Oncology · Proctology · Pulmonology · Rheumatology Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ...
A diagram of a heart with an ECG indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology. ...
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ...
Gastroenterology (MeSH heading[2] ) is the branch of medicine where the digestive system and its disorders are studied. ...
Hematology (American English) or haematology (British English) is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. ...
Hepatology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with disorders of the liver, gall bladder and biliary ducts. ...
This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ...
“Intensive Care†redirects here. ...
See the article on the kidney for the anatomy and function of healthy kidneys and a list of diseases involving the kidney. ...
See cancer for the biology of the disease, as well as a list of malignant diseases. ...
Proctology is a field in medicine. ...
In medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ...
Rheumatology, a subspecialty of internal medicine, is devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. ...
| | | Diagnostic | | Clinical laboratory sciences (Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology, Transfusion medicine) · Radiology (Interventional radiology, Nuclear Medicine) · Pathology (Anatomical, Clinical) · Clinical neurophysiology A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on biological specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient. ...
Cellular pathology is the branch of general pathology studying the cellular basis of disease. ...
Clinical chemistry (also known as clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. ...
Hematology (American English) or haematology (British English) is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. ...
// General Microbiology This chapter deals with the basic mechanisms of microbiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases. ...
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective. ...
Transfusion medicine (or transfusiology) is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components. ...
Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ...
Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ...
Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ...
A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ...
Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ...
Clinical Pathology is one of the two major divisions of Pathology. ...
Clinical neurophysiology is a medical speciality that studies the central and peripheral nervous systems through the recording of bioelectrical activity, whether spontaneous or stimulated. ...
| | | Other specialties | | Allergy and immunology · Dermatology · Disaster medicine · Emergency medicine · General practice · Geriatrics · Neurology · Obstetrics and gynaecology (Fertility medicine, Reproductive medicine) · Occupational medicine · Ophthalmology · Palliative care · Pediatrics · Physical medicine and rehabilitation (Physiatry) · Preventive medicine · Psychiatry · Allergy is an abnormal reaction to a substance foreign to the body that is acquired, predictable and rapid. ...
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
Dermatology (Greek δεÏμα, skin and λόγος, word, science) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, sweat glands, etc). ...
// Disaster Medicine is the area of physician medical specialization serving the duel areas of providing medical care to disaster survivors and providing medically related disaster preparation, disaster planning, disaster response and disaster recovery leadership throughout the disaster life cycle. ...
Emergency Medicine is a speciality of medicine that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate medical attention. ...
A general practitioner (GP), family physician or family practitioner (FP) is a medical doctor who provides primary care. ...
Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on health promotion and the prevention and treatment of disease and disability in later life. ...
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ...
Obstetrics and Gynaecology (often abbreviated to OB/GYN or O&G) are the two surgical specialties dealing with the female reproductive organs, and as such are often combined to form a single medical speciality and postgraduate training program. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Reproductive endocrinology (RE) is a medical subspecialty that addresses hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction. ...
Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. ...
This article is about the branch of medicine. ...
Palliative care (from Latin palliare, to cloak) is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than providing a cure. ...
This article is about the branch of medicine. ...
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), or physiatry, is a branch of medicine dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability. ...
A 1930 Soviet poster propagating breast care. ...
An MRI scan of a human brain and head. ...
| | | | Other | Epidemiology · History of medicine · Hospital medicine · Medical education · Medical genetics · Medical school · Osteopathic medicine · Pharmacy · Physician (M.D. and D.O.) · Physician Assistant · Public health · Sports medicine Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Hospital medicine is the discipline concerned with the general medical care of hospitalized patients. ...
Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor or further training thereafter. ...
Medical Genetics is the application of genetics to medicine. ...
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas, USA. A medical school or faculty of medicine is a tertiary educational institution — or part of such an institution — that teaches medicine. ...
For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Doctor. ...
Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning Teacher of Medicine,) is an academic degree for medical doctors. ...
D.O. redirects here. ...
In the United States, a Physician Assistant (PA) is a health care professional licensed to practice medicine with the supervision of a licensed physician (either an M.D. or D.O.) [1] PAs are not to be confused with medical assistants, who perform administrative and clinical tasks in hospitals and...
Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
| | | Surgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 01-05) | | | Skull, brain, and cerebral meninges | | | | Spinal cord and spinal canal | Spinal cord and roots ( Cordotomy - Rhizotomy) Intervertebral discs (Discectomy - Intervertebral disc annuloplasty - Intervertebral disc arthroplasty) “Surgeon†redirects here. ...
The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ...
ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of Procedural codes. ...
For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ...
The meninges (singular meninx) is the system of membranes which envelop the central nervous system. ...
A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which part of the skull (part of the cranium) is removed in order to access the brain. ...
Decompressive craniectomy is a surgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. ...
Look up Lobotomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Hemispherectomy is a medical procedure where one hemisphere (half) of the brain is removed. ...
Ventriculostomy is a neurological surgical procedure. ...
Anterior temporal lobectomy is the complete removal of the anterior portion of the temporal lobe of the brain. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
The spinal canal is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. ...
Cordotomy is a surgical procedure that disables selected pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord, in order to achieve loss of pain and temperature perception. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A discectomy is a surgical procedure where an extravasated segment of the intervertebral disc, which is causing pain by stressing the spinal cord or radiating nerves, is dissected. ...
The term intervertebral disc annuloplasty indicates any procedure aimed at repairing the annulus of a bulging intervertebral disc before it herniates. ...
An intervertebral disc arthroplasty is a neurosurgical procedure consisting in the replacement of a damaged intervertebral disc (previously removed through a discectomy procedure) with a synthetic prosthesis; it also goes under the common name of artificial disc replacement. Intervertebral disc arthroplasty is an alternative to vertebral fusion procedures, which also...
Vertebral bones (Laminotomy - Laminectomy - Laminoplasty - Corpectomy - Facetectomy - Foraminotomy - Vertebral fusion - Vertebral fixation) A laminotomy is a neurosurgical procedure that removes part of a lamina of the vertebral arch in order to decompress the corresponding spinal cord and/or spinal nerve root. ...
Laminectomy is a surgical procedure for treating spinal stenosis by relieving pressure on the spinal cord. ...
A corpectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part of the vertebral body (Latin: corpus vertebrae, hence the name corpectomy), usually as a way to decompress the spinal cord and nerves. ...
Foraminotomy is a medical operation used to relieve pressure on nerves that are being compressed by the intervertebral foramina, the passages through the bones of the vertebrae of the spine that pass nerve bundles to the body from the spinal cord. ...
Vertebral fusion is the union of two adjacent vertebrae through the promotion of bone tissue to immobilise the joint. ...
Vertebral fixation (also known as spinal fixation) is a neurosurgical procedure in which two or more vertebrae are anchored to each other through a synthetic vertebral fixation device, with the aim of reducing vertebral mobility and thus avoiding possible damage to the spinal cord and/or spinal roots. ...
Lumbar puncture | | | Cranial and peripheral nerves | | | | Sympathetic nerves or ganglia | | | | Other | | | | Neuroscience | | Behavioral neurology · Cognitive neuroscience · Computational neuroscience · Molecular cellular cognition · Neural engineering · Neuroanatomy · Neurobiology · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroimaging · Neurolinguistics · Neurology · Neuromonitoring · Neuropharmacology · Neurophysiology · Neuropsychiatry · Neuropsychology · Neurosurgery · Systems neuroscience A patient undergoes a lumbar puncture at the hands of a neurologist. ...
Cranial nerves Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. ...
The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system--to serve the limbs and organs, for example. ...
A ganglionectomy, also called a gangliectomy, is the surgical removal of a ganglion. ...
Regional nerve blockade, or more commonly nerve block, is a general term used to refer to the injection of local anesthetic onto or near nerves. ...
Anatomy and Physiology of the A.N.S. In contrast to the voluntary nervous system, the involuntary or autonomic nervous system is responsible for homeostasis, maintaining a relatively constant internal environment by controlling such involuntary functions as digestion, respiration, and metabolism, and by modulating blood pressure. ...
GÃ…NGLÃŽÃ… is a 1 man electronic grindcore band from Los Angeles California that began in August of 1999. ...
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is a surgical procedure where certain portions of the sympathetic nerve trunk are burned, severed, removed or clamped. ...
The process of cutting or to otherwise severe an axon. ...
Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the pituitary gland, also called hypophysis. ...
A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that is performed only in humans. ...
Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ...
Behavioral neurology is a subspecialty of neurology that studies the neurological basis of behavior, memory, and cognition, the impact of neurological damage and disease upon these functions, and the treatment thereof. ...
The field of cognitive neuroscience concerns the scientific study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of neuroscience. ...
Computational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary science that links the diverse fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, electrical engineering, computer science, physics and mathematics. ...
Key goals of studies in the field of molecular cellular cognition (MCC) include the derivation of explanations of cognitive processes that integrate molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms, and finding mechanism and treatments for cognitive disorders. ...
It has been suggested that Neuro cybernetics be merged into this article or section. ...
Neuroanatomy is the anatomy of the nervous system. ...
Neurobiology is the study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior. ...
Neurochemistry is a branch of neuroscience that is heavily devoted to the study of neurochemicals. ...
Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with functional neuroimaging. ...
Neurolinguistics is the science concerned with the human brain mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production, and abstract knowledge of language, be it spoken, signed, or written. ...
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ...
The scientific practice of neuromonitoring takes place in the surgical suite (OR). ...
Neuropharmacology is the branch of health science concerned with the study of drugs on the nervous system. ...
Neurophysiology is a part of physiology as a science, which is concerned with the study of the nervous system. ...
Neuropsychiatry is the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. ...
Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology and neurology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors. ...
Systems neuroscience is a subdicipline of neuroscience which studies the neural circuit function, most commonly in awake, behaving intact organisms. ...
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