Part of the Politics series on Communism

History of communism Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Image File history File links Hammer_and_sickle. ... The History of Communism as a political system began in the middle of the 19th century, as part of a wave of social change in the post-Enlightenment and emerging Industrial Era of the Old World. ... Schools of communism Marxism · Leninism Left communism Trotskyism · Autonomist Marxism Eurocommunism · Maoism Council communism Anarchist communism Christian communism Luxemburgism Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is therefore a branch of Marxism. ... Left Communism is a term describing a whole range of communist viewpoints which oppose the political ideas of the Bolsheviks from a position which is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views held by the Communist International after its first two Congresses. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Autonomism, or Autonomist Marxism is a left-wing political movement and theory. ... Eurocommunism was an attempt in the 1970s by various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that was more relevant in a Western European democracy. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛泽东思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng SÄ«xiÇŽng), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of the Chinese communist Mao Zedong. ... Council communism is a Radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... Anarchist communism is a form of anarchism that advocates the abolition of the State and capitalism in favor of a horizontal network of voluntary associations through which everyone will be free to satisfy his or her needs. ... Christian communism is a form of religious communism centered around Christianity. ... Luxemburgism (also written Luxembourgism) is a specific revolutionary theory within communism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. ... Political Parties Communist International World Communist Movement International Communist Current Communist Workers International Fourth International In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, the sociopolitical ideology based on Marxism. ... The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The International Communist Current is a centralised international left communist organisation with sections throughout the world. ... The Communist Workers International (German: Kommunistische Arbeiter-Internationale, KAI) or Fourth Categories: ... The Fourth International (FI) is Trotskyisms international organization. ... States The Soviet Union People's Republic of China Cuba · Vietnam Laos · North Korea This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... Related subjects Socialism Capitalism · Cold War Religious communism New Left · Planned economy Historical materialism Marxist philosophy Left communism Democratic centralism Anti-communism Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution, and other trade of goods and services for profit in a market. ... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Religious communism is a term used by some Communists that claim that before communism became associated with atheism, the word communism was mainly used by religious groups. ... The New Left is a term used in political discourse to refer to radical left-wing movements from the 1960s onwards. ... A planned economy most often refers to an economic system that is under comprehensive control and regulation by a government in accordance with a plan of economic development. ... Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society, economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818-1883), although Marx himself never used the term. ... See also Marxian economics Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory designs work in philosophy which is strongly influenced by Karl Marxs materialist approach to theory or which is written by Marxists. ... Left Communism is a term describing a whole range of communist viewpoints which oppose the political ideas of the Bolsheviks from a position which is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views held by the Communist International after its first two Congresses. ... Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties, and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist policy inside a political party. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Notable Communists Karl Marx · Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin · Leon Trotsky Rosa Luxemburg · Anton Pannekoek Joseph Stalin · Mao Zedong Josip Broz Tito · Che Guevara Fidel Castro · Georg Lukács Antonio Gramsci · Amadeo Bordiga Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was an immensely influential philosopher, political economist, and socialist revolutionary. ... Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820, Wuppertal – August 5, 1895, London), a 19th-century German political philosopher, developed communist theory alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848). ... Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: , better known by the alias   (Ленин)) (April 22, 1870 – January 24, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, a communist politician, the main leader of the October Revolution, the first head of Soviet Russia, and the primary theorist of the ideology that has come to be called Leninism, which...   (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий) (Latinized: Lev Davidovič Trokij; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7, 1879 [O.S. October 26] – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. ... Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża Luksemburg) was a Polish-born German Jewish Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. ... Anton Pannekoek Anton Pannekoek (January 2, 1873 – April 28, 1960) was a Dutch astronomer and Marxist theorist. ... Stalin redirects here. ...   (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) (also Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles transliteration) was a Chinese Marxist military and political leader, who led the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the People’s Republic of... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... Georg Lukács (April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic in the tradition of Western Marxism. ... Antonio Gramsci (IPA: ) (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician and political theorist. ... Amadeo Bordiga (1889 - 1970) was a prominent Italian communist. ...

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For different uses of the term, including political parties with the name "New Democracy", see New Democracy (disambiguation).

New Democracy (Simplified Chinese: 新民主主义) or the New Democratic Revolution (Simplified Chinese: 新民主主义革命) is a Maoist concept based on Mao Zedong's "Bloc of Four Classes" theory in post-revolutionary China. Currently, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), the Shining Path, the New People's Army of the Philippines, and the Communist Party of India (Maoist) are conducting active guerrilla warfare ("people's war") with the intent of establishing New Democracy. A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... As a concept, New Democracy refers to a Maoist stage of development. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211...   (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) (also Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles transliteration) was a Chinese Marxist military and political leader, who led the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the People’s Republic of... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Survivors of the Long March coalesce Mao Zedong declares the Peoples Republic of China The Chinese Revolution or Chinese Revolution of 1949 refers to the final stage of fighting (1946–1950) in the Chinese Civil War. ... The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) or CPN(M) is a Maoist political party founded in 1994 and led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal, otherwise known as Prachanda. ... Shining Path poster supporting an electoral boycott The Communist Party of Peru (Spanish: El Partido Comunista del Perú), more commonly known as the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru. ... The New Peoples Army, or NPA, is a communist-based revolutionary group in the Philippines, formed in March 29, 1969. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) was founded on September 21, 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War and the Maoist Communist Centre. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Peoples war (also called protracted peoples war) is a military-political strategy invented by Mao Zedong. ...

The theory still aims to overthrow feudalism and achieve a country's national independence, but it bypasses the rule of the capitalist class, claiming instead to seek to enter directly into socialism through a coalition of classes fighting the old ruling order, subsumed under the leadership and guidance of the working class and its communist party. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... Wars of national liberation were those conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial power in an attempt to remove that powers influence. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... A coalition is an alliance among entities, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, the sociopolitical ideology based on Marxism. ...

This bloc of classes is symbolized most recognizably by the stars on the Flag of China, with the largest star to symbolize the Communist Party of China's leadership, and the surrounding four smaller stars symbolizing the Bloc of Four Classes: proletarian workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, and the nationally-based capitalists. This is the coalition of classes for the "New Democratic Revolution". Mao's New Democracy explains the Bloc of Four Classes as an unfortunate but necessary consequence of imperialism as described by Lenin, while critics on the radical left generally denounce the strategy as a futile and/or dangerous "lesser evil" policy. This is a list of current and historical flags used in the geographic area of China, including both the Peoples Republic of China (Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau) and the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name, though almost universally known in English as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is called a proletarian. ... Categories: 1911 Britannica | Historical stubs | Feudalism ... Petit-bourgeois or Anglicised petty bourgeois is a French term that reffered to the members of the lower middle social-classes. ... Capitalism generally refers to in philosophy and politics, a social system based on the principle of individual rights, including property rights. ... Imperialism is a policy of extending control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... Since the early 20th century, Radical Left has been used as an umbrella term to describe those on the political left who adhere explicitly and openly to revolutionary socialism, communism, or anarchism. ... The lesser of two evils principle was a Cold War-era foreign policy principle used by the United States and to a lesser extent, several other countries. ...

The classical Marxist understanding of the stages of economic and historical development of the modes of production under which a socialist revolution can take place is that the socialist revolution occurs only after the capitalist bourgeois-democratic revolution happens first. The bourgeois-democratic revolution paves the way for the industrial proletarian class to emerge as the majority class in society, after which it then overthrows capitalism and begins constructing socialism. Marx believed that primary communist revolutions in non-industrialized areas of the world would be unsustainable, given that they would be lacking what he considered the essential prerequisite economic and social conditions for such an undertaking. But Lenin seemed to invalidate Marx's analysis when Russian Communism outlived the failure of post-World War I socialist movements in Europe. Thus Mao, in turn, took Lenin's perspective to the next level, saying essentially that bourgeois democracy and socialism could be combined into a single stage of construction, called New Democracy. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... In the writings of Karl Marx and the Marxist theory of historical materialism, a mode of production (in German: Produktionsweise, meaning the way of producing) is a specific combination of: productive forces: these include human labor-power, tools, equipment, buildings and technologies, materials, and improved land social and technical relations... A communist revolution is a social revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism, normally with socialism (state ownership over the means of production) as an intermediate stage. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is called a proletarian. ... A communist revolution is a social revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism, normally with socialism (public ownership over the means of production) as an intermediate stage. ... Bolshevik (1920), by Boris Kustodiev. ... Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ...

Once New Democracy has been established, the country is claimed to be ideologically communist under the leadership of the communist party, and its people are actively involved in the construction of socialism even as the country itself maintains and furthers many aspects of capitalism for purposes of rapid economic growth. It is in this way that New Democracy is considered a stepping stone to socialism — a two-stage theory of first New Democracy, then the dictatorship of the proletariat. Given that the self-proclaimed ultimate goal of socialist construction is the creation of a stateless, classless communist society, adding the New Democratic Revolution arguably makes the whole process a three-stage theory: first New Democracy, then the dictatorship of the proletariat, then communism. This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, the sociopolitical ideology based on Marxism. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution, and other trade of goods and services for profit in a market. ... The dictatorship of the proletariat is a term employed by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program that refers to a transition period between capitalist and communist society in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. The term refers to a... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

See also

• Maoism
• Theory of Productive Forces
• People's War