The term New Frontier was used by John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in 1960 to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic nominee and was used as a label for his administration's domestic and foreign programs. In the United States the term progressivism refers to two political movements: first, the original political progressive movement towards social and economic reform of the late 1800s and early 1900s; and second, the continuation of this movement/ideology in the form of modern progressivism which sees itself as a reform... American liberalism—that is, liberalism in the United States of America—is a broad political and philosophical mindset, favoring individual liberty, and opposing restrictions on liberty, whether they come from established religion, from government regulation, from the existing class structure, or from multi-national corporations. ... Educational progressivists believe that education must be based on the fact that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people. ... The conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. ... The Efficiency Movement was a major dimension of the Progressive Era in the United States. ... Economic Progressivism is a political Economic Ideology. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Labor rights or workers rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers. ... This box:  • • A mixed economy is an economy that has a mix of economic systems. ... Positive liberty is an idea that was first expressed and analyzed as a separate conception of liberty by John Stuart Mill but most notably described by Isaiah Berlin. ... Social justice refers to conceptions of justice applied to an entire society. ... Social progressivism is the view that as time progresses, society should disgregard morality in place of political correctness. ... It has been suggested that Welfare capitalism be merged into this article or section. ... The Square Deal (1904) was the term used by President Theodore Roosevelt and his associates for the domestic policies of his administration, particularly with regard to economic policies, such as antitrust enforcement. ... In a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas, in August 1910, Theodore Roosevelt made the case for what he called the New Nationalism. ... The New Freedom policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: New Deal For other uses of New Deal and The New Deal, see New Deal (disambiguation). ... The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969). ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, John Kennedy or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th president of the United States. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... For other uses, see Memorial Coliseum (disambiguation) and Coliseum. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... The presidential seal was first used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...

We stand at the edge of a New Frontier—the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams. It will deal with unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.

// United States In the United States, the frontier was the term applied to the zone of unsettled land outside the region of existing settlements of Americans. ...

Review on Kennedy's New Frontier

John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier program was intended to boost the economy, to provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program. Kennedy made a point to control monopoly prices, and although this made him unpopular with large companies, it prevented consumers from being forced to pay more than a product was worth. He also was an advocate of civil rights, and although he was unsuccessful at passing legislation during his lifetime, he paved the way for the reform that would come later. He also managed to increase the minimum wage. This article should be merged with [[{{{with}}}]] development aid and humanitarian aid Foreign aid, international aid or development assistance is when one country helps another country through some form of donation. ... Any activity or effort performed to protect a nation against attack or other threats. ... This page is a summary of the US government space programme, part of a series of such summaries and covers all aspects pertinent to the nations space progamme. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ... This article is about consumers in economics. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ...

On the international scale he accomplished two major things. The first of these was the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps sent teachers to poorer nations to help increase education levels and bolster their economies. The second was the Alliance for Progress, which provided aid in health and education in Latin America. John F. Kennedy also built up the armed forces ground troops and signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union. This treaty agreed that both countries would stop all nuclear testing in the atmosphere and limit it to underground. The space program was another thing strongly advocated by Kennedy. After the Soviet Union launched a cosmonaut into space in 1961, Kennedy challenged the U.S. to put a man on the Moon by 1970. Peace Corps volunteers usually serve for two years. ... A teacher writes on a blackboard in an American college. ... The Alliance for Progress initiated by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... The Treaty Banning poop, in Outer Space, and Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT), although the former also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), is a treaty intended to obtain an agreement... Preparation for an underground nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site in the 1980s. ... View of Jupiters active atmosphere, including the Great Red Spot. ... Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: , Jurij Alekseevič Gagarin; March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968), Hero of the Soviet Union, was a Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 became the first man in space and the first human to orbit the Earth. ... Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America (NASA) using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961–1974. ...

Overall, Kennedy’s New Frontier Program was successful in boosting the economy, as well as paving the way for many political, international and social reforms.

Legislation and Programs

Economy

Taxes were lowered 16% - 20%^{[citation needed]}. i ♥ vyt forever!^{[citation needed]}.

The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 authorized the President to negotiate tariff reductions on a reciprocal basis of up to 50 percent with the European Common Market. It provided legislative authority for U.S. participation in multilateral trade negotiations from 1964-1967, which became known as the Kennedy Round. The authority expired June 30, 1967, predetermining the concluding date of the Kennedy Round. U.S. duties below five percent ad valorem, duties on certain agricultural commodities, and duties on tropical products exported by developing countries could be reduced to zero under the act. The 1962 legislation explicitly eliminated the "Peril Point" provision that had limited U.S. negotiating positions in earlier GATT rounds, and instead called on the Tariff Commission and other agencies of the U.S. government to provide the president and his negotiators with information regarding the probable economic effects of specific tariff concessions.^[1][2] The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 authorized tariff cuts of 50% with the European Common Market. ... A tariff is a tax on foreign goods. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... The Kennedy round was the sixth session of GATT trade negotiations held in 1964-1967 in Geneva, Switzerland. ... This article is in need of attention. ... An Ad valorem tax is a tax based on the assessed value of real estate or personal property. ... General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (usually abbreviated GATT) functions as the foundation of the WTO trading system, and remains in force, although the 1995 Agreement contains an updated version of it to replace the original 1947 one. ... USITC, Washington, DC The U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) is an independent, non-partisan, quasi-judicial federal agency of the United States that provides trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches of government, determines the impact of imports on U.S. industries, and directs actions against certain...

Wages

Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1961 greatly expanded the FLSA's scope in the retail trade sector and increased the minimum wage for previously covered workers to $1.15 an hour effective September 1961 and to $1.25 an hour in September 1963. The minimum for workers newly subject to the Act was set at $1.00 an hour effective September 1961, $1.15 an hour in September 1964, and $1.25 an hour in September 1965. Retail and service establishments were allowed to employ full-time students at wages of no more than 15 percent below the minimum with proper certification from the Department of Labor. The amendments extended coverage to employees of retail trade enterprises with sales exceeding $1 million annually, although individual establishments within those covered enterprises were exempt if their annual sales fell below $250,000. The concept of enterprise coverage was introduced by the 1961 amendments. Those amendments extended coverage in the retail trade industry from an established 250,000 workers to 2.2 million. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA, ch. ... The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ... Drawing of a self-service store. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing In economics and marketing, a service is the non-material equivalent of a good. ... The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. ...

Housing

Omnibus Housing Bill 1961. In March 1961 Kennedy sent Congress a special message, proposing an ambitious and complex housing program to spur the economy, revitalize cities and provide affordable housing for middle-income and low-income families. The bill proposed spending $3,190,000,000, in which the major emphasis was on the improvement of the existing housing supply instead of new starts and a cabinet-level Department of Housing and Urban Affairs would oversee the programs. Promised to make the Federal Housing Administration a full partner in urban renewal program by authorizing mortgage amounts to finance rehabilitation of homes and urban renewal Committee on housing combined programs for housing, mass transportation, and open space land bills into a single bill. Increased urban renewal grants from $2 to $4 million, additional 100,000 units of public housing. Provided opportunities for coordinated planning of community development: technical assistance to state and local governments. Refocus from wrecker ball approach to small rehabilitation projects to preserve existing ‘urban texture’. An omnibus spending bill is a bill that sets the budget of many departments of the United States government at once. ... Affordable housing is a dwelling where the total housing costs are affordable to those living in that housing unit. ... The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States government. ... The Federal Housing Administration began as part of the New Deal in 1934. ... Blight often stands side-by-side with new structures during urban renewal efforts. ... This article is about the legal mechanism used to secure property in favor of a creditor. ... Look up Rehabilitation on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Rehabilitation is the restoration of lost capabilities, or the treatment aimed at producing it. ... A taxi serving as a bus Public transport comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles. ... A local authority tower block in Cwmbrân, South Wales Public housing or project homes is a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. ... Demolition of the Old Myer Building, Perth, Western Australia. ...

Unemployment

The Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 authorized a three-year program aimed at retraining workers displaced by new technology. The bill did not exclude employed workers from benefiting and it authorized a training allowance for unemployed participants. 200,000 people were recruited however this had a comparatively minimal impact. The Area Redevelopment Act, a $394 million spending package passed in 1961, followed a strategy of investing in the private sector to stimulate new job creation. It specifically targeted businesses in urban and rural depressed areas and authorized $4.5 million annually over four years for vocational training programs. The 1963 amendments to the National Defense Education Act included $731 million in appropriations to states and localities maintaining vocational training programs.^[3] The Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 endeavored to train and retrain thousands of workers unemployed because of automation and technological change. ...

Medical

In 1963 Kennedy, who had a mentally retarded sister named submitted the nation's first Presidential special message to Congress on mental health issues. Congress quickly passed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (P.L. 88-164), beginning a new era in Federal support for mental health services. The National Institute of Mental Health assumed responsibility for monitoring community mental health centers programs.^[4] Great success as there was a sixfold increase in people using Mental Health facilities. Medical Health Bill for the Aged (later known as Medicare) was proposed, however Congress was failed to enact it. This act was created by John F. Kennedy in 1963 after he held a long talk about his mentally retarded sister. ... The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is one of 27 components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States federal governments principal biomedical and behavioral research agency. ... President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment. ...

Equal rights

The President’s Commission on the Status of Women was an advisory commission established on December 14, 1961, by Kennedy to investigate questions regarding women's equality in education, in the workplace, and under the law.^[5] The commission, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt until her death in 1962, was composed of 26 members including legislators and philanthropists who were active in women's rights issues. The main purpose of the committee was to document and examine employment policies in place for women. The commission's final report, American Woman (also known as the Peterson Report after the Commission's second chair, Esther Peterson), was issued in October 1963 and documented widespread discrimination against women in the workplace. Among the practices addressed by the group were labor laws pertaining to hours and wages, the quality of legal representation for women, the lack of education and counseling for working women, and federal insurance and tax laws that affected women's incomes. Recommendations included affordable child care for all income levels, hiring practices that promoted equal opportunity for women, and paid maternity leave.^[6] Feminism is a body of social theory and a political movement primarily based on, and motivated by, the experiences of women. ... Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American political leader who used her stature as First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 to promote her husbands (Franklin D. Roosevelts) New Deal, as well as civil rights. ... A philanthropist is someone who engages in philanthropy; that is, someone who donates his or her time, money, or reputation to a charitable cause. ... The term women’s rights typically refers to freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized or ignored and/or illegitimately suppressed by law or custom in a particular society. ... Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... Esther Peterson (December 9, 1906 - December 20, 1997) was a lifelong consumer and womens advocate. ...

In early 1960s, full-time working women were paid on average 59 percent of the earnings of their male counterparts. In order to eliminate some forms of sex-based pay discrimination, Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law on June 10, 1963.^[7] During the law's first ten years, 171,000 employees received back pay worth $84 million dollars.^[8] A full time job usually has benefits (such as health insurance) and are often considered careers. ... Equal pay for women is an issue involving pay inequality between men and women. ...

Crime

The Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act was signed into law September 22, 1961. The program aimed to prevent youth from comitting deliquent acts. In 1963, 288 mobsters were brought to trial by a team that was headed by Kennedy's brother, Robert. However in the process he made some powerful enemies in the Mafia^{[citation needed]}. Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles. ... Mobster is a slang term for a person who participates in organized crime, which is known as belonging to the Mob. In western stories and movies, cowboys as mobsters are known as outlaws. ... Robert Kennedy Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, also called RFK (November 20, 1925–June 6, 1968) was the younger brother of President John F. Kennedy, and was appointed by his brother as Attorney General for his administration. ... The Sicilian Mafia (also referred to simply as the Mafia or Cosa Nostra), is a criminal secret society which first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily. ...

Notes

http://www.cs.umb.edu/~rwhealan/jfk/j071560.htm - Full text of the New Frontier speech