New Jersey Supreme Court

Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex, seat of the court
Jurisdiction	New Jersey
Cases heard	Appeals
Appealable to	United States Supreme Court
Size	Seven
Appointment	Executive, with legislative approval
Composition	Nonpartisan
Justice's terms	Seven years, then until age 70

The New Jersey Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It has existed in three different forms under the three different state constitutions since the independence of the state in 1776. The main difference between the versions, the composition of the court, reflects the change in jurisprudence from the colonial British concept of "Law Lords", or legislators serving part time as judges, to the current form of an independent and nonpartisan court uninvolved with the other branches of government. In its current form, the New Jersey Supreme Court is the highest and final judicial authority on all cases in the state court system, the sole determinant of the constitutionality of state laws with respect to the state constitution, and the arbiter and overseer of the decennial legislative redistricting. Throughout its history it has been responsible for numerous precedents, landmarks and historically important and well-known cases. One of its former members, William J. Brennan, Jr., also became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2085x1049, 323 KB) Courtesy of User:68. ... In law, jurisdiction (from the Latin jus, juris meaning law and dicere meaning to speak) is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... The supreme court in some countries, provinces, and states, functions as a court of last resort whose rulings cannot be challenged. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries â€¢ Politics Portal      A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities referred to... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. ... The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function, has a judicial function as a court of last resort within the United Kingdom. ... A part–time job usually pays less than a full–time job, and has fewer working hours per week. ... The separation of powers (or trias politica, a term coined by French political Enlightenment thinker Montesquieu) is a model for the governance of democratic states. ... The Constitution of the State of New Jersey is the basic governing document of the State of New Jersey. ... US Congressional apportionment for states in 2000 The membership of the United States House of Representatives changes each decade following the decennial United States Census. ... In law, a precedent or authority is a legal case establishing a principle or rule which a court may need to adopt when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. ... A landmark decision is the outcome of a legal case (often thus referred to as a landmark case) that establishes a precedent that either substantially changes the interpretation of the law or that simply establishes new case law on a particular issue. ... William Joseph Brennan (April 25, 1906 - July 24, 1997) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. ... The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and is the only part of the judicial branch of the United States federal government explicitly specified in the United States Constitution. ...

The Court currently sits in the state capitol of Trenton, New Jersey in the Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex. Nickname: Trent Location of Trenton inside of Mercer County Coordinates: Country United States State New Jersey County Mercer County Founded circa 1719 Mayor Douglas H. Palmer Area    - City 21. ... Richard Joseph Hughes (August 10, 1909–December 7, 1992) was the Democratic Governor of the U.S. state of New Jersey from 1962 to 1970. ...

Previous compositions

Under the two previous New Jersey state constitutions (1776 and 1844), the phrase "Supreme Court" referred to a lower court, similar to the New York Supreme Court. Both the "supreme court" and the actual highest court were composed in a radically different manner then the current supreme court or its inferior courts. The Constitution of the State of New Jersey is the basic governing document of the State of New Jersey. ... The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the basic New York State trial court of general jurisidiction. ...

Under the 1776 constitution

Under the colonial constitution of 1776 the upper house of the legislature (which was styled the Legislative Council) along with the governor was to be "the Court of Appeals", defined as the court of last resort^[1], similar to the Law Lords of Great Britain. A separate "Supreme Court" was also mentioned, but no indication of its duties was given, only term limits of its judges (7 years).^[2] An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. ... A Legislative Council in British constitutional thought is the second-to-top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, inferior to an Executive Council and equal to or superior to a Legislative Assembly. ... The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function, has a judicial function as a court of last resort within the United Kingdom. ...

As time progressed and political philosophies changed, people took issue with numerous parts of the original constitution: It was hastily thrown together, used property qualifications for enfranchisment, contained scant guarantees of freedoms, was unamendable, and freely intermingled the three branches of government^[3] A bill of rights can be a statement of certain rights that may be guaranteed to citizens or residents of a society, legal jurisdiction, or nation-state; or an enumeration of rights they would like to have or believe they ought to have. ...

Under the 1844 constitution

In 1844, the state ratified a new constitution, which continued the practice of having a non-supreme Supreme Court. Under this constitution the highest court was the Court of Errors and Appeals^[4] or Court of Errors for short, its sole function was to hear appeals from previous courts' errors in judgment. The new Court of Errors was now composed of various separate judicial officials instead of legislators and the executive. The membership was to consist of the chancellor of the state's court of chancery, who was to be the president, the justices of the supreme court (originally four, legally anything from 2 on up), and 6 appointed judges.^[5] The latter six were to be continually replaced at a rate of one per year.^[6] The Secretary of State of New Jersey was to serve as the court's clerk^[7], and he and the justices were appointed by the governor with the consent of the New Jersey Senate.^[8][9] The Supreme Court was the second after the Court of Errors, handing all civil cases and criminal cases concerning 3,000 USD or more, and the judges were also appointed by the governor.^[10] The Court of Errors and Appeals was the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey after the enactment of the states 1844 constitution. ... For other articles with similar names, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... One of the courts of equity in England and Wales. ... The New Jersey Senate is the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 3. ...

The new arrangement was old when it began, the basic system having "changed relatively little since the time of George III", and characterized as "the most antiquated ... that exists in any considerable community of English-speaking people"^[11] George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ...

This arrangement became strained as more cases came before the court (In 1846, seven cases were heard by the court^[12]), as many members had other official duties specified by the constitution. A member of the Senate called the 16 Judge institution "little larger than a jury, little less than a mob". The 1942 commission tasked with considering constitutional change suggested that it be reduced to a seven member panel, all appointed solely to serve on the court. The constitutional convention adopted that as the current system of composition of the court.^[13] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This section may stray from the articles topic into the topic of another article: List of notable riots. ... ...

Current configuration

The official Seal of the Supreme Court that is granted to attorneys that pass the bar. Because of the Courts jurisdiction over practicing lawyers, this seal is issued to attorneys-at-law to prove their credentials, similar to a notary public's seal.

Under the current (1947 and amended) constitution, the highest court in the state is the Supreme Court.^[14] Constitutionally, it has no original jurisdiction, hearing only appeals and issuing final decisions^[15], regulating the state's court system^[16] and regulating the legal profession within the state.^[17] Image File history File links NJSupCtSeal. ... Image File history File links NJSupCtSeal. ... Seal on envelope A seal is an impression printed on, embossed upon, or affixed to a document (or any other object) in order to authenticate it, in lieu of or in addition to a signature. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For information on the type of fish called Lawyer, see the article on Burbot. ... An Embossed Notary Seal. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Normally an appeal from a case goes to the New Jersey Superior Court and from there to the Appellate Division of that court. However, appeals may be brought before the supreme court if it meets one or more of the following four requirements or if a law provides that the case may go to the Court^[18]: If the case involves a question of constitutionality (as determined by the Appellate Division of the Superior Court),^[19] if a judge of the Appellate Division of the Superior Court dissented in its ruling,^[20] if the case involves the use of capital punishment,^[21] if the Supreme Court granted certification,^[22] or if the case involves the drawing of political boundaries (see below). The Superior Court is the state court in the U.S. state of New Jersey, with state-wide trial and appellate jurisdiction. ... Constitution of the United States A constitution is a system, often codified as a written document, which establishes the rules and principles by which an organization, or political entity, is governed. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... This law-related article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Political functions

The court also serves as something of a tie-breaker in case the 10 member New Jersey Redistricting Commission fails to come to an agreement on how redistrict the state's Congressional districts following the United States Census every decade. If the commission reports ("certifies") to the court that they're evenly divided, they (the commission) gets to pick two people to be the 11th member. The court appoints the one that's "more qualified" to be the 11th "independent" member who will then break the tie.^[23] If they then cannot reach a 7 vote supermajority in favor of one districting configuration, they send the two most preferred plans to the court, which then gets to pick.^[24] In the case of the Apportionment Commission for state legislative districts, the Chief Justice alone gets to pick the final member of the Commission.^[25] 1880 US Census of Hoboken, New Jersey The United States Census is mandated by the United States Constitution[1]. The population is enumerated every 10 years and the results are used to allocate Congressional seats (congressional apportionment), electoral votes, and government program funding. ... This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. ...

The court also acts as final arbiter of the inability or absence of the Governor of New Jersey or Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, following a declaration by the Legislature.^[26] Similar to the federal setup, in case of impeachment of the Governor, the Chief Justice presides.^[27] The Governor of New Jersey is the chief executive of the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey will take office for the first time in the U.S. state of New Jersey on January, 2010 and will be elected conjointly with the Governor of New Jersey. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ...

Appointment, composition, and life on the bench

The justices of the New Jersey Supreme Court as of mid-2006.
Standing (l to r): John Wallace, James Zazzali, Barry Albin, Roberto Rivero-Soto;
Seated (l to r): Virginia Long, Chief Justice Deborah Poritz, Jaynee LaVecchia.
Notes: Poritz retired from the Supreme Court on October 26, 2006 and was replaced as Chief Justice by Zazzali. Not pictured is new Associate Justice Helen Hoens.

The Governor nominates all Justices to the Court but may chose only among those admitted to the New Jersey bar for at least ten years.^[28] Following one full week (7 days) of public notice, nominees are put before the New Jersey Senate for confirmation.^[29] Once confirmed, Justices (and all state judges in New Jersey) are given an initial term of seven years. After their initial term, the Governor must reappoint them, and the Senate must grant "advice and consent" again for the Justice to be granted tenure. Justices granted tenure serve until they die, resign, are impeached and removed, or reach the age of 70, at which point they are automatically retired. Image File history File links NewJerseySupremeCourt. ... Image File history File links NewJerseySupremeCourt. ... The New Jersey Senate is the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. ... US Capitol Building. ...

The Court consists of seven justices, of whom serves as the Chief Justice and six are Associate Justices. Should the court not meet its quorum of five^[30], the Chief Justice may select judges from the Superior Court, senior in service, to serve temporarily on the Supreme Court.^[31] The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... Look up quorum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Once in office, their salary (currently 158,500 USD, the 7th highest among state high courts^[32]) may not be decreased by the Legislature. While sitting on the bench, they are not to practice law or make money any other way.^[33] A salary is a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which is specified in an employment contract. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 3. ... The Legislature of New Jersey is the U.S. state of New Jerseys legislative branch, seated in the New Jersey State House at the states capital, Trenton. ...

A majority of the General Assembly may pass articles of impeachment against a Justice, which the Senate will then try. Only a two-thirds majority will convict,^[34] and the Senate may punish a convicted Justice with only removal from office and prohibition on holding future office.^[35] After a Justice has been impeached by the General Assembly--but before the Senate renders a verdict on the charges--the Justice may not exercise any official function.^[36] By virtue of accepting a position in the Executive or Legislative branches of government or becoming a candidate for political office, a Justice is considered as resigned from the bench.^[37] The New Jersey General Assembly is the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ...

Should a Justice or Judge become "incapacitated" to the point at which they can no longer continue in office, the Court as a whole may notify the governor. The governor then appoints a three man commission and, depending on their decision, may force them to retire.^[38]

Current membership

By tradition, a partisan balance is maintained on the Supreme Court, with the sitting governor permitted to arrange his appointments so that his party has a one-seat advantage.^[39] As a result, the Court currently has four Democrats, two Republicans, and one Independent.^[40] (The Independent Justice, who was appointed by a Republican governor and was a political appointee in Republican administrations, is counted as a Republican for this purpose.)

The tradition of partisan balance can occasionally influence the choice of a Chief Justice, as occurred with the most recent appointment. Governor Corzine faced a situation in which the Democrats already held the majority, but he also wished to appoint a Democrat to replace outgoing Chief Justice Poritz, a Republican. Appointing a Democrat not currently serving on the Court would have upset the partisan balance, and therefore the only way for Corzine to appoint a Democrat as Chief Justice was to promote one already serving as an Associate Justice, and place a Republican in the vacated Associate Justice position. Corzine did so, appointing Associate Justice James Zazzali (Democrat) as Chief Justice and then-Appellate Division Judge Helen Hoens (Republican) as the new Associate Justice.^[41]

The current Justices of the Court as of October 26, 2006, are as follows: The as of technique is a way to deal with statements that date quickly. ...

Chief Justice Zazzali replaced retiring Chief Justice Deborah T. Poritz on October 26, 2006. Appellate Division Judge Helen Hoens (a Republican) became an Associate Justice to fill Zazzali's seat. Providing Governor Corzine serves a full term, he will be able to name a new Chief Justice when Zazzali reaches age 70 and submit or deny tenure for Justices LaVecchia, and Albin, whose initial seven year terms will end before January 17, 2010. Tradition in New Jersey dictates that the Governor re-submits for tenure the Justices whose initial terms have expired. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with President of the United States oath of office. ... Virgina Long is a justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Old Farts by the Sometimes-United Nations. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 2012 (MMXII) will be a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jaynee LaVecchia was a Justice nominated to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court on January 6, 2000. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2024 (MMXXIV) will be a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... James R. Zazzali was a justice nominated to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court on May 18, 2000. ... The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Barry T. Albin was a justice nominated to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court on July 10, 2002. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 2022 (MMXXII) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... James Edward Jim McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) is a United States Democratic politician. ... The New Jersey Democratic State Committee or the NJDSC is the New Jersey state affiliate of the United States Democratic Party. ... John E. Wallace, Jr. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Roberto A. Rivera-Soto is a justice nominated to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court on June 10, 2004. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Helen E. Hoens (born July 31, 1954) is an Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is the current Democratic Governor of the state of New Jersey. ... Chief Justice Deborah Poritz Deborah T. Poritz is the Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Chief Justices

The following individuals have served as Chief Justice:

• 1804-1825: Andrew Kirkpatrick
• 1933-1946: Thomas J. Brogan
• 1946-1948: Clarence E. Case
• 1948-1957: Arthur T. Vanderbilt
• 1957-1973: Joseph Weintraub
• 1973-1973: Pierre P. Garven
• 1973-1979: Richard J. Hughes
• 1979-1996: Robert Wilentz
• 1996-2006: Deborah T. Poritz
• 2006 - present: James R. Zazzali

Andrew Kirkpatrick (1756–1831) was an American lawyer and jurist from New Jersey. ... Clarence Edward Case (1877-1961), Republican, was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. ... Arthur T. Vanderbilt (July 7, 1888-June 16, 1957, born Newark, N.J.) was Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1948 to 1957. ... Joseph Weintraub (1908-1977) was Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1957 to 1973. ... Pierre P. Garven was Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court for seven weeks in 1973. ... Richard Joseph Hughes (August 10, 1909–December 7, 1992) was the Democratic Governor of the U.S. state of New Jersey from 1962 to 1970. ... Robert Wilentz was Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1979 to 1996, making him the longest-serving Chief Justice since the Supreme Court became New Jerseys highest court in 1948. ... Chief Justice Deborah Poritz Deborah T. Poritz is the Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. ... James R. Zazzali was a justice nominated to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court on May 18, 2000. ...

Important cases

The New Jersey Supreme Court has been involved with many cases of landmark importance. Some, such as Holmes v. Walton, were to foreshadow more well known cases of the same effect. Some were precedent setting because the case was overturned by a higher court with a different conclusion. Since the 1970's, a number of the Court's major rulings have been seen as demonstrating a liberal bent -- a trend which has involved both Republican-appointed and Democratic-appointed justices. During the same period, the Court has been accused of (and sometimes praised for) being "activist".^[50] Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Judicial activism is the tendency of some judges to take a flexible view of their power of judicial interpretation, especially when such judges import subjective reasoning that displaces objective evaluation of applicable law. ...

Constitutional law

David Brearly, author of the precedent setting Holmes v. Walton

The principle of judicial review in New Jersey was the result of then Chief Justice David Brearley's opinion in Holmes v. Walton (1780^[51] or 1779^[52]). While the case was decided against the plaintiff, the court's consideration of the matter asserted its ability to determine constitutionality.^[53][54] This was followed up by the federal Supreme Court's case of Marbury v. Madison. Image File history File links David_Brearly. ... Image File history File links David_Brearly. ... Judicial review is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or for the violation of the person. ... David Brearly David Brearley (often misspelled Brearly) (June 11, 1745–August 16, 1790) was a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention and signed the U.S. Constitution on behalf of New Jersey. ... A plaintiff, also known as a claimant or complainant, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Holding Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional to the extent it purports to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution. ...

In State v. Post and State v. Van Beuren 20 N.J.L. 368, decided together, the constitutionality of slavery in the state was challenged on the grounds that the first article of the first section of the newly passed (1844) state constitution ("All men are by nature free and independent...") precluded it. The court by two to one (with one absence), rejected this stating that "the constitution has not ... abolished slavery."^[55] This was overturned on December 18, 1865, with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In the context of the United States of America, a state constitution is the governing document of a U.S. state, comparable to the U.S. Constitution which is the governing document of the United States. ... In the Gregorian Calendar, December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years), at which point there will be 13 days remaining to the end of the year. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. ...

Rights

The Court has delivered many cases concerning the rights of individuals, in many cases reading them expansively:

In 1966 Clover Hill Swimming Club, Inc. v. Robert F. Goldsboro and Division on Civil Rights (47 N.J. 25; 219 A.2d 161; 1966 N.J. LEXIS 180) the court ruled against the Club, which had denied membership to an African-American. The club claimed that as a private organization it could choose its own membership even though they had advertised in local newspapers and magazines. The Clover Hill Swimming Club in Millington, New Jersey was a classic late 1950s and 1960s swim club in New York suburbia. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

In State ex rel. T. L. O., 463 A. 2d 934 (1983) the court decided, against two lower courts, that a search of a student's purse without a warrant was unreasonable. This was appealed as New Jersey v. T. L. O. 469 U.S. 325 (1985) wherein the United States Supreme Court ruled that students and minors have a lower expectation of privacy, saying in its noted ruling that "school officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority."^[56] // Case citation is the system used in common law countries such as the United States, England and Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and India to uniquely identify the location of past court cases in special series of books called reporters or law reports. ... Amendment IV (the Fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. ... Holding School officials are State agents when enforcing disclipinary rules mandated by law. ... Students attending a lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stŭdērĕ, meaning to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ... In law, a person who is not yet a legal adult is known as a minor (known in some places as an infant or juvenile). ... Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to keep their lives and personal affairs out of public view, or to control the flow of information about themselves. ...

In re Quinlan 355 A.2d 647 concerned the right to die of Karen Ann Quinlan, who was in a persistent vegetative state following prolonged respiratory failure. Her parents (and legal guardians) requested to have her ventilator removed, which the officials at the hospital refused to do. The court ultimately ruled in her parents favor. She continued to live without artificial respiration for several years afterwards.^[57] In re, Latin for in the matter [of], is a legal term used to indicate that a judicial proceeding may not have formally designated adverse parties or is otherwise uncontested. ... For the 1987 film, see Right to Die (film) The term right to die refers to various issues around the death of an individual when that person could continue to live with the aid of life support, or in a diminished or enfeebled capacity. ... Karen Ann Quinlan (March 29, 1954–June 11, 1985) was an important figure in the history of the right to die debate. ... A persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a condition of patients with severe brain damage in whom coma has progressed to a state of wakefulness without detectable awareness. ... Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. ... A medical ventilator is a device designed to provide mechanical ventilation to a patient. ...

In 1988, the Court ruled in In re Baby M (537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396) that the surrogate mother of Baby M, despite previous rulings denying her custody, was entitled to visitation rights.^[58] Third party reproduction refers to a process where another person provides sperm or eggs or where another woman provides her uterus so that a woman can have a child. ... Baby M (born March 27, 1986) was the name given to the child in an American custody case between the surrogate mother hired to carry her, and the childs biological father. ...

Dale v. Boy Scouts of America (160 N.J. 562 (1999)) concerned the right of the Boy Scouts of America organization to expel a member for declaring himself to be homosexual. James Dale, the plaintiff, was a member of the organization for some years before he made his orientation public. Upon discovering this, the district BSA council revoked his membership. Dale sued for violating the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, which the court unanimously agreed applied to the BSA. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000), a 5-4 decision.^[59] The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is a United States Scouting organization, with some presence in other countries. ... Coming out of the closet (very often shortened to coming out in winking reference to the public introduction of debutantes) describes the voluntary public announcement of ones (often homosexual or bisexual) sexual orientation, gender identity, or paraphilia. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Boy Scouts of America et al v. ...

The court's 2006 decision in Caballero v. Martinez concerned an illegal immigrant, Victor Manuel Caballero, who was injured during an accident while riding in an uninsured vehicle driven by an unlicensed person. The Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund, set up to cover injuries by uninsured drivers, refused to compensate him as he wasn't a legal resident. The Court on hearing his case overruled two lower courts and declared that he was entitled to compensation from the fund, stating that "a person may be a 'resident' even if the intent to remain ultimately is not realized". Previously an individual who had lived five months with relatives was not a resident with respect to the Fund.^[60][61] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Current EU driving licence, German version - front 1. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In Lewis v. Harris, the Court returned a verdict requiring that the legislature must change state law, within 180 days, to afford equal protection to same-sex couples. The decision does not require use of the word "marriage," but rather equality of rights.^[62] Lewis v. ...

Social and political cases

In Abbott v. Burke (1981), or Abbott I, which was filed on behalf of students of the most depressed school districts. The Court decided that a single test must be applied state-wide to determine if students were getting the constitutionally mandated education. Also, the Abbott districts are given state aid to match the operating budget of the richer districts.^[63] Since then there have been seven "Abbott cases", many of which ended with the court finding the New Jersey Legislature's latest educational acts unconstitutional.^[64][65] Abbott Districts are school districts covered by a New Jersey Supreme Court ruling that found that the education provided to urban school children was inadequate and unconstitutional. ... The Legislature of New Jersey is the U.S. state of New Jerseys legislative branch, seated in the New Jersey State House at the states capital, Trenton. ...

In 1975 and 1983, two cases, both named Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township, were decided by the Court. The Constitution was interpreted to require that zoning authorities inclusionarily zone their land to create affordable housing, that the districts had to equally take on the required load of housing, and that exclusionary zoning was illegal.^[66] These requirements are now commonly referred to as the Mount Laurel Doctrine. The Mount Laurel Decision is a controversial judicial interpretation of the New Jersey State Constitution. ... A typical zoning map; this one identifies the zones, or development districts, in the city of Ontario, California Zoning is a North American term for a system of land-use regulation. ... Inclusionary zoning, also know as inclusionary housing, refers to city planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction be affordable to people with low to moderate incomes. ... The Mount Laurel Doctrine is a controversial judicial interpretation of the New Jersey State Constitution. ...

In Democratic Party v. Samson (814 A.2d 1028) the Court allowed the state Democratic Party to change their candidate for the upcoming federal Senate race from Robert Torricelli to Frank Lautenberg despite the deadline having passed. In its opinion it cited previous cases before the Court, including one stating "Election laws are to be liberally construed", to decide that the change was in the interest of the electorate.^[67][68][69] The New Jersey Democratic State Committee or the NJDSC is the New Jersey state affiliate of the United States Democratic Party. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ...  Republican hold  Republican pickup  Democratic hold  Democratic pickup The U.S. Senate election, 2002 was a fiercely-contested race that resulted in a victory for the Republican Party, which gained two seats and thus a narrow majority from the Democratic Party in the United States Senate. ... Robert Guy Torricelli (born August 27, 1951), nicknamed the Torch, is an American politician from the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (born January 23, 1924) is a businessman and Democratic Party politician. ...

References

April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... DjVu (pronounced deja-vu) is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned images, especially those containing text and line drawings. ... Viking Press was founded on March 1, 1925, in New York City, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheim. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Philadelphia Inquirer is one of a two Knight Ridder newspaper duopoly daily for the Philadelphia area. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Founded in 1913, the American Judicature Society (AJS) is an independent, nonpartisan, national organization of judges, lawyers, and interested members of the public whose mission is to improved the justice system - to secure and promote an independent and qualified judiciary and fair system of justice. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... WCBS (880 kHz. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Archives building in Washington, DC The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... DjVu (pronounced deja-vu) is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned images, especially those containing text and line drawings. ... Viking Press was founded on March 1, 1925, in New York City, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheim. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... FindLaw is a legal resource website owned by the Thomson Corporation. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... PBS re-directs here; for alternate uses see PBS (disambiguation) PBS logo The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 349 member TV stations in the United States. ... Newshour is the flagship news and current affairs radio programme of the BBC World Service. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of £4 billion. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rutgers University Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is located in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Camden and Newark, New Jersey. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... The Asbury Park Press is the major daily newspaper in Monmouth and Ocean counties, New Jersey, and the second largest in the state. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• The Court's official web site
  • Writs of Certification granted
• A graphical explanation of how the court fits into the system