The soldier's catechism: rules, regulations and drill procedures.

The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. It differed from other armies in the same conflict in that it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country, rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. As such, its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia. Furthermore, its officers were also intended to be professional soldiers, not having seats in either House of Parliament and therefore not linked to any political or religious faction among the Parliamentarians. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... New Model Army are an English rock band. ... Image File history File links New_Model_Army_-_Soldier's_catechism. ... Image File history File links New_Model_Army_-_Soldier's_catechism. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... The Roundheads was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... This article is about a military rank. ...

The New Model Army was raised partly from among veteran soldiers who already had deeply-held Puritan religious convictions, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly-held beliefs about religion or society. Its common soldiers therefore held and expressed dissenting or radical views unique to any English army. Although the Army's senior officers did not share many of their soldiers' political opinions, their independence from Parliament led to the Army being used to overthrow both the Crown and Parliament's authority, and to establish a short-lived "Commonwealth", which included a period of direct military rule. Ultimately, the Army's Generals (particularly Oliver Cromwell) could rely both on the Army's internal discipline and its religious zeal and innate support for the "Good Old Cause" to maintain an essentially dictatorial rule. The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... The Good Old Cause was the name given by the soldiers of the New Model Army for the reasons they fought for Parliament against King Charles I and the Royalists during the English Civil War and the support they gave to the republic, particularly the English Commonwealth, of the Interregnum...

Foundation

The New Model Army was formed as a result of dissatisfaction among Parliamentarians with the conduct of the Civil War in 1644, which became a bitter public argument after the Second Battle of Newbury. Although the Parliamentarians had a clear advantage in manpower over the Royalists, most of their forces were raised by local associations of counties, and could rarely be used very far from their homes. As early as July 2 of that year, Sir William Waller wrote on discovering that his London-based units were refusing to campaign further afield, "... an army compounded of these men will never go through with your service, and till you have an army merely your own that you may command, it is in a manner impossible to do anything of importance.". Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Earl of Essex Sir William Waller Earl of Manchester King Charles I Prince Maurice Strength 7,000 horse 12,000 foot 3,500 horse 5,000 foot Casualties unknown unknown The Second Battle of Newbury was a battle of the English Civil War fought on October... °°°°°°°°°°°→→→→→→→→→→→→§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Prince Rupert, an archetypical cavalier For other uses, see Cavalier (disambiguation). ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the former governor of Mississippi, see Bill Waller. ...

Also, there was increasing dissension among Parliament's generals in the field. Many of Parliament's senior officers, mainly Presbyterians, were suspected of being inclined to favour peace with King Charles, and of conducting operations half-heartedly as a result. The Earl of Manchester was perhaps the most prominent of this faction; his Lieutenant General, Oliver Cromwell, was the leading proponent of fighting the war to the finish, which did not make for harmonious conduct of operations. Parliament's senior commander, the Earl of Essex was also suspected of lack of determination and was on poor terms with his subordinates. Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scots and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ... Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester KG (1602 – May 5, 1671), eldest son of the first earl by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, (January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646), was the son and heir of the unfortunate Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and succeeded to his fathers title in 1604, three years after the previous earl had been executed for treason. ...

On November 19, 1644, the Parliamentarian Eastern Association of counties announced that they could no longer meet the cost of maintaining their forces, which at the time provided about half the field force available to Parliament. In response, Parliament directed the Committee of Both Kingdoms, the cabinet-like body which oversaw the conduct of the War (and which included several experienced officers), to review the whole state of Parliament's forces. Also on December 19, the House of Commons passed the Self-denying Ordinance, which prevented all members of the Houses of Lords and Commons from holding any military office. Originally a separate matter from the establishment of the Army, it soon became intimately linked with it. Once the Self-denying Ordinance became Law, it would remove the Earls of Manchester and Essex, and other Presbyterian members of Parliament and peers from command in the field. is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... The Eastern Association was a Parliamentarian or Roundhead army during the English Civil War. ... The Committee of Both Kingdoms was a committee set up during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarian faction, to oversee the conduct of the War. ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The first Self-denying Ordinance was a bill moved on 9 December 1644 to deprive members of Parliament from holding command in the army or the navy of the Parliamentary forces during the English Civil War. ...

Sir Thomas Fairfax

On January 6, 1645, the Committee of Both Kingdoms laid down the establishment of the New Model Army, and appointed Sir Thomas Fairfax as its Captain-General and Sir Philip Skippon as Sergeant-Major General of the Foot. The Self-Denying Ordinance took time to pass the House of Lords, but came into force about the same time as the New Model Army finally came into being in April. Although Oliver Cromwell handed over his command of the Army's cavalry when it was passed, leaving the post vacant, Fairfax specifically requested his services when another officer (Colonel Vermuyden) wished to emigrate, and Cromwell again became Colonel of a regiment of horse and Lieutenant-General of the Horse in June. Cromwell and his son-in-law Henry Ireton (another cavalry commander in the New Model Army, and member of parliament) were two of the only four exceptions to the Self Denying Ordinance, the other two being local commanders in Cheshire and North Wales. They were allowed to serve under a series of three-month temporary commissions that were continually added to. In the public domain by age This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... In the public domain by age This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (January 17, 1612 - November 12, 1671), parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the English Civil War, the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, was born at Denton, near Otley, Yorkshire. ... Philip Skippon (died 1660) was an English soldier in the English Civil War. ... Henry Ireton Henry Ireton (1611 - November 26, 1651), was an English general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ...

Parliament also decreed the consolidation of most of their other forces into two other armies, those of the Northern Association under Sydenham Poyntz and the Western Association under Edward Massey. These were locally recruited, and intended to reduce the remaining Royalist garrisons in their areas and prevent Royalist incursions. Some of their regiments were later reorganised and incorporated into the New Model Army. Sydnam Poyntz, Col. ... Sir Edward Massey (c. ...

Establishment and early Character

The New Model Army consisted of 22,000 soldiers, comprising 11 regiments of cavalry (6600 men), 12 regiments of infantry (14,400 men) and 1 regiment of 1000 dragoons. The existing Parliamentarian armies of the Earl of Essex, the Southern Association under Sir William Waller and the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester were broken up to provide regiments for the new army. Although the cavalry regiments were already well up to strength and there was no shortage of volunteers for them, the regiments of foot needed 7000 reinforcements. These were impressed from Parliamentarian-held areas in the South and East. British regiment A regiment is a military unit, consisting of a variable number of battalions - commanded by a colonel. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... For other uses, see Dragoon (disambiguation). ... Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, (January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646), was the son and heir of the unfortunate Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and succeeded to his fathers title in 1604, three years after the previous earl had been executed for treason. ... For the former governor of Mississippi, see Bill Waller. ... Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester KG (1602 – May 5, 1671), eldest son of the first earl by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. ...

A "Soldier's catechism" dictated new regulations and drill procedures. The standard daily pay was 8 pence for infantry, 2 shillings for cavalry. The administration of the Army was more centralised and there was better guarantee of food, clothing and other provisions than before. Cavalrymen (often recruited from among yeomen, or the more well-to-do farmers) had to supply their own horses. It has been suggested that Drill (military) be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about coinage. ... Yeoman is an antiquated term for farmers, tradesmen and other members of the early English middle class. ...

Oliver Cromwell

The original founders intended that proficiency rather than social standing or wealth should determine the Army's leadership and promotions. Many officers (often the gentlemen amateurs) of existing units merged into regiments of the New Model Army became surplus to establishment and were discharged; these reformadoes demonstrated several times in London as they sought compensation or relief. Many corporals and sergeants, particularly in the Earl of Essex's army, were also unable to find posts in the merged regiments, but were persuaded to serve as ordinary soldiers. Contemporary accounts report that this was the result of exhortation by the popular Sir Philip Skippon, but it has also been suggested that these former non-commissioned officers believed that they would be unable to find employment outside the Army. Image File history File links Oliver_CromwellUT.jpg‎ From the English Wikipedia History 23:00, 29 July 2004 Raul654 (51708 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision) 06:56, 26 April 2003 . ... Image File history File links Oliver_CromwellUT.jpg‎ From the English Wikipedia History 23:00, 29 July 2004 Raul654 (51708 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision) 06:56, 26 April 2003 . ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ...

Cromwell also preferred soldiers devoted, like himself, to Puritan ideals, and some of them sang psalms prior to battle. Even as it was being formed, the Army was viewed by some Presbyterians as a hotbed of Independents, a potentially dangerous situation given that Parliament's agreement with the Scottish Covenanters stipulated that Presbyterianism was to be made the established Church in England. Several prominent Presbyterian officers, mainly expatriate Scottish professional soldiers, exacerbated this situation by refusing to serve in the New Model Army. Psalms (Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or praises) is a book of the Hebrew Bible included in the collected works known as the Writings or Ketuvim. ... James VI of Scotland (James I of England) was opposed by the Covenanters in his attempt to bring the Anglican Church into Scotland The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century. ...

Two Colonels (Edward Montagu and John Pickering) in particular were both stated to be fanatical Independents. Pickering went so far as to preach sermons to his troops, for which he was reprimanded by Fairfax. The Earl of Essex brought a motion in the House of Lords to prevent Montagu and Pickering, and 40 Captains who were reportedly of the same persuasion, from holding commissions, but they were allowed to serve after there was a tied vote.

Prince Rupert of the Rhine, an archetypal cavalier and a prominent general in the army of King Charles I, gave the New Model troops their nickname of Ironsides. This referred more to their ability to cut through opposing forces than to their armour, as sometimes claimed. For other uses, see Prince Rupert (disambiguation). ... °°°°°°°°°°°→→→→→→→→→→→→§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Prince Rupert, an archetypical cavalier For other uses, see Cavalier (disambiguation). ... Ironside was the name given to a trooper in the cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. ...

Original Order of Battle

Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, (January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646), was the son and heir of the unfortunate Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and succeeded to his fathers title in 1604, three years after the previous earl had been executed for treason. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Ironside was the name given to a trooper in the cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. ... Edward Whalley (c. ... Charles Fleetwood (died 4 October 1692), English Parliamentary soldier and politician, third son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, and of Anne, daughter of Nicholas Luke of Woodend, Bedfordshire, was admitted into Grays Inn on 30 November 1638. ... Nathaniel Rich (1585 - 1636), English merchant adventurer, born about 1585, was probably eldest son of Richard Rich, an illegitimate son of Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich. ... Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester KG (1602 – May 5, 1671), eldest son of the first earl by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. ... John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton (c. ... Colonel Sir Edward Rossiter (1618-1669) of Somerby by Bigby Lincolnshire England - Soldier Knight Parliamentarian Colonel Sir Edward Rossiter of Lincolnshire fought alongside Cromwell at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. ... For other places with the same name, see Lincolnshire (disambiguation). ... Lawrence Crawford (1611 - 1645) was a Scottish soldier who nevertheless fought in English or other armies on the continent of Europe. ... Thomas Rainsborough (c 1610- 29? October 1648) was a leading figure in the English Civil War. ... Colonel Sir Richard Ingoldsby (1617–1685) was an officer in the New Model Army and a Regicide who as a Commisoner (Judge) at the trial of King Charles I signed his death warrant. ... The Nova Scotian baronetcy of Holborne was intimately connected with Menstrie Castle in Clackmannanshire, and was derived from Sir James Holborne who was a Major General in the Scottish army during the revolutionary years of the English Civil war. ...

Dress, equipment and tactics

Horse

The New Model Army's elite troops were its Regiments of Horse. They were armed and equipped in the style known at the time as arquebusiers, rather than heavily armoured cuirassiers. They wore a back- and breastplate over a buff leather coat, which itself gave some protection against sword cuts, and normally a "lobster-tailed" pot helmet with a movable three-barred visor, and a bridle gauntlet on the left hand. The sleeves of the buff coats were often decorated with strips of braid, which may have been arranged in a regimental pattern. Leather "bucket-topped" riding boots gave some protection to the legs. Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus or hackbut) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ... French cuirassier armour, 1854 Cuirassiers were mounted cavalry soldiers equipped with armour and firearms, first appearing in late 15th-century Europe. ...

Although not heavily armoured, their tactics were nevertheless based on those of the Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus, which emphasised shock action, rather than a caracole with their firearms. They would charge boot-to-boot and sword in hand. In battle they usually carried two loaded pistols, one of which was fired just before they came into contact with the enemy, the other was kept either to cover their own retreat or to fire at a fleeing enemy. Gustav II Adolph Gustav II Adolph (December 9, 1594 - November 6, 1632) (also known as Gustav Adolph the Great, under the Latin name Gustavus Adolphus or the Swedish form Gustav II Adolf) was a King of Sweden. ... The caracole or caracol (from the Spanish caracol - spiral) consists of a manoeuvre on horseback in dressage and, previously, in military tactics. ...

Regiments were organised into six troops, of seventy troopers plus officers, non-commissioned officers and specialists (drummers, farriers etc). On the battlefield, they were normally formed as two divisions of three troops, one commanded by the regiment's Colonel (or the Major, if the Colonel was not present), the other by the Lieutenant Colonel.

Their discipline was markedly superior to that of their Royalist counterparts. Cromwell specifically forbade his men to pursue a fleeing enemy, but demanded they hold the battlefield. This meant that the New Model cavalry could charge, break an enemy force, regroup and charge again at another objective, which made them a formidable force on the battlefield. On the other hand, when required to pursue, they would do so relentlessly, not breaking ranks to loot abandoned enemy baggage as Royalist horse would often do.

Dragoons

The New Model Army contained one regiment of dragoons, of twelve companies under Colonel Okey. Dragoons were mounted infantry, and wore much the same uniform as musketeers although they probably wore stout cloth gaiters to protect the legs while riding. They were armed with flintlock "snaphaunces" rather than the matchlock muskets carried by the infantry. For other uses, see Dragoon (disambiguation). ... Flintlock of an 18th Century hunting rifle, with piece of flint missing. ... The Matchlock was the first mechanism or lock invented to facilitate the firing of a hand-held firearm. ...

On the battlefield, their major function was to clear enemy musketeers from in front of their main position. At the Battle of Naseby, they were used to outflank enemy cavalry. Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax Oliver Cromwell King Charles I Prince Rupert of the Rhine Strength 6,000 horse 7,000 foot 4,100 horse 3,300 foot Casualties 150 total casualties[1] approximately 1,000 killed, 5,000 captured[1] The Battle of Naseby was the key...

They were also useful in patrolling and scouting. In sieges, they were often used to assault breaches carrying flintlock carbines and grenades. The storming party were sometimes offered cash payments, as this was a very risky job. Once the forlorn hope had established a foothold in the enemy position, the infantry would follow them with their more cumbersome weapons of pikes and muskets. Flintlock of an 18th Century hunting rifle, with piece of flint missing. ... A carbine is a firearm, similar to but shorter than an ordinary rifle or musket in barrel and stock. ... A hand grenade is a hand-held bomb, made to be thrown by a soldier. ... Forlorn hope is a military term that comes from the Dutch verloren hoop, which should be translated as lost troop although in Dutch it can also mean lost hope. The Dutch phrase fortutiously sounding like a accurate statement of the units future in English. ...

In 1650, Okey's dragoons were converted into a regiment of horse. It appears that after that date, unregimented companies of dragoons raised from the Militia and other sources were attached to the regiments of horse and foot as required. Year 1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Foot

The Regiments of Foot consisted of musketeers and pikemen. On the battlefield, the musketeers lacked protection against enemy cavalry, and the two types of foot soldier were mixed. For most siege work, or for any action in wooded or rough country, the musketeer was generally more useful and versatile. Musketeers were often detached, or "commanded", for particular tasks. It is probable that in the New Model Army there were two musketeers for each pikeman, although depictions of battles show them as being present in equal numbers, in stylised formations which were probably never used. For other uses of this term, see Musketeer (disambiguation). ... A pike is a pole weapon once used extensively by infantry principally as a counter-measure against cavalry assaults. ...

Regiments consisted of ten companies, in which musketeers and pikemen were mixed, at least on the march. Seven companies consisted of 100 soldiers, plus officers and so on, and were commanded by Captains. The other three companies were commanded by the regiment's Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and Major, and were stronger.

The regiments of foot were provided with red uniforms. Those used by various regiments may have had differently-coloured linings, which would show at the collar and the ends of the sleeves, and became in time the official "facing" colour.

Pikemen, when fully equipped, wore a pot helmet, back- and breastplates over a buff coat, and often also armoured tassets to protect the upper legs. They carried a sixteen-foot pike, and a sword. The heavily burdened pikeman usually dictated the speed of the Army's movement. In battle, they were supposed to project a solid front of spearheads, to protect the musketeers from cavalry while they reloaded. They would also lead the charge against enemy foot units, when things came to push of pike. A suit of three-quarter plate with prominent, segmented tassets Tassets are a piece of plate armour designed to protect the upper legs. ... Bad war The push of pike was a particular feature of late medieval and Early Modern warfare that occurred when two opposing columns of pikemen—often Swiss mercenaries or landsknechts—collided and became locked in position along a front of interleaved pikes. ...

The Musketeers wore little armour (if any). They wore a bandolier from which were suspended twelve wooden containers each with a ball and measured charge of powder for their matchlock muskets. They were supposed to keep up a constant fire by means of the "countermarch", whereby the front rank would fire a volley then file to the rear of the formation, which was usually about 6 ranks deep. By the time they had reached the front rank again, they should have reloaded and been prepared to fire. At close quarters, there was often no time for musketeers to reload and would use their musket butts as clubs. (They carried swords, but these were often of inferior quality, and ruined by use for cutting firewood. At this time, musketeers did not use bayonets.) The Matchlock was the first mechanism or lock invented to facilitate the firing of a hand-held firearm. ... For other uses, see bayonet (disambiguation). ...

Artillery

The establishment of the New Model Army's artillery varied over time, and the artillery appears to have been administered separately from the Horse and Foot. Much of the artillery was captured from the Royalists in the aftermath of the Battle of Naseby and the storming of Bristol. For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... This article is about the English city. ...

The establishment of artillery also included a unit of fusiliers, whose duty was to guard the baggage and the ammunition train. They were armed with flintlock rather than matchlock muskets; it was obviously undesirable to have lighted matches near the gunpowder barrels. Fusilier was originally the name of a soldier armed with a light flintlock musket called the fusil. ...

The artillery was used to most effect in sieges, where its role was to blast breaches in fortifications for the infantry to assault. Cromwell and the other commanders of the Army were not trained in siege warfare and generally tried to take fortified towns by storm rather than go through the complex and time-consuming process of building earthworks and trenches around it so that batteries of cannon could be brought close to the walls to pound it into surrender. A siege is a prolonged military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. ...

The Army generally performed well when storming fortifications - for example at the siege of Drogheda, but paid a heavy price at Clonmel when Cromwell ordered them to attack a well-defended breach. Drogheda, a town in eastern Ireland, was besieged twice in the 1640s, during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... Combatants Irish Catholic Confederate troops from Ulster English Parliamentarian New Model Army Commanders Hugh Dubh ONeill Oliver Cromwell Strength c1500 8000 Casualties low c1500-2500 The Siege of Clonmel took place in April - May 1650 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland when the town of Clonmel in County Tipperary...

Civil War Campaigns

The New Model Army won important victories at Naseby (14 June 1645, its baptism of fire) and Langport (10 July). Thereafter, they reduced the Royalist fortresses in the west of England. (With the destruction of the main Royalist army at Naseby, the pursuit of King Charles's remaining forces in the centre of England could be left to locally-raised forces.) The last fortress in the west surrendered in early 1646, shortly before Charles surrendered himself to a Scottish army and hostilities ended. Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax Oliver Cromwell King Charles I Prince Rupert of the Rhine Strength 6,000 horse 7,000 foot 4,100 horse 3,300 foot Casualties 150 total casualties[1] approximately 1,000 killed, 5,000 captured[1] The Battle of Naseby was the key... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... The Battle of Langport was a Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War, which destroyed the last Royalist field army, and ultimately gave Parliament control of the West of England, which had hitherto been a major source of manpower, raw materials and imports for the Royalists. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

After the end of major civil war hostilities in England, the Army was in a position to dictate the future of England, which caused a great deal of tension between the political radicals in their ranks, and their commanders such as Cromwell and Henry Ireton.

Revolutionary Politics and the "Agreement of the People"

Having won the Civil War, the soldiers became discontented with the Long Parliament, for several reasons. Firstly, they had not been paid regularly and on the end of hostilities, the conservative MPs in Parliament wanted to either disband the Army or send them to fight in Ireland without receiving their back pay. Secondly the Long Parliament refused to grant the soldiers indemnity (freedom from prosecution due to crimes they had been ordered to commit in the Civil War). The soldiers demanded indemnity as several soldiers were hanged after the war for crimes such as stealing horses for use by the cavalry regiments. Thirdly, seeing that most Parliamentarians wanted to restore the King without major democratic reforms or religious freedom, many soldiers asked why they had risked their lives in the first place, a sentiment that was strongly expressed by their elected representatives. The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ... The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ...

Two representatives, called Agitators, were elected from each regiment. The Agitators, with two officers from each regiment and the Generals formed a new body called the Army Council which after a rendezvous (meeting) near Newmarket on Friday 4 June 1647 issued "A Solemne Engagement of the Army, under the Command of his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax" to Parliament on 8 June making their concerns known, and also the constitution of the Army Council so that Parliament would understand that the discontent was Army wide and had the support of both officers and other ranks. This Engagement was read out to the Army at a general Army rendezvous on 5 June. Newmarket is a market town in the English county of Suffolk,approximately 65 miles (105 kilometres) north of London, which has grown and become famous because of its connection with race horses and Thoroughbred horse racing at Newmarket Racecourse. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Solemn Engagement was a declaration to the English House of Commons adopted unanimously by the General Council of the Army commanded by Thomas Fairfax at Newmarket on May 29th, 1647. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Having come under the influence of London radicals called the Levellers, the troops of the Army proposed a revolutionary new constitution named the Agreement of the People, which called for almost universal male suffrage, reform of electoral boundaries, power to rest with the Parliament which was to be elected every two years (by the people), religious freedom, and an end to imprisonment for debt. Image File history File links Agreement_of_the_People_(1647-1649). ... The Levellers were a mid 17th century English political movement, who came to prominence during the English Civil Wars. ... The Agreement of the People (1648) was a social contract for the revolutionary English government. ...

Increasingly concerned at the failure to pay their wages and by political maneuverings by King Charles I and by some in Parliament, the army marched slowly towards London over the next few months. In late October and early November at the Putney Debates the Army debated two different proposals. The first was the Agreement of the People; the other was "The Heads of the Proposals", put forward by Henry Ireton for the Army Council. This was a constitutional manifesto which included the preservation of property rights and would maintain the privileges of the gentry. At the Putney Debates it was agreed to hold three further rendezvous. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Putney Debates were a series of discussions between members of the New Model Army and the Levellers, concerning the makeup of a new constitution for England. ... The Heads Of Proposals was a set of propositions intended to be a basis for a constitutional settlement after King Charles I was defeated in the first English Civil War[1]. It was drafted in the summer of 1647 by Commisionary-General Henry Ireton and Major-General John Lambert. ...

At the first, the Corkbush Field rendezvous, the senior officers in the army, known as the Grandees, gained the agreement of most regiments to accept the Army Council's Heads of the Proposals instead of the Agreement of the People as the Army's manifesto. A mutiny by a minority of regiments was suppressed by Cromwell who had Private Richard Arnold, tried for mutiny and shot on the spot as an example. At the two other rendezvous at Ruislip Heath and Kingston the other regiments were ordered to show support for Fairfax which they all agreed to do. The Corkbush Field Mutiny, occurred on November 17, 1647 at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, when some soldiers objected to sign a declaration of loyalty to Thomas Fairfax, the commander-in-chief of the New Model Army (NMA), and the Army Council. ... Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandees (also called Peers) or as Titled Nobles. ... Ruislip (pronounced rice-lip [raɪslɪp]) is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon, in northwest London, England. ... Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ...

Second English Civil War

The army remained under control and intact, so it was able to take the field when in July 1648 the Second English Civil War broke out. The New Model Army routed English royalist insurrections in Surrey and Kent and in Wales before crushing a Scottish invasion force at the battle of Preston (1648). Belligerents Royalist Forces Parliamentary Forces: Commanders King Charles I Duke of Hamilton Earl of Norwich Baron Capel Oliver Cromwell Thomas Fairfax Thomas Horton The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of... This article is about the English county. ... For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... See Battle of Preston (1715) for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. ...

Many of the Army's radicals now called for the execution of the King, whom they called, "Charles Stuart, that man of blood". The majority of the Grandees realised that they could neither negotiate a settlement with Charles I nor trust him to refrain from raising another army to attack them, so they came reluctantly to the same conclusion as the radicals: they would have to execute him. After the Long Parliament rejected the Army's Remonstrance^[1] by 125 to 58, the Grandees decided to reconstitute Parliament so that it would agree with the Army's position. On 6 December 1648 Colonel Thomas Pride instituted Pride's Purge and forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not supporters of the religious independents and the Grandees in the Army. The much-reduced Rump Parliament passed the necessary legislation to try Charles I. He was found guilty of high treason by the 59 Commissioners and beheaded on 30 January 1649. is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Thomas Pride (VC). ... Prides Purge was the occasion when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not supporters of Oliver Cromwell. ... The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ... Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the 59 Commissioners (Judges) who formed the tribunal that tried King Charles I of England and signed his death warrant, along with other officials who participated in his trial or execution, and Hugh Peters an influential republican preacher. ... Beheading. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

Now that the twin pressures of Royalism and those in the Long Parliament who were hostile to the Army had been defeated, the divisions in the Army which had been present in the Putney Debates resurfaced. Cromwell, Ireton, Fairfax and the other Grandees were not prepared to countenance the Army agitators' proposals for a revolutionary constitutional settlement. This eventually brought the Grandees into conflict with those elements in the New Model Army who did.

During 1649 there were three mutinies over pay and political demands. The first involved three hundred infantrymen of Colonel John Hewson's regiment, who declared that they would not serve in Ireland until the Levellers' programme had been realised. They were cashiered without arrears of pay, which was the threat that had been used to quell the mutiny at the Corkbush Field rendezvous. // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Colonel John Hewson (Hughson) died in 1662. ...

In the Bishopsgate mutiny soldiers of the regiment of Colonel Edward Whalley stationed in Bishopsgate London made demands similar to those of Hewson's regiment; they were ordered out of London. When they refused to go, fifteen soldiers were arrested and court martialled, of whom six were sentenced to death. Of this six, five were subsequently pardoned while Robert Lockyer, a former Agitator, faced a firing squad on April 27, 1649. The Bishopsgate mutiny occurred in April 1649 on when soldiers in the regiment of Colonel Edward Whalleys regiment of the New Model Army refused to obey orders and leave London. ... Edward Whalley (c. ... Looking north from a pedestrian bridge across Bishopsgate Bishopsgate, in the heart of Londons financial district. ... Robert Lockyer[1] (1625 - 1649) was an English soldier in Oliver Cromwells New Model Army. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

Less than two weeks later there was a larger mutiny involving several regiments over pay and political demands. After the resolution of the pay issue the Banbury mutineers, consisting of 400 soldiers with Leveller sympathies under the command of Captain William Thompson, continued to negotiate for their political demands. They set out for Salisbury in the hope of rallying support from the regiments billeted there. Cromwell launched a night attack on 13 May in which several mutineers perished, but Captain Thompson escaped only to be killed in another skirmish near the Diggers community at Wellingborough. The rest were imprisoned in Burford Church until three were shot in the Churchyard on May 17. With the failure of this mutiny the Levellers' power base in the New Model Army was destroyed. The Banbury mutiny was a mutiny by soldiers in the New Model Army. ... This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other meanings see Diggers (disambiguation) and Levellers (disambiguation) The Diggers were a group begun by Gerrard Winstanley in 1649 which called for a total destruction of the existing social order and replacement with a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based around the precepts of Christian Nationalism, wishing to rid England... , Wellingborough is a town in Northamptonshire, England situated some eleven miles from the county town of Northampton and eight miles south of Kettering. ... Looking north through Burford. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Ireland

Later that year the New Model Army landed in Ireland (15 August 1649) to start the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Many soldiers were reluctant to serve in this campaign, and regiments had to draw lots to decide who would go on the expedition. is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Combatants English Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops English Parliamentarian New Model Army troops and allied Protestants in Ireland Commanders James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1649 - Dec. ...

The politically and religiously disunited Royalist-Catholic alliance they met in Ireland were at a major disadvantage against the New Model Army. Many Irish soldiers proved unreliable, melting away at the first opportunity. Others, notably the veteran Ulster forces, proved more resilient. As a result, many New Model soldiers suffered considerably in the campaign. After victories with few Parliamentary casualties at Drogheda and Wexford in 1649, their casualties began to mount. About 2000 New Model soldiers died in abortive assaults against a breach defended by veteran Ulstermen in the siege of Clonmel in 1650. Thousands more died of disease, particularly in the long sieges of Limerick, Waterford and Galway. In addition, they were constantly at risk of attack by Irish guerrillas or "tories", who attacked vulnerable garrisons and supply columns. By the end of the campaign in 1653, much of the Army's wages were still in arrears. About 12,000 veterans were awarded land confiscated from Irish Catholics in lieu of pay. Many soldiers sold these land grants to other Protestant settlers, but about 7,500 of them settled in Ireland. They were required to keep their weapons to act as a reserve in case of any future rebellions in the country. See also The Cromwellian Plantation. Drogheda, a town in eastern Ireland, was besieged twice in the 1640s, during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Sack of Wexford took place in October 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, when the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell took Wexford town in south-eastern Ireland. ... Combatants Irish Catholic Confederate troops from Ulster English Parliamentarian New Model Army Commanders Hugh Dubh ONeill Oliver Cromwell Strength c1500 8000 Casualties low c1500-2500 The Siege of Clonmel took place in April - May 1650 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland when the town of Clonmel in County Tipperary... Year 1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Irish Confederate Catholics Ulster Army and English Royalists English Parliamentarians New Model Army Commanders Hugh Dubh ONeill Henry Ireton Strength 2000 soldiers and civilian population 8000 men, 28 siege guns, 4 mortars Casualties c. ... The city of Waterford in south eastern Ireland was besieged from 1649-50 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. ... Combatants Irish Confederate Catholics English Parliamentarians New Model Army and Protestant settlers from Ulster Commanders Thomas Preston Charles Coote Strength 2000 soldiers and civilian population, 3000 more soldiers nearby 6-7000 men, Galway a port city in western Ireland, was besieged from August 1651 to May 1652 during the Cromwellian... Rapparees were Irish guerrilla fighters who operated on the Jacobite side during the 1690s Williamite war in Ireland. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland were established throughout the country by the confiscation of lands occupied by Gaelic clans and Hiberno-Norman dynasties, but principally in the provinces of Munster and Ulster. ...

Scotland

In 1650, while the campaign in Ireland was still ongoing, part of the New Model Army was transferred to Scotland to fight Scottish Covenanters at the start of the Third English Civil War. The Covenanters, who had been allied to the Parliament in the First English Civil War, had now crowned Charles II as King. Despite being outnumbered, Cromwell led the Army to crushing victories over the Scots at the battles of Dunbar and Inverkeithing. Following the Scottish invasion of England led by Charles II, the New Model Army and local militia forces soundly defeated the Royalists at the Battle of Worcester, the last pitched battle of the English Civil Wars. Year 1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ... The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... Cromwell at Dunbar, Andrew Carrick Gow The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. ... The Battle of Inverkeithing [1] (20 July 1651) was a battle in the Third English Civil War. ... Combatants English Parlimentry forces loyal to Oliver Cromwell English and Scottish Royalists loyal to King Charles II Strength 31,000 less than 16,000 Casualties 200 3,000 killed, more than 10,000 prisoners The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester, England and was the... A pitched battle is a battle where both sides choose to fight at a chosen location and time and where either side has the option to disengage either before the battle starts, or shortly after the first armed exchanges. ...

Interregnum

Part of the New Model Army, under George Monck occupied Scotland during the Interregnum. They were kept busy throughout the 1650s by minor Royalist uprisings in the Scottish Highlands and by endemic lawlessness by bandits known as mosstroopers. George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... The English Interregnum was the period of republican rule after the English Civil War between the regicide of Charles I in 1649 and the restoration of Charles II in 1660. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A Ghàidhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Moss-troopers were bandits that operated in Scotland during and after the time of the English Commonwealth. ...

In England the New Model was involved in numerous skirmishes with a range of opponents, but they were little more than policing actions. The largest rebellion of the Protectorate took place when the Sealed Knot instigated an insurrection in 1655. The 1655 insurrection consisted of a series of coordinated uprisings, but only the Penruddock uprising ended in armed conflict, and that was put down by one company of cavalry. Motto PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO (English: Peace is sought through war) Anthem Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Language(s) English; Irish; Scots Gaelic; Welsh Government Republic Lord Protector  - 1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell  - 1658-1659 Richard Cromwell Legislature Parliament (1st, 2nd, 3rd) History  - Instrument of Government December 16, 1653  - Resignation of... The Sealed Knot is a British historical association dedicated to period costume reenactment of battles and events surrounding the English Civil War. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... The Penruddock uprising was one of a series of coordinated uprisings planned by the Sealed Knot for a Royalist insurrection to start in March 1655 during the Protectorate of the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. ...

The major foreign entanglement of this period was the Anglo-Spanish War. In 1654, the English Commonwealth declared war on Spain and further regiments of the New Model Army were sent to conquer the Spanish colony of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. They failed and sustained heavy casualties due to tropical disease, however, they did take the lightly defended island of Jamaica. The English troops performed better in the European theatre of the war in Flanders. During the Battle of the Dunes (1658), as part of Turenne's army, the red-coats of the New Model Army under the leadership of Sir William Lockhart, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris, astonished both the French and Spanish armies by the stubborn ferocity of their assaults, particularly with a successful assault up a strongly defended 50-meter-high (150 feet) sandhill. The English had learnt a lot about war since two rabbles had met at the battle of Edgehill in 1642. Incidentally, some of the Spanish defences on the Dunes were manned by English Royalists, including James Stuart, later to be crowned James II of England. The Anglo-Spanish War, caused by commercial rivalry, was fought between the Spanish between 1654 and 1660. ... Early map of Hispaniola Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east. ... For other uses, see Flanders (disambiguation). ... Combatants France England United Provinces Spain Commanders Vicomte de Turenne Juan José de Austria Louis II de Condé Strength 26,000 and ships 15,000 Casualties 500 dead or wounded 2,000 dead or wounded 4,000 captured The Battle of the Dunes, fought on June 14 (Gregorian calendar), 1658... Henri de la Tour dAuvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, often referred to as Turenne (September 11, 1611 - July 27, 1675) was Marshal of France. ... Sir William Lockhart of Lee (1621-1675), after fighting on the side of Charles I in the English Civil War, attached himself to Oliver Cromwell, whose niece he married, and who later appointed Lockhart commissioner for the administration of justice in Scotland in 1652. ... The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[2] was King of England, King of Scots,[1] and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685 to 11 December 1688. ...

After the death of Oliver Cromwell, the Protectorate died a slow death, and the New Model army died with it. For a time in 1659 it looked as if the New Model army forces loyal to different Generals might wage war on each other. But in the end the New Model Army regiments which had been garrisoning Scotland under the command of General George Monck were able to march on London, overseeing the Crowning of Charles II, without significant opposition from the regiments under other Generals, in particular those of Charles Fleetwood and John Lambert. With the exception of Monck's own regiment, which became the Coldstream Guards, and the Regiment of Cuirassiers, which became the Royal Horse Guards, the New Model Army disbanded after the Restoration of 1660. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Motto PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO (English: Peace is sought through war) Anthem Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Language(s) English; Irish; Scots Gaelic; Welsh Government Republic Lord Protector  - 1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell  - 1658-1659 Richard Cromwell Legislature Parliament (1st, 2nd, 3rd) History  - Instrument of Government December 16, 1653  - Resignation of... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... Charles Fleetwood (died 4 October 1692), English Parliamentary soldier and politician, third son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, and of Anne, daughter of Nicholas Luke of Woodend, Bedfordshire, was admitted into Grays Inn on 30 November 1638. ... John Lambert (1619 - 1684) served as an English Parliamentary general in the English Civil War. ... The Coldstream Guards is a regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division or Household Division. ... The Royal Horse Guards (RHG) was a Household Cavalry regiment of the British Army. ... For other uses, see Restoration. ...

See also

• Admiral Robert Blake for developments in the Navy at the time
• British military history

Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599–1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829. ... British military history is a long and varied topic, extending from the prehistoric and ancient historic period, through the Roman invasions of Julius Cæsar and Claudius and subsequent Roman occupation; warfare in the Mediaeval period, including the invasions of the Saxons and the Vikings in the Early Middle Ages...

Notes

1. ^ Full title: "Remonstrance of his Excellency Thomas Lord Fairfax, Lord Generall of the Parliaments Forces. And of the Generall Councell of Officers Held at St. Albans the 16. of November, 1648"

Sources

• Gentles, Ian. The New Model Army - In England, Ireland and Scotland 1645-53, Blackwell Press, Oxford, 1994.
• Ohlmeyer, Jane, and John Kenyon, editors. The Civil Wars, Oxford, 1998.
• Roberts, Keith. Cromwell's War Machine, Pen and Sword Military, ISBN 1-84415-094-1
• Rodgers, Colonel H.C.B. Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars, Seeley Service & Co. Ltd, 1968.