Walter Gropius' Bauhaus, Dessau

The New Objectivity (a translation of the German Neue Sachlichkeit, sometimes also translated as New Sobriety) is a name often given to the Modern architecture that emerged in the Weimar Republic (as well as in the Netherlands and Switzerland) in the 1920s and 30s. It is also frequently called Neues Bauen (New Building). The New Objectivity remodelled many German cities in this period before being forcibly stopped by the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1426x1509, 713 KB) Bauhaus-Dessau Wohnheim Einzelbalkone own photograph 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1426x1509, 713 KB) Bauhaus-Dessau Wohnheim Einzelbalkone own photograph 2005. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... For the British goth band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. ... The New Objectivity, or neue Sachlichkeit (new matter-of-factness), was an art movement which arose in Germany during the 1920s as an outgrowth of, and in opposition to, expressionism. ... Anthem: Das Lied der Deutschen The Länder of Germany during the Weimar Republic, with the Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preußen) as the largest Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1919-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann  - 1933 Adolf Hitler...

The Werkbund and Expressionism

Gropius and Meyer's Fagus Factory

The earliest examples of the style actually date to before the First World War, under the auspices of the Deutscher Werkbund's attempt to provide a Modern face for Germany. Many of the architects who would become associated with the New Objectivity were practicing in a similar manner in the 1910s, using glass surfaces and severe geometric compostions. Examples of this include Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer's 1911 Fagus Factory or Hans Poelzig's 1912 department store in Wroclaw. However in the aftermath of the war these architects (as well as others such as Bruno Taut) worked in the revolutionary Arbeitsrat für Kunst, pioneering Expressionist architecture—particularly through the secret Glass Chain group. The early works of the Bauhaus, such as the Sommerfeld House, were in this vein. Expressionism's dynamism and use of glass (whether for transparency or colour effects) would be a mainstay of the New Objectivity. The Fagus Factory (German:Fagus Fabrik) was built in 1911 in Alfeld on the Leine. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The Deutscher Werkbund (German Work Federation) was a German association of architects, designers and industrialists, an important precursor to the Bauhaus. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... Adolf Meyer could refer to several individuals: Adolf Meyer, 1866-1950 Swiss-born US psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, 1881-1921 German architect This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Hans Poelzig (April 30, 1869 Berlin - June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect active in the Weimar years. ... Wrocław, ( [:vrɔʦwaf]), German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). ... Bruno Julius Florian Taut (May 4, 1880, Konigsberg, Germany - December 24, 1938, Istanbul), was a prolific German architect, urban planner and author active in the Weimar period. ... The Arbeitsrat für Kunst (German:Workers council for art or Art Soviet) was a union of architect, painters, sculptors and art writers, who were based in Berlin from 1918 to 1921. ... Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... The Glass Chain or Crystal Chain sometimes known as the Utopian Correspondence (German:Die Gläserne Kette) was a chain letter that took place between 1919 and 1920. ... For the British goth band, see Bauhaus (band). ...

The effects of De Stijl and Constructivism

Oskar Schlemmer's 1922 Bauhaus logo

The turn from Expressionism towards the more familiarly Modernist styles of the mid-late 1920s came under the influence of the Dutch avant-garde, particularly De Stijl, whose architects such as Jan Wils and JJP Oud had adapted ideas derived from Frank Lloyd Wright into cubic social housing, inflected with what Theo van Doesburg called 'the machine aesthetic'. Also steering German architects away from Expressionism was the influence of Constructivism, particularly of VKhUTEMAS and El Lissitzky, who was frequently staying in Berlin in the early 1920s. Another element was the work in France of Le Corbusier, such as the proposals for the concrete 'Citrohan' house. In addition, Erich Mendelsohn had already been veering away from Expressionism towards more streamlined, dynamic forms, such as in his Mossehaus newspaper offices and the Gliwice Weichsmann factory, both 1921–2. Oskar Schlemmer (September 4, 1888 - April 13, 1943) was a German sculptor associated with the Bauhaus school. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Categories: Stub | 1891 births | 1972 deaths | Dutch architects ... Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud (February 9, 1890 - April 5, 1963) was a Dutch architect. ... Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867—April 9, 1959) was one of the most prominent and influential architects during the first half of the 20th century. ... Arithmetic Composition (1930) Theo van Doesburg (Utrecht, August 30, 1883 – Davos, March 7, 1931) was a Dutch artist, practicing in painting, writing, poetry and architecture. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... VKhUTEMAS (Russian acronym for Higher State Art and Technical Workshops) was the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, and dissolved in 1930. ...   (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a French Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called modernism, or the International Style. ... Translation in progress Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German Jewish architect, known for his expressionist buildings in the 1920s, the first in their style. ... Motto: none Voivodship Silesian Municipal government Rada Miejska Gliwic Mayor Zygmunt Frankiewicz Area 134,2 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 200,361 (December 31, 2004) - 1528/km² Founded City rights 1276 - Latitude Longitude 50°17 N 18°40 E Area code +48 32 Car plates SG Twin towns Bottrop, Dessau...

Early Houses and Estates

Hugo Häring, Onkel-Toms-Hutte, Berlin

Perhaps the earliest examples of the 'New Building' in Germany were at the 1922 Bauhaus exhibition, Georg Muche's Haus am Horn, and in the same year, Gropius/Meyer's design for Chicago's Tribune Tower competition. However the fullest early exploration of a new, non-expressionist avant-garde idiom was in the 1923–4 'Italianischer Garten' in Celle by Otto Haesler. This was the first Modernist 'Siedlung' (literally 'settlement', though Estate would be more precise), an area of new-build social housing characterised by flat roofs, an irregular, assymmetrical plan, with houses arranged in south-facing terraces with generous windows and rendered surfaces (which, contrary to the 'white box' idea popularised by the International Style, were frequently painted in bright colours). Hugo Häring (May 11, 1882 – May 17, 1958) was a German architect and architectural writer best known for his writings on organic architecture, and as a figure in architectural debates about functionalism in the 1920s and 1930s. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... The Haus am Horn was built for the Weimar Bauhauss exhibition of July through September of 1923. ... The Tribune Tower is a Gothic building located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. ... Public housing describes a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. ... Public housing describes a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. ... International style can refer to International style in ballroom dancing - see ballroom dance; International style in architecture - see international style. ...

The New Frankfurt

Ernst May, 'Zig-Zag Houses' in Frankfurt

The major expansion of this came with the appointment of Ernst May to the position of city architect and planner by the Social Democratic administration of Frankfurt-am-Main. May was trained by the British garden city planner Raymond Unwin, and his Estates showed garden city influence in their use of open space: however they totally repudiated the nostalgic style of Unwin's projects such as Hampstead Garden Suburb. May's 'New Frankfurt' would be enormously important for the subsequent development of the New Objectivity, not only because of its striking appearance but also in its success in quickly re-housing thousands of the city's poor. However their advanced techniques often alienated the building profession, much of whom were made superfluous by the lack of ornament and speed of construction. May would also employ other architects in Frankfurt such as Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (where she developed the Frankfurt Kitchen) and Mart Stam. The immediate effect of May's work can be seen in Gropius' 1926 Torten Estate in Dessau (built around the same time as the more famous Bauhaus building), which also pioneered prefabrication technology. That Germany had become the centre of the New Building—as it was called, in preference to 'the New Architecture'—was confirmed by the Werkbund's Weissenhof Estate of 1927, where despite the presence of Le Corbusier and JJP Oud, most of the architects were German-speaking. Further Werkbund Estate-exhibitions were mounted in Wroclaw and Vienna in subsequent years. Ernst May (July 27, 1886, Frankfurt am Main—September 11, 1970, Hamburg) was a German architect and city planner. ... For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Ernst May (July 27, 1886, Frankfurt am Main—September 11, 1970, Hamburg) was a German architect and city planner. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Frankfurt am Main [ˈfraŋkfʊrt] is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth largest city in Germany. ... Garden City is the name of several places around the world. ... Raymond Unwin was born in Rotherham, Yorkshire but grew up in Oxford after his father sold up his business and moved there to study. ... Hampstead Garden Suburb is an example of early 20th Century domestic architecture and town planning located in the London Borough of Barnet in North West London. ... Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (January 23, 1897 – January 18, 2000) was the first female Austrian architect and an activist in the anti-Nazi resistance movement. ... The Frankfurt kitchen (view from the entrance) The Frankfurt kitchen was a milestone in domestic architecture, considered the fore-runner of modern built-in kitchens, for it realised for the first time a kitchen built after a unified concept, designed to enable efficient work and to be built at low... Mart Stam (1899 - 1986) was a Dutch architect, urban planner, and chair designer. ... Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Postcard showing the Weissenhof Estate, with index of contributing architects The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate (German: Weißenhofsiedlung) is a estate of working class housing which was built in Stuttgart in 1927. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a French Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called modernism, or the International Style. ... Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud (February 9, 1890 - April 5, 1963) was a Dutch architect. ... Wrocław, ( [:vrɔʦwaf]), German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...

Functionalism and the Minimum Dwelling

Bruno Taut, Flats in Berlin's Prenzlauer Berg

The architects of the New Objectivity were anxious to build as much new housing as possible while keeping costs down, which led to the theme of the 'dwelling for the subsistence minimum' becoming a major fixation. At the same time there was a massive expansion of the style across German cities. In Berlin, architect-planner Martin Wagner worked with the former Expressionists Bruno Taut and Hugo Häring on colourful developments of flats and terraced houses such as the 1925 Horseshoe Estate, the 1926 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' and the 1929 'Flamensiedlung', through the auspices of the Trade Unionist building society GEHAG. Taut's designs featured controversially modern flat roofs, humane access to sun, air and gardens, and generous amenities like gas, electric light, and bathrooms. Critics on the political Right complained that these developments were too opulent for 'simple people'. The progressive Berlin mayor Gustav Böss defended them: "We want to bring the lower levels of society higher." Similar experiments in municipal socialism such as the Viennese Gemeindebau were more stylistically eclectic, so Frankfurt and Berlin's authorities were taking a gamble on public approval of the new style. Bruno Julius Florian Taut (May 4, 1880, Konigsberg, Germany - December 24, 1938, Istanbul), was a prolific German architect, urban planner and author active in the Weimar period. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Prenzlauer Berg is a former borough of Berlin situated in the eastern part of the city. ... Hepcats #9 Martin Wagner (born April 27, 1966) is an artist, cartoonist, and filmmaker currently living in Austin, Texas. ... Bruno Julius Florian Taut (May 4, 1880, Konigsberg, Germany - December 24, 1938, Istanbul), was a prolific German architect, urban planner and author active in the Weimar period. ... Hugo Häring (May 11, 1882 – May 17, 1958) was a German architect and architectural writer best known for his writings on organic architecture, and as a figure in architectural debates about functionalism in the 1920s and 1930s. ... The Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna A Gemeindebau (German for municipality building) is a residential building erected by a municipality, usually to provide low-cost housing. ... Eclecticism is an approach to thought that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions or conclusions, but instead draws upon multiple theories to gain complementary insights into phenomena, or applies only certain theories in particular cases. ...

Karl Schneider, flats in Hamburg, 1929

Elsewhere, Karl Schneider designed Estates in Hamburg, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed low-cost houses in Berlin's Afrikanische Strasse (and in 1926, a monument to Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht) while straight-aligned, and to their critics, schematic Zeilenbau flats were built to the designs of Otto Haesler, Gropius and others in Dammerstock, Karlsruhe. The term 'Functionalism' began to be used to denote the rather severe, 'nothing superfluous' ethos of the New Objectivity, being used as early as 1925 by Adolf Behne in his book Der Moderne Zweckbau (The Modern Functional Dwelling). In 1926 practically all Modernist German architects organised themselves into a group known as Der Ring, which attracted critcism from soon to be-Nazi architects like Paul Schultze-Naumburg, who formed 'the Block' in response. In 1928 the CIAM had formed, and its earliest conferences, dedicated to questions of 'existence minimum' were dominated by the social programmes of German architects. Hamburg from above Hamburgs motto: May the posterity endeavour with dignity to conserve the freedom, which the forefathers acquired. ... Hamburg from above Hamburgs motto: May the posterity endeavour with dignity to conserve the freedom, which the forefathers acquired. ... The reconstructed German Pavilion in Barcelona Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 – August 17, 1969) was a German- American architect. ... Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża Luksemburg) was a Jewish Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. ... â–¶ (help· info) (August 13, 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a German socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... Adolf Behne (13 July 1885 - 22 August 1948) was an architect, architectural writer, artistic activist and scientist. ... Der Ring was an architectural collective founded in 1926 in Berlin. ... Germany pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris, 1937. ... Paul Schultz-Naumburg was one of Adolph Hitlers architects and one of its most vocal political critics of modern architecture. ... The Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM) (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) existed as an organisational body and a series of meetings intended to promote the ideas of the Modern movement and International style in architecture. ...

Spread of the New Objectivity

Hannes Meyer and HHans Wittwer, Trade Union School, Bernau

A leftist, technologically oriented wing of the movement had formed in Switzerland and the Netherlands, made up of collaborators of El Lissitzky such as Mart Stam and Hannes Meyer, whose greatest work was the glassy expanse of the Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam. The clean lines of the New Objectivity were also being used for schools and public buildings, by May in Frankfurt, in Hannes Meyer's Trade Union school in Bernau and Max Taut's Alexander von Humboldt School in Berlin, as well as police administration and office buildings in Berlin under Martin Wagner. Cinemas, which would be very influential on Streamline Moderne picture palaces, were designed by Erich Mendelsohn (Kino-Universum, now Schaubuhne am Lehniner Platz, Berlin, 1926) and Hans Poelzig (Kino-Babylon, Rosa Luxemburg-Strasse, Berlin, 1927–8) A composite style that used the new forms with more traditional masonry building was developed by Poelzig with his Haus des Rundfunks in Berlin and IG Farben Building in Frankfurt, and by Emil Fahrenkamp in his undulating Berlin Shell-Haus. Meanwhile Erich Mendelsohn's architecture had developed into a 'dynamic functionalism' for commerce, seen in his curvaceous department stores such as the Columbus-Haus in Berlin (demolished in the 1950s) and in the Schocken Department Stores, in Stuttgart (demolished in the '60s) Chemnitz and Wroclaw. Hannes Meyer Hannes Meyer (November 18, 1889–July 19, 1954) was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus in Dessau from 1928 to 1930. ...   (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Mart Stam (1899 - 1986) was a Dutch architect, urban planner, and chair designer. ... Hannes Meyer Hannes Meyer (November 18, 1889–July 19, 1954) was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus in Dessau from 1928 to 1930. ... Rotterdam Location Coat of arms The coat of arms of Rotterdam. ... Hannes Meyer Hannes Meyer (November 18, 1889–July 19, 1954) was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus in Dessau from 1928 to 1930. ... Bernau may refer to: Bernau bei Berlin, a town in Brandenburg, Germany Bernau am Chiemsee, a municipality in the district of Rosenheim in Bavaria, Germany Bernau im Schwarzwald, a municipality in Baden-Württemberg, Germany Category: ... Berlin AvH-Oberschule Max Taut (15 May 1884 in Königsberg — 26 February 1967 in Berlin) was a German Architect. ... Bathers building, now a Maritime Museum at San Franciscos Aquatic Park, 1937 Judges tower at San Franciscos Aquatic Park Streamline Moderne, sometimes referred to by either name alone, was a late branch of the Art Deco style. ... Hans Poelzig (April 30, 1869 Berlin - June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect active in the Weimar years. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Shell House in Berlin Emil Fahrenkamp (November 8, 1885 - May 24 1966) was a German architect and professor, one of the most prominent architects of the interwar period, best known for his 1930 Shell House in Berlin. ... City Center seen from Weinsteige Road Stuttgart Palace Square - New Palace Solitude Palace The 1956 TV Tower U.S. Army Kelley Barracks Stuttgart [], located in southern Germany, is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg with a population of 591,528 (as of April 2006) in the city... Chemnitz (Sorbian/Lusatian Kamjenica, 1953-1990 called Karl-Marx-Stadt; Czech: Saská Kamenice) is a city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. ... Wrocław, ( [:vrɔʦwaf]), German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). ...

Erich Mendelsohn, Petersdorff Store, Wroclaw

The Great Depression, beginning in 1929 had a disastrous effect on the New Building, because of Germany's financial dependence on the USA. Many Estates and projects planned in Frankfurt and Berlin were postponed indefinitely, while the architectural profession became politically polarised, something symbolised by the sacking in 1930 of the Marxist Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer—who had stressed, with his collaborators Ludwig Hilberseimer and Mart Stam, the importance of working class and collective housing—to be replaced by Mies van der Rohe, whose Barcelona Pavilion and Tugendhat House had gained him a reputation as a purveyor of luxury to the rich, and proceeded to turn the Bauhaus into a private school. Translation in progress Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German Jewish architect, known for his expressionist buildings in the 1920s, the first in their style. ... Wrocław, ( [:vrɔʦwaf]), German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). ... The Great Depression was a time of economic down turn, which started after the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Ludwig Karl Hilberseimer (1885 - 1967) was a German architect and urban planner best known for his ties to the Bauhaus and to Mies van der Rohe. ... Mart Stam (1899 - 1986) was a Dutch architect, urban planner, and chair designer. ... The reconstructed Barcelona Pavilion The Barcelona Pavilion, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, was the German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona. ... The Villa Tugendhat is considered a masterpiece of the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. ...

Dispersal and Exile

Flats in Berlin-Siemenstadt, Hans Scharoun

Although some important work was done in the early 1930s, particularly the Ring's 1931–2 Siemensstadt Estate in Berlin, which was planned by Hans Scharoun as a more individual, less schematic version of 'existence minimum' preoccupations, many prominent architects felt the pull of the Soviet Union, where Constructivist architecture was still at the forefront of architectural experimentation and the Five Year Plan seemed to offer a way out of the Depression. Ernst May, Stam and Schütte-Lihotzky moved there in 1930 to design New Towns like Magnitogorsk, with Hannes Meyer's Bauhaus Brigade and Bruno Taut soon to follow. Of course for the Nazis this only confirmed their view of the New Building as 'cultural Bolshevism'. Although Gropius and Mies participated in the 1934 Reichsbank competition, the writing was on the wall, and most left for the United States or Britain. Berlin Philharmonic Hans Bernhard Scharoun (born September 20, 1893 Bremen, Germany - November 25, 1972 Berlin, Germany), was a German architect best known for designing the Berlin Philharmonic concert hall and the Schminke House in Loebau/Saxony. ... Berlin Philharmonic Hans Bernhard Scharoun (born September 20, 1893 Bremen, Germany - November 25, 1972 Berlin, Germany), was a German architect best known for designing the Berlin Philharmonic concert hall and the Schminke House in Loebau/Saxony. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... Five-Year Plans or Piatiletkas (пятилетка) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. ... A steel production facility in Magnitogorsk in the 1930s Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk (Russian: ) is a mining and industrial city by the Ural River in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, with one of the largest iron and steel works in the country. ... A 100 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908 (http://www. ...

The Van Nelle Factory, Rotterdam

The majority of the buildings showcased in Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock's International Style MOMA exhibition and book were German. However they emphasised the more Classical elements of the New Objectivity at the expense of the 'formalistic' use of colour by the likes of Bruno Taut, and the expressionistic curves of Erich Mendelsohn or Hugo Häring. The International Style would deride 'fanatical functionalists' like Hannes Meyer for building for 'some proletarian superman of the future'. The New Objectivity continued to result in original work in the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia until around 1939. In the Soviet Union the switch to Stalinist architecture and a vicious campaign against foreign 'specialists' left many architects stateless. Although it would be denuded of much of its politics and romanticism on import to the USA, the New Objectivity would nevertheless be enormously influential on the postwar development of Modern architecture worldwide. Rotterdam Location Coat of arms The coat of arms of Rotterdam. ... 1933 Portrait of Philip Johnson by Carl Van Vechten Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential American architect. ... Henry-Russell Hitchcock (1903-1987) was an American architectural historian and professor at Smith College. ... International style can refer to International style in ballroom dancing - see ballroom dance; International style in architecture - see international style. ... General Electric GE90-115B fanblade, on display at MOMA. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. ... Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow, by Boris Iofan, 1933 Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalins Empire style or Socialist Classicism) is a term given to constructions that were built in the Soviet Union between 1933, when Boris Iofans draft for Palace of Soviets was...

References

• Reyner Banham, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age
• Magdalena Droste, Bauhaus
• Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture - a Critical History
• Nikolaus Pevsner, Pioneers of Modern Design
• Karel Teige, The Minimum Dwelling

External Links

• Bauhaus-Archiv in Berlin
• Mies in Berlin-Mies in America
• Britz/Hufeisensiedlung in Berlin by Bruno Taut & Martin Wagner (with drawings and photos)
• Images of Ernst May's Frankfurt at Art & Architecture
• Guardian article on the Frankfurt kitchen