NationMaster - Encyclopedia: New Swabia

New Swabia (German: Neuschwabenland or Neu-Schwabenland) is a section of the continent Antarctica between 20°E and 10°W (overlapping a portion of Norway's claim zone Queen Maud Land), which was claimed by Nazi Germany between 19 January 1939 and 8 May 1945. It is named for the German region of Swabia. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earths only uninhabited continent. ... Discovery Expedition (1901 - 1904) Robert Falcon Scott headed this Antarctica expedition, spending two winters on Ross Island and treks to the South Pole. ... Ernest Henry Shackleton The Discovery Image:Baloonshack. ... The Terra Nova Expedition (1910â€“1913) was a British expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott with the purpose of undertaking scientific research and exploration along the coast and interior of Antarctica. ... The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was the fourth British Antarctic exploration of the 20th century, and aimed, but ultimately failed, to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other. ... Shackleton-Rowett Expedition (1921 â€“ 1922) Ernest Shackletons last Antarctic adventure ended in his death by natural causes. ... The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, funded by the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. ... BGLE stands for the British Graham Land Expedition, a geophysical and exploration expedition to Antarctica from 1934 to 1937. ... During World War II, Operation Tabarin was a small British expedition launched from the UK in 1943 to the Antarctic to to establish permanently occupied bases. ... The 1957â€“58 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE) was an expedition funded by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australian and South African governments, as well as private and corporate donations, under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II. Its primary objective was to complete the first overland crossing of Antarctica, via... French Antarctic Expedition (FrAE) refers to several French expeditions in Antarctica. ... French Antarctic Expedition (FrAE) refers to several French expeditions in Antarctica. ... Erich von Drygalskadekingles or Erich Dagobert von Drygalskadekingles (February 9, 1865 â€“ January 10, 1949) was a German geographer, geophysicist and polar scientist, born in KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia. ... Wilhelm Filchner (September 13, 1877 - May 7, 1957) was a German explorer. ... Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (1872-1928) Roald Engebret Gravning Amundsen (July 16, 1872 â€“ c. ... Operation Highjump (OpHjp), officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946-47, was a United States Navy operation organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd in Antarctica under the command of Richard Cruzen, which was launched on 26 August 1946 and lasted until 1947. ... Operation Windmill (OpWml) was a U.S. Navy exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947-1948. ... The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) was an expedition from 1947-1948 which researched the area surrounding the head of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. ... Operation Deep Freeze I was the codename for a series of scientific expeditions to Antarctica in 1955–56. ... Queen Maud Land (Norwegian: Dronning Maud Land) is the part of Antarctica lying between the terminus of Stancomb-Wills Glacier, at 20Â°W, and Shinnan Glacier, at 44Â° 38E. It has a land area of approximately 2,500,000 kmÂ², mostly covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Germany. ...

Early expeditions

Like many other countries, Germany sent several expeditions to the Antarctic region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most of them were scientific. The expeditions in the late 19th century were astronomical, meteorological and hydrological, and took place in the Southern Ocean and on South Georgia, the Kerguelen Islands and the Crozet Islands, mostly in close collaboration with scientific teams from other countries. However, at the end of the 19th century, the Germans started to focus on Antarctica itself. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... Basic data Administrative status: district Country: French Southern and Antarctic Lands Capital: Port-aux-FranÃ§ais Population: ca. ... Orthographic projection centred over the Iles Crozet The Crozet Islands (French: ÃŽles Crozet or officially Archipel Crozet) are a sub-antarctic archipelago of small islands in the southern Indian Ocean, part of the French Southern Territories. ...

The first German Antarctic Expedition took place from 1901 – 1903. Led by Arctic veteran and geology professor Erich von Drygalski, was the first to use a hot-air balloon in Antarctica. It also discovered and named Kaiser Wilhelm II Land. The second German Antarctic Expedition (1911 – 1912), led by Wilhelm Filchner, aimed to cross Antarctica in an attempt to determine if Antarctica was one piece of land. The crossing attempt failed before it even started but the expedition discovered and named the Luitpold Coast and the Filchner Ice Shelf. A German whaling fleet had put to sea in 1937 and when it successfully returned in the spring of 1938, plans for a third German Antarctic Expedition were drawn up because of the war. Erich von Drygalskadekingles or Erich Dagobert von Drygalskadekingles (February 9, 1865 â€“ January 10, 1949) was a German geographer, geophysicist and polar scientist, born in KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia. ... Hot air balloons are the oldest successful human flight technology, dating back to the Montgolfier brothers invention in Annonay, France in 1783. ... Kaiser Wilhelm II Land is the part of Antarctica lying between Cape Penck, at 87Â°43E, and Cape Filchner, at 91Â°54E and is a district of the Australian Antarctic Territory. ... Wilhelm Filchner (September 13, 1877 - May 7, 1957) was a German explorer. ... Luitpold Coast () is that portion of the coast of Coats Land extending from the vicinity of Hayes Glacier, at 27Â° 54 W, to 36Â° W, which is regarded as the east limit of the Filchner Ice Shelf. ... The calving of A-38 off Ronne ice shelf The Filchner-Ronne ice shelf is in Antarctica bordering the Weddell Sea. ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

New Swabia expedition

The third German Antarctic Expedition (1938 – 1939) was led by Alfred Ritscher (1879 – 1963). The main purpose was to secure an area in Antarctica for a German whaling station, as part of a plan to increase Germany’s production of fat. Whale oil was then the most important raw material for the production of margarine and soap in Germany and the country was the second largest purchaser of Norwegian whale oil, importing some 200,000 metric tons annually. Besides the disadvantage of being dependent on foreign sources, especially since it was likely Germany soon would be at war, this put considerable pressure on Germany’s foreign currency assets. Image File history File links Schwabenland. ... Image File history File links Schwabenland. ...

On December 17, 1938 the New Swabia Expedition departed Hamburg for Antarctica aboard the Schwabenland, a freighter capable of carrying and catapulting aircraft. The expedition had 33 members plus the Schwabenland's crew of 24. In January 1939 the ship arrived in an area already claimed in 1938 by Norway as Dronning Maud Land and began charting the region. In the following weeks 15 flights were made by the ship’s two Dornier Wal aircraft named Passat and Boreas over an area reported to be about 600,000 km² (though others claim it was half this size). The result was more than 11,000 aerial photographs. To assert Germany’s claim to newly-named Neu-Schwabenland three German flags were placed along the coast and 13 more were air-dropped further inland. Teams also walked along the coast recording claim reservations on hills and other significant landmarks. The expedition established a temporary base and also reported the discovery by air of hot springs with vegetation in some areas of the so-called Schirmacher Oasis which now hosts Maitri station. The place was named after captain Schirmacher, who conducted the flight during which the freshwater lakes were discovered shortly before the Schwabenland's return to Germany in February 1939. Logo of the Germani expedition to Neuschwabenland File links The following pages link to this file: New Swabia ... Logo of the Germani expedition to Neuschwabenland File links The following pages link to this file: New Swabia ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Queen Maud Land (Norwegian: Dronning Maud Land) is the part of Antarctica lying between the terminus of Stancomb-Wills Glacier, at 20Â°W, and Shinnan Glacier, at 44Â° 38E. It has a land area of approximately 2,500,000 kmÂ², mostly covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. ... The Dornier Do J was a twin-engine German seaplane of the 1920s. ... Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57 F or... maitri, please see metta. ...

Two more expeditions were scheduled for 1939-1940 and 1940-1941. These expeditions were expected to search for suitable whaling grounds and more importantly, extend Germany’s territorial claims in the Antarctic. The second expedition would also address some military issues, probably investigating the feasibility of naval bases from which Germany could control the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean along with the Drake Passage. Both were cancelled with the outbreak of World War II. For other uses, see Atlantic (disambiguation) The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ... Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The name Neuschwabenland (and sometimes “New Schwabenland” or New Swabia) is still used for the region on some maps, as are many of the German names given to its geographic features. Neumayer Station, Germany's current Antarctic research facility, is located in the New Swabia area.

Legal standing

No country ever recognized Germany's claim. Although individuals have insisted that through a legal loophole the German Third Reich still exists judicially within the former borders of New Swabia, this is not supported by either German or international law nor by the terms of unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers signed by representatives of the German government on May 8, 1945, the date usually given for Germany's abandonment of the claim.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (714x714, 68 KB) Antarctica map with the Nazi Germany claim area New Swabia (Neu-Schwabenland) highlighted. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (714x714, 68 KB) Antarctica map with the Nazi Germany claim area New Swabia (Neu-Schwabenland) highlighted. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

See also

Territorial claims of Antarctica List of Antarctica expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica. ... // The idea that Nazi Germany developed highly advanced aircraft or spacecraft appears in fiction as early as 1947. ...

References

v • d • e

Former German Schutzgebiete (colonies and protectorates)

Colonies With 34,993 students (2006), Dresden University of Technology (DUT; German:Technische UniversitÃ¤t Dresden, TU Dresden or simply TUD) is the largest institute of higher education in the city of Dresden, the largest university in Saxony and one of the 10 largest universities in Germany. ... Territorial claims of Antarctica Antarctica territories Currently there are seven claimant nations who maintain a territorial claim on eight territories in Antarctica. ... AdÃ©lie Land is the portion of the Antarctic coast between Pourquoi Pas Point at 66Â°12S, 136Â°11E and Point Alden at 66Â°48S, 142Â°02E, with a shore length of 350 km and with its hinterland extending as a sector about 2600 km toward... Antarctic portion between meridians 25Âº West and 74Âº West Argentine Antarctica (in Spanish, AntÃ¡rtida Argentina) is a sector of Antarctica which Argentina considers part of its National Territory. ... The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Motto: Research and Discovery Anthem: God Save the Queen Status British overseas territory Official language(s) - Commissioner Tony Crombie Administrator Michael Richardson Area 1,395,000 kmÂ² Population c. ... Flag of the Magallanes y la AntÃ¡rtica Chilena Region showing the southern cross. ... Political status Dependency of New Zealand Governor Anand Satyanand Area â€“ Total 450 000 kmÂ² (174 000 miÂ²) Population Scott Base: 10-80 seasonally McMurdo Station: 200-1000 seasonally Currency New Zealand dollar The Ross Dependency comprises an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by... Queen Maud Land (Norwegian: Dronning Maud Land) is the part of Antarctica lying between the terminus of Stancomb-Wills Glacier, at 20Â°W, and Shinnan Glacier, at 44Â° 38E. It has a land area of approximately 2,500,000 kmÂ², mostly covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. ... Fabian von Bellingshausen discovered Peter I Island (in Norwegian ) off West Antarctica on January 21, 1821. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Antarctica. ... German colonial empire This is a list of former German Empire colonies and protectorates (German: Schutzgebiete), the German colonial empire. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...	Africa A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...	Wituland · German East Africa (Tanganyika • Rwanda • Burundi) · German South-West Africa (Namibia) · German West Africa (Kamerun • Togoland) Wituland (also Witu or Swahililand) was an approximately 3000 km² territory in East Africa centered on the town of Witu just inland from Indian Ocean port of Lamu north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya. ... German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was Germanys colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanganyika, the mainland part of present Tanzania. ... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... Flag German South-West Africa (black), other German colonies in red Capital Windhoek (from 1891) Political structure Colony Governor - 1898-1905 Theodor von Leutwein - 1905-1907 Friedrich von Lindequist - 1907-1910 Bruno von Schuckmann - 1910-1915 Theodor Seitz Historical era The Scramble for Africa - Established 7 August, 1884 - Genocide 1904... The German West African Company, in German Deutsch-Westafrikanische Gesellschaft / Compagnie, was a German chartered company, founded in 1882, which exploited two German Schutzgebiete in West Africa knwon as German West Africa, but apparently, unlike German East Africa, without a central authority. ... The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. ... Togoland was a German protectorate in West Africa. ...
	Pacific For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ...	German Samoa · German New Guinea (German Solomon Islands • German Marshall Islands) · Caroline Islands · Mariana Islands · Nauru · Palau The Independent State of Samoa (conventional long form) or Samoa (conventional short form) is a country comprising a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. ... German New Guinea (Ger. ... The North Solomons are the former German Solomon Islands in Melanesia which were part of German New Guinea. ... Motto: Jepilpilin ke ejukaan Anthem: Forever Marshall Islands Capital (and largest city) Majuro Official languages Marshallese, English Government - President Kessai Note Independence - from the United States October 21, 1986 Area - Total 181 kmÂ² (213th) 69. ... Look out for the kooks who run a surf camp there. ... The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning Islands of Thieves) are an archipelago made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the north-western Pacific Ocean between the 12th and 21st parallels...
Concessions A concession is a territory within one country that is administered by another country. ...	China	Kiaochow (Kiautschou) · Tsingtao The Jiaozhou Bay (, ) was a 552kmÂ² German colonial Concession, which existed from 1898 to 1914. ... (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-tao), well-known to the West by its Postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a sub-provincial city in eastern Shandong province, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Unrecognised Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... Image File history File links Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichswappen_(Klein). ...	Antarctica	New Swabia

Coordinates: 72°00′S, 5°00′E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Contents

New Swabia expedition

Legal standing

See also

References