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Encyclopedia > New Zealand general election, 1984
1984 general election major party leaders
Labour National
David Lange
Leader of the Opposition		 Sir Robert Muldoon
Prime Minister
Parliament Seven years Parliament
Leader since 1983 Leader since 1974
Electorate Mangere Electorate Tamaki

The 1984 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. It marked the beginning of the Fourth Labour Government, with David Lange's Labour Party defeating long-serving Prime Minister Robert Muldoon of the National Party. It was also the last election in which the Social Credit Party won seats as an independent entity. The election was also the only one in which the New Zealand Party, a protest party, played any substantial role. This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... David Russell Lange (IPA: lɔŋi) CH, ONZ (4 August 1942 — 13 August 2005), served as Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989. ... The Right Honourable Sir Robert David (Rob) Muldoon GCMG CH (25 September 1921–5 August 1992) served as Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984. ... The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative body of the New Zealand government. ... David Lange led the Fourth Labour government for most of its time in power. ... David Russell Lange (IPA: lɔŋi) CH, ONZ (4 August 1942 — 13 August 2005), served as Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989. ... The New Zealand Labour Party is a New Zealand political party. ... The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealands head of government and is the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand. ... The Right Honourable Sir Robert David (Rob) Muldoon GCMG CH (25 September 1921–5 August 1992) served as Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984. ... The New Zealand National Party (National or the Nats) currently forms the second-largest (in terms of seats) political party represented in the New Zealand Parliament, and thus functions as the core of the parliamentary Opposition. ... One of the several logos used during the history of the Social Credit Party The New Zealand Social Credit Party (sometimes called Socred) was a political party which served as the countrys third party from the 1950s through into the 1980s. ... Party logo The New Zealand Party was, as its name suggests, a political party operating in New Zealand. ...

Contents

Background

Before the election, the National Party governed with 47 seats, a small majority. The opposition Labour Party held 43 seats, and the Social Credit Party held two. Although National theoretically commanded a two-seat lead over the other parties, dissent within the National caucus (particularly by Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue) resulted in serious problems for National leader Robert Muldoon. A caucus is most generally defined as being a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement. ... Marilyn Waring (born 1952) is a renowned New Zealand feminist, an activist for female human rights, an author and an academic. ... Mike Minogue was a New Zealand politician and lawyer. ...


The 1984 election was called when Marilyn Waring told Muldoon that she would not support his government in the vote over an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. Muldoon, visibly drunk[citation needed], announced a snap election on national television. There is debate over whether the election was necessary — Waring had not threatened to block confidence and supply, meaning that the government could still have continued on even if it had lost the anti-nuclear vote. Nevertheless, Muldoon appears to have wanted an election to reinforce his mandate (just as Sidney Holland sought and won a mandate to oppose striking dock-workers with the 1951 snap election). A snap election is an election called earlier than scheduled. ... A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non-confidence, a censure motion, a no-confidence motion, or simply a confidence motion, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... Loss of Supply occurs where a government in a parliamentary democracy is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer funds, by whichever house or houses of parliament or head of state is constitutionally entitled to grant and deny supply. ... Sir Sidney George Holland, GCMG, CH, (October 18, 1893-August 5, 1961) was Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 13, 1949 to September 20, 1957. ... The 1951 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 30th term. ...


Muldoon's government, which had been growing increasingly unpopular in its third term, was seen as rigid, inflexible, and increasingly unresponsive to public concerns. The Labour Party had actually gained a plurality of the vote in the previous two elections, but had narrowly missed out on getting a majority of the seats. Labour's primary campaign message was one of change — Muldoon's government, which employed wage and price controls in an attempt to "guide" the economy, was widely blamed for poor economic performance. Labour also campaigned to reduce government borrowing.


The New Zealand Party, founded by property tycoon Bob Jones, was launched primarily to oppose the Muldoon government (although it did not support Labour). A right-wing liberal party, it promoted free market economic policies that contrasted sharply with the paternalist and somewhat authoritarian policies of National, the other significant right-wing party. Sir Robert Bob Jones (born 1939) is a property tycoon, author and former politician in New Zealand. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... Image of traditional cultural paternalism: Father Junipero Serra in a modern portrayal at Mission San Juan Capistrano, California Paternalism refers usually to an attitude or a policy stemming from the hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy, that is, there is a figurehead (the father, pater in Latin) that... Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ...


The election

The election was held on 14 July. 2,111,651 people were registered to vote. Turnout was 93.7%, the highest turnout ever recorded in a New Zealand election. Most political scientists attribute the high turnout to a desire by voters for change. July 14 is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


Immediately after the election there was a constitutional crisis when Muldoon initially refused to follow the advice of the incoming Labour government and devalue the New Zealand Dollar. The New Zealand constitutional crisis of 1984 was an important constitutional and political event in the history of New Zealand. ...


Summary of results

The 1984 election saw the Labour Party win 56 of the 95 seats in parliament, a gain of 13. This was enough for it to hold an outright majority and become the fourth Labour government. The National Party won only 37 seats, a loss of ten. The New Zealand Party, despite winning 12.2% of the vote, failed to gain any seats at all. Social Credit managed to win two seats, the same number as it had held previously. The Values Party, an environmentalist group, gained fifth place, but no seats. David Lange led the Fourth Labour government for most of its time in power. ... A logo used by the Values Party The Values Party, sometimes considered the worlds first national-level environmentalist party, was established in 1972 at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. ... For the psychology topic, see Environmental psychology. ...


Detailed results

Party Candidates Total votes Percentage Seats won
Labour Party 95 829,154 43.0% 56
National Party 95 692,494 35.9% 37
New Zealand Party 95 236,385 12.2% -
Social Credit Party 95 147,162 7.6% 2
Values Party 29 3,826 0.2% -
Others 57 20,180 1.1% -

The New Zealand Labour Party is a New Zealand political party. ... The New Zealand National Party (National or the Nats) currently forms the second-largest (in terms of seats) political party represented in the New Zealand Parliament, and thus functions as the core of the parliamentary Opposition. ... Party logo The New Zealand Party was, as its name suggests, a political party operating in New Zealand. ... One of the several logos used during the history of the Social Credit Party The New Zealand Social Credit Party (sometimes called Socred) was a political party which served as the countrys third party from the 1950s through into the 1980s. ... A logo used by the Values Party The Values Party, sometimes considered the worlds first national-level environmentalist party, was established in 1972 at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. ... Download high resolution version (423x604, 18 KB)Map of New Zealand election results in 1984 File links The following pages link to this file: New Zealand general election 1984 Categories: GFDL images ...

There were 95 seats being contested in the 1984 election, three more than in the previous parliament. All but two of these seats were won by one of the two major parties.


The Labour Party, previously in opposition, won 56 seats, an outright majority. Most of the seats won by Labour were in urban areas, following the party's typical pattern. Exceptions to this general trend include the eastern tip of the North Island and the western coast of the South Island. Labour's strongest regions were the Wellington area (where the party won every seat), as well as Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin (cities in which it won most seats). Smaller cities such as Hamilton, Nelson, Napier, Hastings and Palmerston North were also won by Labour. As expected, Labour also won all four Māori seats, maintaining its traditional strength there. North Island The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. ... The South Island The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. ... Alternative meanings at Wellington (disambiguation) A view of Wellington from the top of Mount Victoria. ... Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest urban area in New Zealand. ... For other uses, see Christchurch (disambiguation). ... Alternative meanings at Dunedin (disambiguation) Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, located in coastal Otago. ... Hamilton (Kirikiriroa in Māori) is the centre of New Zealands fourth largest urban area, and is the countrys seventh largest city. ... A view of Nelson from the Centre of New Zealand Nelson stands on the southern corner of Tasman Bay, at the northern end of the South Island of New Zealand and is the administrative centre of the Nelson region. ... The T & G Building (Atkin & Mitchell, Wellington, 1936) Napier (Ahuriri in Māori) is an important port city in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. ... Hastings is the administrative centre of the Hastings District in the Hawkes Bay Region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Palmerston North is the main city of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous Polynesian peoples of New Zealand, and to their language. ...


The National Party, the incumbent government, was (as expected) strongest in rural areas. Most of the rural North Island was won by National, as were a most of the rural areas on the South Island's eastern coast. In the larger cities, the party fared poorly, with Auckland and Christchurch being the only places that the party won seats. It was more successful in smaller cities, however, winning Rotorua, Tauranga, Invercargill, New Plymouth and Whangarei. It was placed second in two Māori electorates, and third in the other two. Rotorua is a city located on the southern shore of Lake Rotorua in the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Tauranga (population 109,100 — 2006 census) is the largest city of the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Cnr of Esk and Dee Streets, looking up Esk st, one of the main shopping streets of Invercargill. ... New Plymouth is the port and main city in the Taranaki region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Whangarei (the initial consonant is pronounced F as in fa-nga-ray) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. ...


The only minor party to win electorates was the Social Credit Party, which won East Coast Bays and Pakuranga (both in Auckland). It had held East Coast Bays before the election, but won Pakuranga for the first time. It did not manage to retain Rangitikei, which it had also held before the election. Social Credit candidates were placed second in six electorates, including Rangitikei.


The New Zealand Party, despite gaining more votes than Social Credit, did not win any seats. Some commentators have suggested that the party was not seeking to do so, and instead was merely acting as a spoiler for National. This impression has been backed up by comments by Bob Jones himself. The party was, however, placed second in the electorates of Remuera (an affluent part of Auckland), Kaimai (a region in the Bay of Plenty), and Tauranga. The spoiler effect is a term to describe the effect a candidate can have on a close election, in which their candidacy results in the election being won by a candidate dissimilar to them, rather than a candidate similar to them. ... The Bay of Plenty, often abbreviated to BoP, is a region in the North Island of New Zealand situated around the body of water of the same name. ... Tauranga (population 109,100 — 2006 census) is the largest city of the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand. ...


The Values Party, an environmentalist group, managed to win 0.2% of the vote, substantially below previous efforts. The party, which was in slow decline, would eventually vanish, but its ideals and goals would be reborn in the Green Party. Current Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand logo Wikinews has news related to: Greens Party refines Buy Kiwi Made scheme The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a political party in the New Zealand parliament. ...


In two of the Māori electorates, the Mana Motuhake party gained second place, but the party did not gain a substantial number of votes elsewhere. Mana Maori Motuhake is a Maori political party in New Zealand. ...


No independent candidates won seats, but one independent candidate was placed second in the electorate of Nelson.

MPs Elected in 1984
Key: Labour Party National Party New Zealand Party
Social Credit Party Mana Motuhake Independent
Electorate Incumbent Winner Second Place
Ashburton Rob Talbot G Stone
Auckland Central Richard Prebble M Eardley-Wilmot
Avon Mary Batchelor A P Cowie
Awarua Rex Austin B G Raitt
Bay of Islands Neil Austin L W Hunter
Birkenhead Jim McLay J E T Course
Christchurch Central Geoffrey Palmer A A P Willy
Christchurch North New Electorate Mike Moore D J L Dumergue
Clutha Robin Gray M J Sheppard
Dunedin North Stan Rodger B Henderson
Dunedin West New Electorate Clive Matthewson D G P Russell
East Cape Duncan MacIntyre Anne Fraser R J Leeming
East Coast Bays Gary Knapp Murray McCully
Eastern Hutt T J Young M J McLauchlan
Eden A G Malcolm Richard Northey A G Malcom
Fendalton Philip Burdon M J Dobson
Franklin New Electorate Bill Birch R Haywood
Gisborne R L Bell Allan Wallbank R L Bell
Glenfield New Electorate Judy Keall D L Schnauer
Hamilton West Ian Shearer B Dillon Ian Shearer
Hamilton West Mike Minogue Trevor Mallard Mike Minogue
Hastings David Butcher P D Brown
Hauraki Graeme Lee A D T Thompson
Hawkes Bay Richard Harrison Bill Sutton Richard Harrison
Heretaunga Bill Jeffries A J MacFarlane
Horowhenua Geoff Thompson Annette King Geoff Thompson
Invercargill Norman Jones D E H Soper
Island Bay Frank O'Flynn J Kananghinis
Kaimai Bruce Townshend L J B Dickson
Kaipara P I Wilkinson Lockwood Smith W J Campbell
Kapiti Margaret Shields I J Oakley
King Country Jim Bolger J E Simons
Lyttelton Ann Hercus D G Graham
Manawatu Michael Cox D C Alton
Mangere David Lange P L Saunders
Manurewa Roger Douglas S Leenstra
Marlborough Doug Kidd G MacDonald
Matamata John Luxton R I Clow
Miramar Peter Nielson D Crosbie
Mount Albert Helen Clark R O Cavanagh
Napier Geoff Braybrooke M P Liddell
Nelson Philip Woollaston Mel Courtney
New Lynn Jonathan Hunt R A Hanson
New Plymouth Tony Friedlander Ida Gaskin
North Shore George Gair P J Harris
Ohariu Hugh Templeton Peter Dunne Hugh Templeton
Onehunga Fred Gerbic C A Freeman
Otago Warren Cooper J D Polson
Otara New Electorate Colin Moyle M M M Tahia
Pahiatua John Falloon M Brazendale
Pakuranga Pat Hunt Neil Morrison Pat Hunt
Palmerston North Trevor De Cleene C G Singleton
Panmure New Electorate Bob Tizard C Tedesco
Papakura Merv Wellington D L John
Papatoetoe Eddie Isbey P F O'Brien
Pencarrow F M Colman K J B Cranston
Porirua Gerard Wall A L Gadsby
Raglan New Electorate Simon Upton L Holmes
Rangiora Derek Quigley Jim Gerard B C Tomlinson
Rangitikei Bruce Beetham Dennis Marshall Bruce Beetham
Remuera Doug Graham K L Sandford
Rodney New Electorate Don McKinnon B R Dent
Roskill Phil Goff C N Knowles
Rotorua Paul East B D Arps
St Albans David Caygill I G B Wilson
St Kilda Michael Cullen J S Clark
Selwyn Ruth Richardson C E Manning
Sydenham John Kirk Jim Anderton E L Bonisch
Tamaki Robert Muldoon R Tulloch
Taranaki D S Thomson Roger Maxwell G N Waters
Tarawera Ian McLean M R Moore
Tasman Bill Rowling Ken Shirley G H Hunt
Tauranga K R Allen Winston Peters D J Parlour
Te Atatu Michael Bassett F W G Diment
Timaru Basil Arthur Maurice McTigue
Tongariro New Electorate Noel Scott N F Rangi
Waikaremoana New Electorate Roger McClay J N Hare
Waikato Simon Upton Rob Storey P J Cleave
Waipa Marilyn Waring Katherine O'Regan A H Allen
Wairarapa Ben Couch Reg Boorman Ben Couch
Waitakere Ralph Maxwell J C McIntosh
Waitaki Jonathan Elworthy Jim Sutton Jonathan Elworthy
Waitotara Venn Young S C Perry
Wallace Derek Angus C J Fisher
Wanganui Russell Marshall Terry Heffernan
Wellington Central Fran Wilde R A Young Rouse
West Auckland New Electorate Jack Elder D M J Jones
West Coast Thomas (Kerry) Burke J W Bateman
Western Hutt John Terris J W Tanner
Whangarei John Banks B C Magner
Yaldhurst M A Connelly Margaret Austin H Joseph
Eastern Maori Peter Tapsell B R Kiwara
Northern Maori Bruce Gregory Matiu Rata
Southern Maori Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan N A Reedy
Western Maori Koro Wetere W S Katene
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