The 1993 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. It saw the governing National Party, led by Jim Bolger, win a second term in office, despite a major swing back towards the Labour Party. The new Alliance and New Zealand First parties gained significant shares of the vote, but won few seats. The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative body of the New Zealand government. ... Current National Party logo The New Zealand National Party is the second largest political party in the New Zealand Parliament, and forms the core of the Opposition. ... The Right Honourable James Brendan Jim Bolger, ONZ, (born 31 May 1935) was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1990 to 1997. ... Current Labour Party logo The New Zealand Labour Party formed as a political party in 1916, bringing together socialist groups advocating proportional representation and the Recall of Members of Parliament, as well as the nationalisation of production and of exchange. ... Current Alliance logo The Alliance, when referring to New Zealand politics, refers to a left-wing political party. ... Current New Zealand First logo New Zealand First is a political party in New Zealand. ...

  New Zealands House of Representatives, commonly called Parliament, is chosen by nationwide election. ... Download high resolution version (1600x800, 12 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The 1853 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 1st term. ... The 1855 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 2nd term. ... The 1931 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 24th term. ... The 1935 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 25th term. ... The 1938 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 26th term. ... The 1943 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 27th term. ... The 1946 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 28th term. ... The 1949 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 29th term. ... The 1951 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 30th term. ... The 1954 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 31st term. ... The 1957 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 32nd term. ... The 1960 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 33rd term. ... The 1963 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 34th term. ... The 1966 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 35th term. ... The final results of the New Zealand General Election 1969 were 45 seats won by the National Party, and 39 seats won by the Labour Party, with no minor parties winning any seats. ... The final results of the New Zealand General Election 1972 were 55 seats won by the Labour party (led by Norman Kirk) and 32 seats won by the National Party, with no minor parties winning any seats. ... The 1975 New Zealand general election was the first election in New Zealand where all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected. ... The 1978 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to elect the 39th New Zealand Parliament. ... The 1981 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. ... The 1984 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. ... The 1987 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. ... The 1990 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 43rd term. ... The 1996 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. ... The 1999 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 46th session of the New Zealand Parliament. ... The 2002 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 47th New Zealand Parliament. ... The 2005 New Zealand general election will be a nation-wide election for the New Zealand Parliament. ...

Background

Before the election, the National Party governed with 64 seats, while the opposition Labour Party held only 29. The 1990 election had been a major victory for the National Party, with the unpopular Fourth Labour Government being decisively defeated. The Labour Party had become increasingly unpopular for its ongoing economic reforms, which were based around liberalisation, privatisation, and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The National Party was somewhat divided as to the merits of the reforms, with conservatives generally opposed and neoliberals generally in favour. The party had fought the 1990 election saying that the Labour government's program was too radical, and was being carried out without any thought of the human consequences - Jim Bolger spoke about "the Decent Society", promising a return to a more moderate and balanced platform. Once in government, however, the key Minister of Finance role was taken not by a moderate but by Ruth Richardson, who wished to expand, not end, the economic reforms. Many of the voters who had felt betrayed by Labour's reforms now felt betrayed by the National Party as well, a fact which contributed to the rise of minor parties. Current National Party logo The New Zealand National Party is the second largest political party in the New Zealand Parliament, and forms the core of the Opposition. ... Current Labour Party logo The New Zealand Labour Party formed as a political party in 1916, bringing together socialist groups advocating proportional representation and the Recall of Members of Parliament, as well as the nationalisation of production and of exchange. ... The 1990 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 43rd term. ... In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. ... Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or — especially in India — disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership. ... A tariff is a tax placed on imported and/or exported goods, sometimes called a customs duty. ... A subsidy is generally a monetary grant given by government in support of an activity regarded as being in the public interest. ... The Minister of Finance is a senior figure within the government of New Zealand. ... Ruth Richardson (born December 13, 1950) served as New Zealands Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1993, and is known for her strong pursuit of radical economic reforms (sometimes known as Ruthanasia). Early life Richardson was born in southern Taranaki on 13 December 1950. ...

The Alliance, the largest "third party", was a broad coalition of five smaller groups - the NewLabour Party (a Labour splinter), the Democrats (a social credit party), the Greens (an environmentalist party), Mana Motuhake (a Maori party), and the Liberal Party (a National splinter). The Alliance held three seats in Parliament - one belonged to Jim Anderton, who had been re-elected under a NewLabour banner in the seat he had formerly held for Labour, while the other two belonged to the National MPs who formed the Liberal Party. In its first electoral test, the 1992 by-election in Tamaki, the Alliance had performed well, taking second place. Another smaller group was New Zealand First, a party established by former National MP Winston Peters. Peters had broken with his party after a number of policy disputes with its leadership, and resigned from parliament to contest his seat as an independent. After being overwhelmingly re-elected, Peters established the New Zealand First party to promote his views. Peters was the party's sole MP. Current Alliance logo The Alliance, when referring to New Zealand politics, refers to a left-wing political party. ... NewLabour Party logo NewLabour was the name chosen by Jim Anderton, an MP and former President of the New Zealand Labour Party, for his new left-of-centre party in 1989. ... Current Democratic Party logo This article is about the modern party based around the social credit theory. ... Social Credit is an economic theory and a social movement which started in the early 1920s. ... Current Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand logo The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a political party in the New Zealand parliament. ... Environmentalism is the support or involvement with the environmental movement by environmentalists. ... Mana Maori Motuhake is a Maori political party in New Zealand. ... Te Puni, Māori Chief Māori is the name of the indigenous people of New Zealand, and their language. ... The New Zealand Liberal Party founded in 1992 (not to be confused with the original Liberal Party) was a splinter group of the National Party. ... James Patrick Anderton (almost always referred to as Jim Anderton) is leader of the Progressive Party, a political party in the New Zealand parliament. ... Current New Zealand First logo New Zealand First is a political party in New Zealand. ... The Right Honourable Winston Raymond Peters (born April 11, 1945) leads the New Zealand First political party in New Zealand. ...

Another consequence of dissatisfaction with both major parties was the referendum conducted along-side the 1993 election. This referendum asked voters whether New Zealand's electoral system should be changed from the first-past-the-post system to the MMP system, which would implement proportional representation (and thus make it easier for smaller parties to win seats). The referendum was part of the larger New Zealand electoral reform process. The first-past-the-post electoral system is a voting system for single-member districts, variously called first-past-the-post (FPTP or FPP), winner-take-all, plurality voting, or relative majority. ... The Additional Member System (AMS) is a voting system where some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under proportional representation from party lists. ... Proportional representation (PR) is any election system which ensures a proportionally representative result of a democratic election, x% of votes should be represented by x% in the democratic institutions, parliament or congress. ... Until 1996, New Zealand used the British system of first past the post (FPP) for parliamentary elections . ...

The election

The election was held on 6 November. 2,321,664 people were registered to vote, and 85.2% turned out. This turnout was almost exactly the same as for the previous election, although slightly less than what would be seen for the following one.

Summary of results

The 1993 election saw the National Party win 50 of the 99 seats in parliament, a drop of 14 from before the election (and a drop of 17 from 1990). The Labour Party won 45 seats, while the Alliance and New Zealand First won two seats each. This meant that National kept its majority by only a single seat. The 1993-1996 parliamentary term would see a number of defections from both major parties, meaning that National would eventually be forced to make alliances to retain power.

Detailed results

Party totals

Current National Party logo The New Zealand National Party is the second largest political party in the New Zealand Parliament, and forms the core of the Opposition. ... Current Labour Party logo The New Zealand Labour Party formed as a political party in 1916, bringing together socialist groups advocating proportional representation and the Recall of Members of Parliament, as well as the nationalisation of production and of exchange. ... Current Alliance logo The Alliance, when referring to New Zealand politics, refers to a left-wing political party. ... Current New Zealand First logo New Zealand First is a political party in New Zealand. ... Christian Heritage New Zealand (formerly known as the Christian Heritage Party) is a New Zealand political party promoting what it sees as Christian values. ... The McGillicuddy Serious Party was a satirical political party in New Zealand. ... The Natural Law Party of New Zealand was formed in 1995 and bases its policies on the concept of natural law. ... The Mana Maori Movement is a New Zealand political party. ...

Map of electorates

Download high resolution version (596x604, 23 KB)Map of 1993 New Zealand election. ...

Individual electorate results

The Right Honourable Donald Charles McKinnon (born February 27, 1939) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand. ... Sandra Rose Te Hakamatua Lee-Vercoe (née Lee) (8 August 1952 - ) is currently New Zealand High Commissioner to Niue, and was formerly deputy leader of the Alliance party. ... Lianne Audrey Dalziel (born 7 June 1960) is a member of the New Zealand Parliament and a former Cabinet minister. ... This article is about the author and filmmaker. ... Robert McDowall (Robin) Gray (2 July 1931 - ) is a former New Zealand politician. ... Peter Colin Hodgson (1950 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Clive Matthewson is a former New Zealand politician. ... Murray McCully (1953 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Paul Swain (1951 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Christine Fletcher has been prominent in New Zealand politics, both in Parliament and as Mayor of Auckland. ... Sir William Francis Birch (born 9 April New Zealand politician. ... Richard John Barker (27 October 1951 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Michael Laws (1957 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Ross Meurant, a New Zealander, has at various times gained public attention as a police officer, a businessman, a politician, and a political lobbyist. ... Dr. Alexander Lockwood Smith (13 November 1948 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Roger Sowry (2 December 1958 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... The Right Honourable James Brendan Jim Bolger, ONZ, (born 31 May 1935) was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1990 to 1997. ... Ruth Suzanne Dyson (11 August 1957 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... The Right Honourable David Russell Lange (pron. ... George Warren Hawkins (1946 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Douglas Lorimer Kidd (12 September 1941 - ) is a former New Zealand politician. ... Graeme Lee is a former New Zealand politician. ... Annette Faye King (born 13 September New Zealand politician. ... This entry is about the New Zealand Prime Minister. ... This article is about the former Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives. ... Harry James Duynhoven is a New Zealand politician. ... Peter Dunne (17 March 1954 - ) is the leader of New Zealands United Future political party. ... Maurice Donald Williamson is a New Zealand politician. ... Steven (Steve) Maharey (born 3 February 1953) serves as New Zealands Minister of Social Development and Employment, Minister of Housing, Minister of Broadcasting, Minister of Research, Science and Technology, Minister of Crown Research Institutes, and Minister of Youth Affairs. ... Judith Tizard (3 January 1956 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Trevor Colin Mallard (born 17 June 1954) is a New Zealand politician. ... Jennifer Mary Shipley (born February 4, 1952), Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 1997 to December 1999, served as New Zealands first woman Prime Minister, and led the centre-right National Party. ... Sir Douglas Arthur Montrose Doug Graham KNZM (12 January 1942 - ), is a former New Zealand politician. ... Philip Bruce Goff (born 22 June 1953), generally known as Phil Goff, is the current Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand. ... Paul Clayton East (4 August 1946 - ) is a former New Zealand politician. ... Ruth Richardson (born December 13, 1950) served as New Zealands Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1993, and is known for her strong pursuit of radical economic reforms (sometimes known as Ruthanasia). Early life Richardson was born in southern Taranaki on 13 December 1950. ... David Caygill is a former New Zealand politician. ... The Hon. ... James Patrick Anderton (almost always referred to as Jim Anderton) is leader of the Progressive Party, a political party in the New Zealand parliament. ... Nick Smith (born 24 December 1964) is a member of the New Zealand Parliament, a former Cabinet minister, and a former deputy leader of the National Party. ... The Right Honourable Winston Raymond Peters (born April 11, 1945) leads the New Zealand First political party in New Zealand. ... Christopher Joseph Carter is a New Zealand politician and a member of Cabinet. ... James Robert Sutton (born 7 November 1941), generally known as Jim Sutton, is a New Zealand politician. ... Richard Mark Burton (16 January 1956 - ) is a New Zealand politician. ... Wyatt Creech is a former New Zealand politician. ... This article is about the New Zealand politician. ... John Archibald Banks (born 2 December 1946) has made a career as a New Zealand politician. ... Sir Peter Wilfred Tapsell KNZM MBE (born January 21, 1930) was Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1993 to 1996. ... Tau Henare (29 September 1960 - ) is a former New Zealand parliamentarian. ...

Summary of changes

• An boundary redistribution resulted in the abolition of eight seats.
  • Ashburton, held by Jenny Shipley (National).
  • Bay of Islands, held by John Carter (National).
  • Clevedon, held by Warren Kyd (National).
  • Coromandel, held by Graeme Lee (National).
  • East Cape, held by Tony Ryall (National).
  • Maramarua, held by Bill Birch (National).
  • Ohariu, held by Peter Dunne (Labour).
  • Wellington Central, held by Chris Laidlaw (Labour).
• At the same time, ten new seats came into being.
  • Eastern Bay of Plenty - most of the abolished East Cape seat, plus part of Tarawera. Won by former East Cape MP Tony Ryall.
  • Far North - most of the abolished Bay of Islands seat. Won by former Bay of Islands MP John Carter.
  • Franklin - part of the abolished Maramarua seat and part of Papakura. Won by former Maramarua MP Bill Birch.
  • Hauraki - parts of the abolished Clevedon, Maramarua, and Coromandel seats. Won by former Clevedon MP Warren Kyd.
  • Henderson - parts taken from the Waitakere, Te Atatu, and Titirangi electorates. Won by new MP Jack Elder (Labour).
  • Howick - the eastern part of the Otara seat. Won by former Otara MP Trevor Rogers (National).
  • Matakana - part of the abolished Coromandel seat. Won by former Coromandel MP Graeme Lee.
  • Onslow - the core of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by former Ohariu MP Peter Dunne (Labour).
  • Rakaia - the abolished Ashburton seat, plus part of the Selwyn seat. Won by former Ashburton MP Jenny Shipley (National).
  • Wellington-Karori - the abolished Wellington Central seat, plus part of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by new National MP Pauline Gardiner.

• The seats of Gisborne, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hastings, Horowhenua, Invercargill, Lyttelton, Manawatu, Miramar, New Plymouth, Onehunga, Otara, Roskill, Te Atatu, Timaru, Titirangi, Tongariro, Wanganui and West Coast were won from the National Party by Labour challengers.
• The seat of Auckland Central was won from the Labour Party by an Alliance challenger. The challenger was Sandra Lee and the defeated incumbent was Richard Prebble.
• The seat of Northern Maori was won from the Labour Party by a New Zealand First challenger. The challenger was Tau Henare and the defeated incumbent was Bruce Gregory.
• The seat of Awarua passed from an incumbent National MP to a new National MP.
• The seat of Pencarrow passed from an incumbent Labour MP to a new Labour MP.