The Newport Tower.

The Newport Tower (also known as: Round Tower, Touro Tower, Newport Stone Tower, Old Stone Mill, OSM and Mystery Tower) is a round stone tower located in Touro Park in Newport, Rhode Island (USA). Download high resolution version (500x619, 101 KB)Newport Tower (Rhode Island) © 2004 Matthew Trump File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (500x619, 101 KB)Newport Tower (Rhode Island) © 2004 Matthew Trump File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Newport is a city in Newport County, Rhode Island, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Providence. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

The accepted explanation of its origin is that it was a mill built in the mid 17th century. However, some historians, as well as amateur researchers, have claimed that it is several centuries older, thus being evidence of a pre-Columbian settlement in New England. A Dutch tower windmill, sporting sails, surrounded by tulips A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the Americas continent. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

Description

The tower is located on Mill Street, surrounded by a historical residential neighborhood on the hill above the waterfront tourist district. Often missed by passing tourists, it is not marked by a sign or historical plaque of any kind. The hill itself once furnished a view of the harbor and would have been visible to passing mariners in Narragansett Bay, but recent tree growth now obscures the view of the harbor from the top of the tower. Narragansett Bay, shown in pink. ...

The tower has a height of 28 feet and an exterior width of 24 feet. It is supported by eight cylindrical columns that form stone arches, two of which are slightly broader than the other six. Above the arches and inside the tower is evidence of a floor that once supported an interior chamber. The walls are approximately 3 feet thick, and the diameter of the inner chamber is approximately 18 feet. It has been suggested that Voussoir, Keystone (architecture) be merged into this article or section. ...

The chamber is penetrated by a window. Almost opposite the window is a fireplace backed with grey stone and flanked by nooks. Historic American Engineering Record survey drawing, 1878. Note that the fireplace is not directly opposite the window The direction of the window is WSW across Narragansett Bay towards Pettaquamscutt Rock on the west side of the bay. Narragansett Bay, shown in pink. ...

A representation of the tower is featured prominently on the Seal and unit patch of the former US Navy vessel, USS Newport. Seal on envelope A seal is an impression printed on, embossed upon, or affixed to a document (or any other object) in order to authenticate it, in lieu of or in addition to a signature. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... The USS Newport, (LST-1179) was the third ship to bear the name of the Rhode Island city. ...

Arnoldist theory

The prevailing explanation among historians for the origin of the structure is the "Arnoldist" explanation, namely that the tower was a mill constructed "from the ground up" in the middle or late 17th century by or for Rhode Island colonial governor Benedict Arnold, great-grandfather of the patriot-traitor. It is known that Arnold, who moved into the area in 1661, once owned the land on which the tower stands. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... 1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

A 1675 account of King Philip's War by M. Church stated that an Indian advised a captain to lead his men out of danger "to the windmill on Rhode Island." Two years later, in 1677 Arnold mentions "my stone build Wind Mill" in his will. This has generally been accepted as referring to the Newport Tower, and is evidence the tower was once used as a windmill. Events January 5 - The Battle of Turckeim June 18 - Battle of Fehrbellin August 10 - King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London - construction begins November 11 - Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ... Attack King Philips War was an armed conflict between Indian inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Indian allies from 1675–1676. ... Aquidneck Island highlighted in red Aquidneck Island, also called Rhode Island, is the largest island in Narragansett Bay. ... 1677 (MDCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

During the American Revolution, the tower was known to have been used by the Americans as a lookout, and by the British to store munitions. A painting of the tower in 1777 is here: [2] John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that... Materiel (from the French for material) is the equipment and supplies in Military and commercial supply chain management. ...

The mill theory is supported by the similarity of the tower's appearance to Chesterton Windmill, a 17th century mill in Warwickshire, England. There are several seventeenth century stone tower mills in North America^[1], which are similar in appearance to European examples of the same period. Moulin de Grondines, Quebec (1674), Moulin de Vincelotte, Quebec (1690) (Early 17th century example 2 miles from Plymouth, Devon). Arnold's will is clear in its reference to a stone windmill. In a document of 1741 it was described as "the old stone mill." In this context, "old" is likely to refer to the mill having fallen into disuse, rather than any assumed antiquity of the structure. In 1760 the Tower was used as a haymow, while in 1767 it was described as having been used as a powder store "some time past". De Barres' plan of Newport, published in 1776, marks it as "Stone Wind Mill^[2]. Chesterton Windmill is located in the village of Chesterton, Warwickshire. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... A detailed map Stratford-upon-Avon Kenilworth Castle Warwickshire (pronounced //, //, or //) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in central England. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the  United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130...

The city of Newport finally gave permission for a scientific investigation of the site by the Society for American Archaeology in 1948. The investigation was directed by Hugh Henken of Harvard University, with the field work headed by William S. Godfrey. As part of the investigation, a one-metre wide trench was dug from the tower's exterior through the interior. The result, published in Godfrey's 1951 Ph.D. dissertation, concluded that all the artifacts discovered were from the 17th century, thus supporting the Arnoldist camp. The Society for American Archaeology is the largest organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas in the world. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

In 1990, radiocarbon dating tests of the tower's mortar supported a construction date between 1635 and 1698. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years[1]. Raw, i. ... Mortar holding weathered bricks. ... Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. ... Events January 4 - Palace of Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire. ...

From October 15, 2006 to November 15, 2006 the Chronognostic Foundation, an Arizona based research firm, led an archaeological excavation of sites discovered in Touro Park during their geophysical studies of the past three years. Possible building foundations and a rocky area near the Tower were investigated. This was the first time in nearly 60 years that an archaeological excavation will take place in Touro Park. The primary goal of this research project was to answer the question: Who built the Newport Tower? Press reports following the dig suggest that nothing earlier than the 1600s was found. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the question remains unanswered, though there is still no evidence for a pre-seventeenth century date.

Objections to the Arnoldist Theory

Supporters of alternative theories have devoted a great deal of energy to dismissing the evidence for a seventeenth century date of construction. Their objections centre around the following issues:

Phillip Answorth Means, an archaeologist whose speciality was neither mills nor colonial North America, but Latin America, attempted to compile all known evidence surrounding the tower to date in his (at the time) exhaustive 1942 book The Newport Tower. Means, a supporter of the Norse theory, dismissed the theory that Arnold built the tower "from the ground up." Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...

Much of the evidence Means used to dismiss the Arnold / windmill theory has, however, since been shown to be mistaken. In particular, he was dismissive of the similarities with the Chesterton windmill in England because his correspondent, the English mill authority Rex Wailes, believed Chesterton to have been built as an observatory and only converted to a windmill long after Arnold's time. Subsequent research proves that Chesterton was, in fact, built as a windmill in 1632-3, the original building accounts, including payments for sailcloths, having been traced since Wailes' death in 1986.[3]. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

There have also been disputes about whether Arnold was born in Leamington, Warwickshire, only a few miles from Chesterton, or in Somerset, about 150 miles away. Even if he was born in Somerset and not Warwickshire, this is of little account as all the colonists would have to have come from somewhere out of reach of Chesterton for the mill there to have had no possible influence. Chesterton windmill stands, widely visible, within half a mile of one of the main southwest - northeast roads of early modern Britain and it is entirely plausible that Arnold, or another colonist in a position to influence the design of his "stone built windmill", would have seen it. Leamington can refer to: Leamington, Ontario, Canada Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England Leamington Hastings, Warwickshire, England Leamington, Utah, USA HMS Leamington, a naval vessel This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Somerset is a county in the south-west of England. ...

Means asserted that fireplaces would not be present in a windmill because of the fire risk. This can be disproved by examining numerous windmills in England and continental Europe. ^[3]. Several have fireplaces aligned with windows and it is not unusual to find a double flue exiting out of the wall, generally with the exits aligned parallel to the prevailing wind to improve the updraft on a relatively short flue (eg Upholland Windmill, Lancashire, where the fireplace is at second floor (Br Eng = First floor) level, and the doors and windows are aligned to the cardinal points of the compass, or Much Wenlock windmill, Shropshire, which has double flues of uncertain purpose rising from the middle floor level [4]). A conventional chimney could not be used as it would foul the turning cap and sails of the windmill. Upholland is a civil parish and small town in Lancashire, England, situated approximately three miles east of Skelmersdale and two miles west of Orrell. ... Lancashire is a county in North West England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... Much Wenlock is a town in Shropshire, England. ... Shropshire (alternatively Salop or abbreviated Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands of England. ...

Detractors also claim:

• The archaeological excavations are inconclusive and prove only that the tower was used in the 17th century and not necessarily constructed at that time.

Though this must be accepted as a distant possibility, no excavation has found any evidence to support the idea that the Tower existed at an earlier date. The counter argument is that we know colonials had a large settlement at the location over many years and it is natural that there would be many artefacts, as there are artefacts of more recent settlements around all ancient sites.

The absence of any pre-colonial artefacts at all, some argue, is strong evidence that the Tower is not pre-colonial as there could not have been a complete removal of all pre-colonial artefacts during the seventeenth century.

• The colonial artefacts found were minimal with no evidence of, for example, a lime kiln which would have been necessary to make mortar.

It is not necessarily the case that a lime kiln would have been on the same site as the Tower, while the extent of the excavations so far carried out cannot be said to have covered more than a tiny fraction of the area of seventeenth century Newport.

• Removal of topsoil from the area, which is known to have occurred, removed artefacts which could provide evidence for earlier uses of the site.

Nineteenth century landscaping (the cause of the removal of topsoil) could not have been thorough enough to remove all evidence of previous activity. It is a norm of archaeological stratification that early layers underly later ones, so that if only seventeenth century artefacts are found after a thorough excavation, there can have been no significant activity in the area before that date.

• The builders did not have a settlement in the area and removed tools and materials to "cleanse" the site for religious reasons.

Evidence for the dating of ritual sites throughout the world tends to rely on non-religious artefacts being left behind by their builders. In any case, none of the alternative theories postulates a sacred use of a sort for which ritual purification has any parallels (such site clearance is not known in European mediaeval contexts, for example).

• The radiocarbon dating is inconclusive because the mortar might have been added at a date much later than the tower's construction.

This is held by some supporters of the colonial theory as an example of the poor quality of “evidence” required by detractors, in that it does not accept a scientifically valid result and instead posits a “may be” to call the results into question without examining the radiocarbon test report (which makes it clear that the mortar samples were carefully selected from areas which had not been the subject of recorded repair work, and as likely as any sample to date from the original construction of the tower).

• The area of New England in the vicinity of the tower contains numerous controversial archaeological sites which, if genuine, could support the theory of Pre-Columbian visitation to the area by Europeans, including Dighton Rock, Follins Pond, and America's Stonehenge. Also, see the articles on the Westford Knight and The Skeleton in Armor.

This would presuppose that a connection must exist between these anomalous artefacts and the Newport Tower. The evidence for this, quite apart from the uncertain origins of the other sites, is non-existent.

• Building a windmill of stone would have been economically illogical, especially in a tenuous new colony still much concerned with protecting itself from hostile Indians.

In settled Europe, there are large numbers of stone tower mills, the earliest recorded being at Dover in 1294-5 (demolished in the 1780s). The closest in appearance is the Chesterton Mill, known to have been built as a windmill in 1632. The Newport Tower was built after a previous wooden post mill had been destroyed in a storm. It is entirely logical that a more substantial stone structure would be built to replace it.

• The offset pillars that weaken structural integrity from stresses such as a windmill. The supporting columns are of flawed design

The Chesterton windmill faced the same structural "problems", and worked from 1632 until about 1910.

If the columns were flawed the tower would have fallen down. It hasn't fallen down.

• If Benedict Arnold had wanted a windmill, he could have built four or five more sound ones for the cost of this apparently failed one.

The cost of building the Tower is not known, so the comparison must be suspect. In addition, the failure of the previous mill could have undermined confidence in the supposedly “sound” post mill design. A post mill would have been easier and more functional, though also more vulnerable to storm damage, fire, and attack

• The construction of the Tower would be beyond the capabilities of the colonists. The Newport Tower required about a million pounds of stone to be built, all of it carried uphill from the waters edge. A skilled stone mason would have been needed and it is unlikely one was available in this tiny new colony.

These objections assume that there is something difficult about building a relatively crude stone tower mills. The same objections would apply equally to any of the alternative hypotheses.

Construction of similar towers had been going on in England for three hundred years. There is no evidence, one way or the other, as to stonemasons being present in Newport at the time, although the houses are likely to have had stone fireplace and chimneys which someone must have been able to build. the quality of the stonework would not be beyond the capabilities of any jobbing builder at the time, as there is little that is technically accomplished about the tower.

• The units of measure used would not have been known to English builders

Several researchers have claimed to identify various different units of measurement in the Tower’s dimensions, among them feet and inches.

• Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano reported that in 1524 he found a European structure which he named the Norman Villa. ^[4]

It is far from clear to what Verrazzano had seen, nor is it certain that he saw it at the site of the Newport Tower. Certainly his description is not detailed enough to identify his “Norman Villa” as being a round tower on arches.[5]

• Pre-Colonial maps by Gerardus Mercator and others are claimed to mark the tower's location.^[5]

As with Verrazzano’s vague report, none of these maps are at a scale to provide conclusive evidence that Naragansett Bay is the location, nor do they show sufficient detail to imply, except to a viewer who wishes to be convinced of it, that the structures shown are intended to represent the Newport Tower. None of the cartographers credited with producing these maps actually visited the eastern seaboard, and they routinely use generic symbols for settlements and other features which bear no resemblance to the likely reality.[6]

On the balance of probabilities, and based on all the evidence to date, by far the strongest and most credible explanation of the Tower’s origins is that it was built as a windmill in the seventeenth century. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years[1]. Raw, i. ... Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact is used to refer to interactions between the indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Europe, Africa, Asia, or Oceania – before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... The Dighton Rock is a 40 ton boulder, originally located in the riverbed of the Taunton River at Berkeley, Massachusetts (formerly part of the township of Dighton). ... Follins Pond is a brackish lake located on Cape Cod in the town of Dennis, Massachusetts. ... Some of the rocks at Americas Stonehenge Americas Stonehenge, once known as Mystery Hill, is the site of a number of large rocks and stone formations scattered around roughly 30 acres (120,000 m²) in the town of Salem, New Hampshire, in the northeast United States. ... The Westford Knight, shown along Depot Street in Westford, Massachusetts A detail of the rock, showing the sword. The shield has been painted on, supposedly to indicate an underlying carving The Westford Knight is alternately perceived as a carving, a natural feature, or a combination of both, found on a... The Skeleton in Armor is the name given to a curious archaeological artifact unearthed in Fall River, Massachusetts in 1832, and subsequently destroyed in a fire in 1843. ... A Tower Mill is a type of windmill which consists of a brick or stone tower, on top of which sits a roof or cap which can be turned to bring the sails into the wind. ... Arms of Dover Borough Council This article is about the English port/town. ... Pitstone Windmill, an early 17th Century post mill The post mill is the earliest type of windmill. ... Giovanni da Verrazzano (c. ... The nave of Durham Cathedral demonstrates the characteristic round arched style, though use of shallow pointed arches above the nave is a forerunner of the Gothic style. ... Gerardus Mercator (March 5, 1512 – December 2, 1594) was a Flemish cartographer. ...

Another View The author of this article fails to mention one piece of anti-Arnold evidence that is hard to dispute: the "Old Stone Tower" is mentioned in a legal description from 1642.

The author is also too cavalier in dismissing the early map evidence. Having examined many early (16th-18th century) maps of the American southwest for my own work on the Native American occupation of the Southwest, the author of this article is overly critical of the accuracy of these early maps. Having looked at the subject images of these early maps, I find them to be just as convincing in their level of accuracy and detail as similar maps and geographical notations shown on 16th-18th century maps of the American Southwest.

Alternative hypotheses

Part of the mystery of the Newport Tower though, is that there is some room for doubt on all claims of when and by whom and for what purpose it was built. There has been no shortage of alternative theories as to who built the Tower, and why, since the nineteenth century. Indeed, few other historic sites are the subject of such a fundamental level of disagreement.

Early Norse theory

The most popular alternative explanation for the existence of the tower, and the only one that has been seriously entertained by a handful of professional archaeologists, is that it was built by Viking explorers in the 10th or 11th centuries. This hypothesis is predicated on the uncertainty of the southward extent of the early Norse explorations of North America, particularly in regard to the actual location of Vinland. Images of Norse adventurers strike the romantic fancy more than the image of a seventeenth century miller working for an ancestor of one of the nation’s most reviled traitors. The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-born warriors and traders of Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of Britain, Ireland and mainland Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late 8th–11th century. ... Norseman redirects here; for the town of the same name see Norseman, Western Australia. ... Vinland was the name given to a part of North America by the Icelandic norseman Leif Eiríksson, about the year (AD) 1000. ...

The theory for a Norse origin of the tower was first proposed in 1837 by Danish archaeologist Carl Christian Rafn in his book Antiquitates Americanæ, which was partly based on his research of the inscriptions on the Dighton Rock near the mouth of the Taunton River. Rafn's popularization of the theory led to a flurry of interest and "proofs" of Norse settlement in the area [7]. Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Carl Christian Rafn (1795 - 1864) was a Danish archaeologist noted for his early advocacy of the theory that the Vikings had explored North America prior to Christopher Columbus. ... The Dighton Rock is a 40 ton boulder, originally located in the riverbed of the Taunton River at Berkeley, Massachusetts (formerly part of the township of Dighton). ... The Taunton River, historically also called the Taunton Great River, is a river in southern Massachusetts in the United States. ...

The Norse theory was also advocated by Phillip Ainsworth Means, in his (at the time) exhaustive 1942 book The Newport Tower. The fully developed form of the theory generally claims that the Tower was a round church of a type found in some parts of Scandinavia. 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... A round church is a special type of church construction; a church which have a completely circular plan. ...

Objections to the Norse Theory

• The single biggest objection to the Norse theory is that it is entirely speculative, and unsupported by any archaeological or documentary evidence which is not open to other interpretations.

• Examples of buildings sometimes claimed as being similar to Newport Tower are, on inspection, not actually similar beyond being circular and of stone, characteristics shared by buildings of many dates and cultures.

• Round churches are less common in Scandinavia than in many other parts of Europe. Their first appearance in Europe in generally held to be after the First Crusade, the inspiration having come from the rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. This took place after the date that Norse theorists propose for the Newport Tower.

• Nothing in recorded early Norse architecture is as similar, in size and appearance, to the Newport Tower, as Chesterton Windmill.

Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim... The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called the Church of the Resurrection (Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως, Naos tis Anastaseos; Georgian: აგდგომის ტადზარი Agdgomis Tadzari; Armenian: Surp Harutyun) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

Other theories

• During the early 20th century, Edmund Delabarre's investigations of the Dighton rock led him to propose that the tower was constructed as a signaling beacon by Portuguese navigator Miguel Corte-Real, who Delabarre claims was shipwrecked in 1501 or 1502 while searching for his lost brother Gaspar in Narragansett Bay. More recently, questions have been asked about the design features of the tower, in particular the presence and location of the fireplace and window; these features are claimed by some to lend support to the idea that the tower was designed as a signalling beacon.

Again, this theory is entirely speculative in terms of evidence that Miguel Corte-Real was anywhere near Narragansett Bay.

Building the Tower would have taken time, and evidence of Portuguese settlement should have been found nearby. It has not.

The idea of the Tower being used as a signalling beacon because of the relative locations of the fireplace and windows is unlikely because beacons and lighthouses before the eighteenth century were generally unsophisticated platforms for bonfires or other non-directional lights.

• Another speculative theory holds that it was constructed by the Scottish earl Henry Sinclair who is claimed by some to have visited Nova Scotia and New England in the year 1398 with a fleet under the command of Antonio Zeno. Believers in this theory often cite the Westford Knight as further evidence.

The tower was not hastily thrown up. It was the product of design and specialized knowledge and skill. It is hard to believe that that the Sinclair expedition set sail with the equipment and tools that would have been needed with the intent of building such an elaborate structure.

The same objections as to lack of evidence, rehearsed above, apply here.

• Gavin Menzies, author of 1421: The Year China Discovered America argues that the tower was built by the Chinese navigator Zheng He in 1421. See: 1421 theory

The same objections as to lack of evidence, rehearsed above, apply here.

As of 2007, There is no conclusive evidence supporting any of the alternative theories. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The Dighton Rock is a 40 ton boulder, originally located in the riverbed of the Taunton River at Berkeley, Massachusetts (formerly part of the township of Dighton). ... Miguel Corte-Real (c. ... 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1502 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gaspar Corte-Real. ... Miguel Corte-Real (c. ... This page discusses Beacons, fires designed to attract attention. ... A HDR image of a traditional lighthouse For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic) Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic and Scots1 Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Monarch Queen Elizabeth II... Henry Sinclair, 1st Earl of Orkney, Baron of Roslin, and Lord of Shetland (c. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit(Latin) One defends and the other conquers Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis - Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 11 - Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Events Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed. ... The Zeno brothers refers to the brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno (fl. ... The Westford Knight, shown along Depot Street in Westford, Massachusetts A detail of the rock, showing the sword. The shield has been painted on, supposedly to indicate an underlying carving The Westford Knight is alternately perceived as a carving, a natural feature, or a combination of both, found on a... Gavin Menzies Gavin Menzies (b. ... Zheng He (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhèng Hé; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho; Birth name: 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Pinyin: ; Islamic name: حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371–1433), was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of Eunuch Sanbao to the Western... Events March 21 - Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. ... The 1421 theory of the Chinese discovery of the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies. ... 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Hvalsey Church (Greenland), mediaval European structure located closest to the Newport Tower
• Pseudoarchaeology
• Oak Island

The church ruin of Hvalsey Hvalsey (Danish Hvalsø, Greenlandic Qaqortukukooq) is a location near Qaqortoq, Greenland and the site of a number of Greenlands best preserved Norse ruins in what was known by the Norse as the Eastern Settlement, all of which were abandoned after 1408 AD, after approximately... Pseudoarchaeology is an aspect of pseudohistory. ... Oak Island, Nova Scotia. ...

References

1. ^ Priamo, C Mills of Canada, McGraw-Hill Ryerson 1976
2. ^ Buckland, J. S. P. The Origins of the Tower Mill, with a note on Chesterton Proc. 11 Mills Research Conference, Mills Research Group [1](Essex, UK) 1994
3. ^ Derek Ogden, "Fireplaces Are Common in Tower Windmills," 'Newport Daily News', 23-24 March 1996.
4. ^ Earl Siggurson, "The Newport Tower." American-Scandanavian Review. James Whittal Archive, Newport Tower file, 1971-1980.
5. ^ Arlington Mallery, The American Anthropologist, 60, (1958), pp. 149-150. See also the James Whittal Archive, Newport Tower file articles by Magnus Hrolf, 1991-2000 file and Frank Glynn, 1961-1970 file.

External links

• About Newport
• Redwood Library site on Newport Tower
• New England Antiquities Research Association - Loose Threads in a Tapestry of Stone: The Architecture of Newport Tower
• The Newport Tower, New England Antiquities Research Association monograph
• Chronognostic Research Foundation
• The Newport Tower: A Medieval Ruin In America
• Detailed examination - and refutation - of claims about Verrazano and Mercator mentioning or illustrating the Tower

Coordinates: 41°29′08″N, 71°18′35″W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...