Tsar Nicholas II (18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918)¹ was the last crowned Emperor of Russia. He ruled from 1894 until his abdication in 1917. Nicholas proved unequal to the combined tasks of managing a country in political turmoil and commanding its army in the largest international war to date. His rule ended with the Russian Revolution, during which he and his family were executed, in 1918. Nicholas II of Russia File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... See also The Emperor disambiguation page. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one), the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to three specific events in the history of Imperial Russia. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Nicholas's full name was Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov (in Russian Николай Александрович Романов). His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias.² The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced Ro-MAH-nof), the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled Muscovy and the Russian Empire for five generations from 1613 to 1762. ...

Family background and early life

The son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark), Nicholas was the grandson of Christian IX of Denmark through his mother, and of Emperor Alexander II through his father. Nicholas was seen as too soft by his hard, demanding father who, not anticipating his own premature death, did nothing to prepare his son for the crown. Nicholas fell in love with Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, but his father did not approve the match, hoping instead for a marriage with a princess of the House of Orleans, to consummate Russia's newfound alliance with the French Republic. Only when Alexander was on his death bed, fearing for the succession of the Romanov dynasty, did he consent to the marriage of Nicholas to the German princess. Painting of Tsar Alexander III (1886), by Ivan Kramskoi (1837-1887), original, 41 x 36 in. ... Princess Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar (November 26, 1847 - October 13, 1928) was born as the second daughter of Louise of Hesse and Christian of Glucksburg. ... Christian IX of Denmark (April 8, 1818 – January 29, 1906) was King of Denmark from November 15, 1863 to January 29, 1906. ... Alexander II (1818-1881) Alexander (Aleksandr) II (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. ... Princess Alix of Hesse, as Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (1872-1918) Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice, 6 June 1872 - 17 July 1918), was the consort of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar of Russia. ... Her Majesty Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria Wettin, née Hanover) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1876 until her death. ... Following the French July Revolution in 1830, the restored Bourbon monarch Charles X was replaced by Louis Philippe, son of Louis Philippe Joseph, duc dOrléan. ...

As Tsarevich, Nicholas did a fair amount of traveling, including a notable trip to the Far East which left him with a scar in his forehead. A crazed Japanese man had nearly killed him, but he was saved by the quick action of his cousin, Prince George of Greece. Nicholas returned to St. Petersburg with a bitter hatred of the Empire of the Rising Sun. His Royal Highness Prince George of Greece and Denmark (24 June 1869, Corfu-25 November 1957, St Cloud) was the third child of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga. ...

Nicholas becomes Tsar

Nicholas assumed the throne on November 1, 1894, and soon thereafter married Princess Alix (thenceforth Empress Alexandra Feodorovna). They had five children: the Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, and the Tsarevich Alexei. The title Tsar had been officially abolished in 1721 by Peter the Great, but it was informally used throughout Nicholas's reign. November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Princess Alix of Hesse, as Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (1872-1918) Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice, 6 June 1872 - 17 July 1918), was the consort of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar of Russia. ... Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna (1895-1918) Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (Olga Nikolaevna Romanova) (In Russian Великая Княжна Ольга Николаевна), also known as Olishka (November 15, 1895 - July 17, 1918), was the eldest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II. Olga was the most intelligent of Nikolai IIs children. ... Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna (1897-1918) Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova) (In Russian Великая Княжна Татьяна Николаевна) (June 10, 1897 - July 17, 1918) was the second daughter of Tsar Nicholas II. She was reserved, fashionable, and had the posture and attitude of a princess. ... Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna (1899-1918) Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (Maria Nikolaevna Romanova) (In Russian Великая Княжна Мария Николаевна), also known as Marie or Mashka ( June 26, 1899 - July 17, 1918) was the third daughter of Nicholas II of Russia and Alexandra of Hesse. ... Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna (1901-1918) Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova, in Russian: Великая Княжна Анастасия Николаевна ) (June 18, 1901 - July 17, 1918) was the youngest daughter of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra. ... Tsar (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь,  listen; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to... Tsarevich Alexei (1904-1918) Tsesarevich (Tsarevich) Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (In Russian Царевич Алексей Николаевич) (August 12, 1904 - July 17, 1918), of the House of Romanov, was a Tsarevich of Russia and was the youngest child of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alexandra of Hesse. ... Tsar (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь,  listen; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to... Events Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos April 4 - Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister of Britain September 10 - Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War November 2 - Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias... Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ...

Nicholas tastes the sailor's soup aboard the Royal Yacht

At the festivities surrounding his 1895 coronation in Moscow several thousand people were trampled to death trying to get presents from the new Emperor. Nicholas learned of the catastrophe later that day and wished to cancel all later festivities, but was persuaded not to by relatives and advisors. Many saw the deaths as a bad omen. Nicholas had been poorly prepared to rule after his father's early death. His engagement to Princess Alix only slightly preceded his father's death, and his wedding came very shortly after the funeral. Nicholas soon faced the task of being autocrat of Russia in a time of major turmoil. Download high resolution version (878x656, 58 KB)Tsar Nicholas II tastes the sailors soup on the Royal Yacht; photo taken in the early 1900s. ... Download high resolution version (878x656, 58 KB)Tsar Nicholas II tastes the sailors soup on the Royal Yacht; photo taken in the early 1900s. ... 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Basils Cathedral Moskau (Russian/Cyrillic: Москва́, pronunciation: Moskvá) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva, and encompassing 1097. ... Autocracy is a form of government where unlimited power is held by a single individual. ...

He relied heavily on the advice of his uncles, the Grand Dukes (brothers of the late Alexander III), and also on his and his wife's cousin, Kaiser Wilhelm. This advice was often more in the interests of "Cousin Willy", who hoped to prevent closer relations between Russia and Britain and with France, than of Nicholas. An ill-conceived war with Japan (1904–1905) cost Russia dearly, and fear of a wider conflagration contributed to the very Anglo-Russian Entente which Wilhelm feared. Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859–June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918. ... Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in ligher Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was an extremely bloody conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Imperial Russia and Japan in Manchuria and... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Entente, meaning a diplomatic understanding, may refer to a number of agreements: The Entente Cordiale, 1904 between France and the United Kingdom. ...

In addition to the tense international situation, Nicholas faced domestic difficulties. His grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, had been assassinated by a bomb set by revolutionaries, even though he had done much to improve the situation in his country. The revolutionaries were bent not on achieving power through the existing regime, but by toppling it altogether. As a child, Nicholas and with his family had survived an assassination attempt by a bomb on a train. Defeat by Japan emboldened the internal opponents of his regime, unleashing the Russian Revolution of 1905, during which organized strikes and local uprisings forced Nicholas to concede an indirectly-elected national assembly, or Duma, in the October Manifesto. Alexander II (1818-1881) Alexander (Aleksandr) II (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. ... The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a country-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... DUMA DUMA (1996 to 1998) was a legendary punk rock band of the late nineties, based out of San Marcos, Texas. ... The October Manifesto was issued by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia under the influence of Count Sergei Witte as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. ...

Nicholas as quasi-constitutional monarch

Nicholas' relations with the new Duma were not good. The First Duma, with a majority of Kadets, almost immediately came into conflict with him. Nicholas fired his relatively liberal prime minister, Sergei Witte, and dissolved the Duma. After the second Duma resulted in similar problems, new prime minister Pyotr Stolypin unilaterally dissolved it, and changed the electoral laws to allow for more conservative future Dumas, to be dominated by the liberal-conservative Octobrist Party of Alexander Guchkov. Stolypin, a skillful politician, had ambitious plans for reform. These included making loan available to the lower classes to enable them to buy land, with the intent of forming a farming class loyal to the crown. His plans were undercut by conservatives at court who had more influence with the Emperor. By the time of Stolypin's assassination by an anarchist (and police informant) in 1911, he and the Emperor were barely on speaking terms, and his fall was widely foreseen. This article is part of or related to the Liberalism series Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Political parties of Russian Revolution ... Sergei Iulevich Witte (Серге́й Ю́льевич Ви́тте) (June 29, 1849 – March 13, 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, served as Russian Director of Railway Affairs within the Finance Ministry from 1889 – 1891, Transportation Minister (1892), Finance Minister from 1892 to 1903, Chairman of the Committee of Ministers (1903 – 1905) and Chairman... Pyotr Stolypin Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (Russian: Пётр Арка́дьевич Столы́пин) (April 14 (April 2 Old Style) 1862 - September 18 (September 5 Old Style) 1911) served as Nicholas IIs Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1906 to 1911. ... The Octobrist Party (Russian Октябристы) was a non-revolutionary conservative-liberal Russian political party also called Union Of October 17 (Союз 17 Октября) whose program of moderate constitutionalism called for the fulfillment of the emperor Nicholas IIs October Manifesto. ... 1911 is a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

Nicholas and his family, 1913

Russian Royal Family - Nicholas II of Russia - Project Gutenberg eText 15478 From http://www. ... Russian Royal Family - Nicholas II of Russia - Project Gutenberg eText 15478 From http://www. ...

Tsarevich Alexei's illness

Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of succession. Alexandra bore him four daughters before their son Alexei was born on August 12, 1904. The young heir proved to be afflicted with hemophilia, which at that time was virtually untreatable and usually led to an untimely death. Because of the fragility of the autocracy at this time, Nicholas and Alexandra chose to not divulge Alexei's condition to anyone outside the royal household. Tsarevich Alexei (1904-1918) Tsesarevich (Tsarevich) Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (In Russian Царевич Алексей Николаевич) (August 12, 1904 - July 17, 1918), of the House of Romanov, was a Tsarevich of Russia and was the youngest child of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alexandra of Hesse. ... August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Haemophilia or hemophilia is the name of any of several hereditary genetic illnesses that impair the bodys ability to control bleeding. ...

In desperation, Alexandra sought help from a mystic, Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin seemed to help when Alexei was suffering from internal bleeding, and Alexandra became increasingly dependent on him and his advice, which she accepted as coming directly from God. Grigori Rasputin Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (Russian: Григо́рий Ефи́мович Распу́тин) (January 10, 1869 – December 16, 1916 (O.S.)) was a Russian mystic with an influence in the later days of Russias Romanov dynasty. ...

Nicholas wanted to be loved by his people. Left to his own devices he might have accepted a system of constitutional monarchy and become a reforming Emperor. The influence of political reactionaries, principally his wife and his relatives, with Rasputin behind the scenes, made this impossible.

The Great War

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb nationalists in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, Nicholas vacillated as to Russia's course. He wanted neither to abandon his Serb allies to Austria-Hungary's demands, nor to provoke a general war. In a series of letters exchanged with the Kaiser (the so-called "Willy and Nicky correspondence") the two proclaimed their desire for peace, and each attempted to get the other to back down. Nicholas took concrete measures in this regard, demanding that Russia's mobilization be only against the Austrian border, in the hopes of preventing war with Germany. It proved too late for personal communications to determine the course of events. The Russians had no contingency plans for a partial mobilization, and on July 31, 1914, Nicholas took the fateful step of ordering a general mobilization. This led almost immediately to a German declaration of war, and the outbreak of the First World War. Franz Ferdinand links to here. ... View of Sarajevo from the east. ... (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Willy and Nicky correspondence was the telegraphic communication between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Czar Nicholas II which took place on 29 July 1914, starting from 1:00 am. ... July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 153 days remaining, as the final day of July. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

The outbreak of war on August 1, 1914 found Russia grossly unprepared, and an early advance ended in staggering Russian losses. Nicholas felt it his duty to lead his army directly, assuming the role of commander-in-chief after dismissing his uncle, the highly respected and experienced Nikolai Nikolaevich (September 1915) following the loss of the Russian-ruled part of Poland. His efforts to oversee the war left domestic issues essentially in the hands of Alexandra. Cut off from public opinion, Nicholas did not understand how suspicious the common people were of his wife, since she was German by birth and the victim of destructive rumours about her dependence on Rasputin. Anger at the damage that Rasputin's influence was doing to Russia's war effort and to the monarchy led to the monk's murder by a group of courtiers in December 1916. August 1st is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaevich Romanov (6 November 1856 - 5 January 1929) was a Russian general in World War I. A grandson of the Tsar Nicholas I, he was commander in chief of the Russian armies on the main front in the first year of the war, and was later a... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Rasputin Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (Russian: Григо́рий Ефи́мович Распу́тин) (January 23, 1871 – December 16, 1916 (O.S.)) was a Russian mystic with an influence in the later days of Russias Romanov dynasty. ... December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...

Revolution and abdication

Mounting national hardship and the army's initial failure to maintain the temporary military success of June 1916 led to renewed strikes and riots in the following winter. At the end of the "February Revolution" of 1917 (February in the old Russian calendar), on 2 March (Julian Calendar)/ 15 March (Gregorian Calendar), 1917 Nicholas II was forced to abdicate, in his own name and that of his son, in favor of his brother, saying, "We bequeath Our inheritance to Our brother the Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich and give him Our Blessing on his accession to the throne." [1] Grand Duke Mikhail declined to accept the throne, and abdicated the following day, three centuries of Romanov rule came to an end. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... The February Revolution can also refer to the overthrow of the French Monarchy in February, 1848. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, taking force in 45 BC or 709 ab urbe condita. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... The Gregorian calendar is the calendar widely used in the Western world. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Grand Duke Michael of Russia, Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (Russian: Михаил Александрович Романов), sometimes called Tsar Michael II (November 22, 1878 (O.S.) - about June 12, 1918) was the son of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, and brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. ...

Execution

The provisional Russian government at first kept Nicholas, Alexandra, and their children confined in the royal residence, The Alexander Palace. Attempting to remove them from the capital and from possible harm, the Kerensky government moved them to Tobolsk in Siberia in August 1917. They remained there through the Bolshevik October Revolution in November 1917, but were then moved to Red Army-controlled Yekaterinburg. The Tsar and his family, including the gravely ill Alexei and several family servants, were executed by firing squad in the basement of the Ipatiev House where they had been imprisoned, on the night of July 16 or July 17, 1918 by a detachment of Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky. The Alexander Palace is a former imperial palace in Russia. ... Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский) (April 22, 1881 (May 2, New Style) - June 11, 1970) was the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government, immediately before the Bolsheviks and Lenin came to power. ... Tobolsk (Тобо́льск; Tatar: Tubıl) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Siberia, Russia. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Photograph of snow-covered Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburgs Church on the Blood, built on the spot where the Tsar and his family were murdered. ... July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The execution took place as units of the Czech Legion, making their retreat out of Russia, approached Yekaterinburg. Fearing that the Legion would take the town and free him, the Tsar's Bolshevik jailers pursued the immediate liquidation of the imperial family. Czech Legion, also called Czech-Slovak Legion was an armed force attached to the Russian army during the World War I. It played a prominent role in the Russian Civil War. ...

The bodies of Nicholas and his family were long believed to have been disposed of down a mineshaft at a site called the Four Brothers. Initially, this was true—they had indeed been disposed of there on the night of 16 July/17. The following morning—when rumors spread in Yekaterinburg regarding the disposal site—Yurovsky removed the bodies and concealed them elsewhere. When the vehicle carrying the bodies broke down on the way to the next chosen site, he made new arrangements, and buried most of the bodies in a sealed and concealed pit on Koptyaki Road, a since-abandoned cart track 12 miles north of Yekaterinburg. July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ...

Rumours of Imperial Family survivors

The concealment of the executions and the bodies led to rumours that the Emperor or some members of his family were still alive. Several people claimed to have seen the Emperor in labour camps in Siberia in the 1930s. These claims were never taken seriously, but a number of people in the 1920s and 1930s claimed more credibly to be Romanov children. The best known was Anna Anderson, who maintained that she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia, and succeeded in so persuading some members of the exiled Romanov family. It is likely that she believed her claim herself, but posthumous DNA analysis has shown it to be false. A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... Anna Anderson Anastasia Manahan (her official name in later life) usually known as Anna Anderson (c. ... Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna (1901-1918) Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova, in Russian: Великая Княжна Анастасия Николаевна ) (June 18, 1901 - July 17, 1918) was the youngest daughter of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra. ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or deoxyribose nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). ...

In the early 1990s, following the fall of the Soviet Union, the bodies of the Romanovs were located, exhumed, and formally identified. A secret report by Yurovsky, which came to light in the late 1970s, but did not become public knowledge until the 1990s, had helped the authorities to locate the bodies. DNA analysis was a key means of identifying them. A blood sample from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and the Rhine, Alexandra's sister, was used to identify the Empress and her daughters through their mitochondrial genes. Another method for identification was the new forensic technique of the superimposition of photos over the skulls. Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but keeping the same mind-set. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... HRH The Duke of Edinburgh His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh, KG, KT, OM, GBE, AC, QSO, PC, (Philip Mountbatten, formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark), styled - HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (born 10 June 1921), is the consort of Queen Elizabeth II of the... HGDH Princess Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (5 April 1863-24 September 1950) was the daughter of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837-1892) and his wife Alice, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland (1843-1878). ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ...

Two bodies were still missing, those of Alexei and one of the daughters—Tatiana, Maria or Anastasia. According to Yurovsky's account, the bodies of Alexei and one of the daughters, mistaken by Yurovsky's detachment for Alexandra, were burned near the burial site and their ashes scattered and concealed. Some elements in Russia, particularly in the Orthodox Church, maintained that the bodies were not those of the Royal Family, but following a long series of bureaucratic and political delays, the remains of the family were reinterred in the Romanov family crypt in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in 1998, with much ceremony, on the 80th anniversary of the execution. The Peter and Paul Cathedral is located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. ... 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...

Nicholas' life was dramatized in the 1971 film Nicholas and Alexandra. 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Nicholas and Alexandra is a 1971 biographical film which tells the story of Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his wife, the Czarina Alexandra, the last of Russias monarchs. ...

Sainthood

Icon of the Romanov Imperial Family

On August 14, 2000 Nicholas and his immediate family were canonized as saints by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. They were not named martyrs, since their death did not result immediately from their Christian faith; instead they were canonized as passion bearers. They had already been venerated by some members of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia for several years previous to this. According to a statement by the Moscow synod, they were glorified as saints for the following reasons: Icon of the Romanov Imperial Family File links The following pages link to this file: Nicholas II of Russia ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Canonization is the process of making someone into a saint and involves proving that a candidate has lived in such a way that he or she is worthy of sainthood. ... General definition of saint In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine or administration. ... Saint Basils Cathedral, a well-known Russian Orthodox church situated in Moscow The Russian Orthodox Church (Русская Православная церковь) is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... A passion-bearer is one who faces his death in a Christ-like manner. ... The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, ROCA, or ROCOR) is a jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodoxy formed in response against the policy of bolsheviks with respect to religion in the Soviet Union soon after the Russian Revolution. ...

"In the last Orthodox Russian monarch and members of his family we see people who sincerely strove to incarnate in their lives the commands of the Gospel. In the suffering borne by the Royal Family in prison with humility, patience, and meekness, and in their martyrs deaths in Ekaterinburg in the night of 4/17 July 1918 was revealed the light of the faith of Christ that conquers evil." July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Further reading

• Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (1967)
• John Curtis Perry and Constantine Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs (1999)
• Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion, Nicholas and Alexandra, Their Own Story (1996)

• Greg King and Penny Wilson, Fate of the Romanovs (2003)

External links

• Alexander Palace — A collection of many articles, along with now out-of-print books.
• An extensive list of sites dealing with this Tsar
• Yakov Yurovsky's account of the Execution of the Imperial Family
• Ipatiev House - Romanov Memorial An immensely detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution.

Footnotes

1. (6 May 1868 to 4 July 1918 in the Julian Calendar.) May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, taking force in 45 BC or 709 ab urbe condita. ...

2. Nicholas's full title was Nicholas the Second, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Tsar of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, Poland³, Siberia, the Crimea, Georgia, Lord of Pskov, Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volkynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semgalle, Samogitia, Bialystock, Karelia, Tver, Yugoria, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria and other countries, Lord and Grand Duke of Lower Novgorod, Tchernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Belosero, Oudoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk and all the Region of the North, Lord and Sovereign of the Country of Iverie, Kartalinie, Kabardine, and of the Provinces of Armenia, Sovereign of the Circassian and Moutan Princes, Lord of Turkestan, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, Heir of Norway.

3. In 1831 the Russian tsars were deposed from the Polish throne but continued to use the title unlawfully. See: November Uprising for more details. Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ... Conflict November Uprising Date 1830-1831 Place Poland Result Russian victory The November Uprising (1830-1831) was an armed rebellion against Russias rule in Poland. ...

Painting of Tsar Alexander III (1886), by Ivan Kramskoi (1837-1887), original, 41 x 36 in. ... At different times, a ruler in Ruthenia/Kievan Rus/Muscovy/early Russia/Imperial Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince), Velikiy Kniaz (translated as Grand Duke, Grand Prince or Great Prince), Tsar, Emperor. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Grand Duke Michael of Russia, Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (Russian: Михаил Александрович Романов), sometimes called Emperor Michael II (November 22, 1878 (O.S.) - about June 12, 1918) was the son of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, and brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. ...

Heir apparent: March 14, 1881–November 1, 1894 March 14 is the 73rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (74th in Leap years) with 292 days remaining in the year. ... 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...