28 cobalt ← nickel → copper - ↑ Ni ↓ Pd periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	nickel, Ni, 28
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	10, 4, d
Appearance	lustrous, metallic
Atomic mass	58.6934(2) g/mol
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d8 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 16, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.908 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p.	7.81 g/cm³
Melting point	1728 K (1455 °C, 2651 °F)
Boiling point	3186 K (2913 °C, 5275 °F)
Heat of fusion	17.48 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	377.5 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 26.07 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	2, 3 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.91 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 737.1 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol
	3rd: 3395 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	149 pm
Covalent radius	121 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 69.3 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 90.9 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 13.4 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 4900 m/s
Young's modulus	200 GPa
Shear modulus	76 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	4.0
Vickers hardness	638 MPa
Brinell hardness	700 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-02-0
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of nickel iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 56Ni syn 6.075 d ε - 56Co γ 0.158, 0.811 - 58Ni 68.077% Ni is stable with 30 neutrons 59Ni syn 76000 y ε - 59Co 60Ni 26.233% Ni is stable with 32 neutrons 61Ni 1.14% Ni is stable with 33 neutrons 62Ni 3.634% Ni is stable with 34 neutrons 63Ni syn 100.1 y β- 0.0669 63Cu 64Ni 0.926% Ni is stable with 36 neutrons
References

Nickel is a metallic chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. This article is on the chemical element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number palladium, Pd, 46 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass 106. ... Nickel table image created for Wikipedia by Schnee on June 25, 2003, 10:32 UTC. Licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL. File links The following pages link to this file: Nickel User:Femto/elements e4 Categories: GFDL images ... State at standard temperature and pressure those numbered in red are gases those numbered in green are liquids those numbered in black are solid Natural occurrence those without borders have not been discovered/synthesized yet those with dotted borders do not occur naturally (Synthetic elements) those with dashed borders naturally... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... A chemical series is a group of chemical elements whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively from one end of the series to another. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc and scandium. ... A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The Group 10 elements are: Nickel (28) Palladium (46) Platinum (78) Darmstadtium (110) Color coding for these atomic numbers: At room temperature, all are solid; red indicates item is synthetic and does not occur naturally. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Nickel sample. ... The atomic mass of an element (also known as the relative atomic mass or average atomic mass or atomic weight) is the average atomic mass of all the chemical elements isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 6. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... A quantum mechanic system can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... In jewelry, a solid gold piece is the alternative to gold-filled or gold-plated jewelry. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C or ℃ (Unicode 0x2103)) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Allah is who made all of this. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C or ℃ (Unicode 0x2103)) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy which must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change states from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Heat capacity is a measure of the ability of a body to store heat. ... The vapor pressure is the pressure (if the vapor is mixed with other gases, the partial pressure) of a vapor(this vapour being formed from molecules/atoms escaping from a liquid/solid). ... Rose des Sables (Sand Rose), formed of gypsum crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction that an atom has for the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The hot butt sexis the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... In physics, magnetism is not one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon by which a material can exhibit a spontaneous magnetization, and is one of the strongest forms of magnetism. ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the intensive property of a material which relates its ability to conduct heat. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient thermal conductivity = heat flow rate / (distance × temperature... The coefficient of thermal expansion is used in two ways: as a volumetric thermal expansion coefficient as a linear thermal expansion coefficient These characteristics are closely related. ... The speed of sound c (from Latin celeritas, velocity) varies depending on the medium through which the sound waves pass. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (also known as the modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... In materials science, shear modulus S, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: S = shear stress/shear strain = (F/A)/Φ. Another commonly accepted symbol is G. Shear modulus is usually measured in ksi (kips per square... The bulk modulus K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility: where p is pressure and V is volume. ... When a sample of material is stretched in one direction, it tends to get thinner in the other two directions. ... Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer. ... The Vickers hardness test was developed in the early 1920s and uses a pyramid-shaped indenter made of diamond. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Nickel (Ni) Standard atomic mass: 58. ... Isotopes are forms of an element whose nuclei have the same atomic number–-the number of protons in the nucleus--but different atomic masses because they contain different numbers of neutrons. ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 105 seconds and 106 seconds (27. ... See also Day (language) A day (symbol: d) is a unit of time. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for chemical elements that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive elements that can decay by... This article is on the chemical element. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 32 000 years and 320 000 years (1012 seconds—a terasecond—and 1013 seconds). ... A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... This article is on the chemical element. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 109 seconds (a gigasecond) and 1010 seconds (32 years and 320 years). ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms which contain the same number of protons. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. ... The atomic number (Z) is a term used in chemistry and physics to represent the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ...

Notable characteristics

Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance. Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions (cations) in a cloud of electrons. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Atomic mass 74. ... Niccolite or nickeline is a mineral consisting of nickel arsenide, NiAs, containing 43. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Atomic mass 74. ...

On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iron. It is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, a solid-solid solution. ... This article is on the chemical element. ... A burst of meteors A meteor is the visible path of a meteoroid that enters the Earths (or another bodys) atmosphere, commonly called a shooting star or falling star. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combination of at least two metals, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ...

Nickel is one of the five ferromagnetic elements. Because of the precise alloy used, the US "nickel" coin is not ferromagnetic, while the Canadian coin of the same name is up to and including the year 1958. Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon by which a material can exhibit a spontaneous magnetization, and is one of the strongest forms of magnetism. ...

The most common oxidation state of nickel is +2, though 0, +1 and +3 Ni complexes are observed. The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ...

Applications

About 65 percent of the nickel consumed in the Western World is used to make austenitic stainless steel. Another 12 percent goes into superalloys. In the five cent coin, nickel, it is made up of only 25% nickel. The remaining 23% of consumption is divided between alloy steels, rechargeable batteries, catalysts and other chemicals, coinage, foundry products, and plating. The largest consumer of nickel is Japan, which uses 169,600 tonnes per year (2005) ¹. In metallurgy, stainless steel (inox) is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10. ... A tonne, sometimes known as metric ton in American English, (symbol t) is a unit of mass. ...

Applications include:

• Stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys.
• Nickel steel is used for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults.
• The alloy Alnico is used in magnets.
• Mu-metal has an especially high magnetic permeability, and is used to screen magnetic fields.
• Monel metal is a copper-nickel alloy highly resistant to corrosion, used for ship propellers, kitchen supplies, and chemical industry plumbing
• Smart wire, or shape memory alloys, are used in robotics.
• Rechargeable batteries, such as nickel metal hydride batteries and nickel cadmium batteries.
• Coinage. In the United States and Canada, nickel is used in five-cent coins called nickels. See also clad.
• In electroplating.
• In crucibles for chemical laboratories.
• Finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils.

In metallurgy, stainless steel (inox) is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combination of at least two metals, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... Alnico is an alloy composed of iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminium, and copper. ... Mu-metal is a nickel-iron alloy (77% nickel, 15% iron, plus copper and molybdenum) that is very efficient for screening magnetic fields. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field (M) around the wire. ... Cupronickel is an alloy of copper, nickel and stengthening impurities. ... Corrosion, atmospheric and biologic (Barnacles) Corrosion is deterioration of useful properties in a material due to reactions with its environment. ... A shape memory alloy (SMA) (also known as memory metal or smart wire) is a metal that remembers its geometry. ... A shape memory alloy (SMA) (also known as memory metal or smart wire) is a metal that remembers its geometry. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with robot. ... Four double-A (AA) rechargable batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ... Modern, high capacity NiMH rechargeable batteries A Nickel metal hydride (or NiMH) battery is a type of rechargeable battery similar to a nickel-cadmium (NiCad) battery but does not have expensive (and environmentally risky) cadmium. ... word coinage Coín (a town in Malaga province in Spain) 1¢ euro coin A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is issued by a government to be used as a form of money. ... A two cent euro coin A US penny In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals th of the basic unit of value. ... word coinage Coín (a town in Malaga province in Spain) 1¢ euro coin A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is issued by a government to be used as a form of money. ... The United States five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a unit of currency equaling one-twentieth, or five-hundredths, of a United States dollar. ... Cladding is the bonding together of dissimilar metals. ... Electroplating is the coating of an electrically conductive item with a layer of metal using electrical current. ... For other uses of crucible, see Crucible (disambiguation) Categories: Alchemical apparatus ... Biochemistry laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... A catalyst (Greek: καταλύτης, catalytēs) is a substance that accelerates the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction without itself being transformed or consumed by the reaction (see also catalysis). ... Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms are reduced by attachment of a hydrogen atom to each carbon. ...

History

Nickel use is ancient, and can be traced back as far as 3500 BC. Bronzes from what is now Syria had a nickel content of up to two percent. Further, there are Chinese manuscripts suggesting that "white copper" (e.g. baitung) was used in the Orient between 1400 and 1700 BC. However, because the ores of nickel were easily mistaken for ores of silver, any understanding of this metal and its use dates to more contemporary times. General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ...

Minerals containing nickel (e.g. kupfernickel, or false copper) were of value for coloring glass green. In 1751, Baron Axel Frederik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel (now called niccolite), and obtained instead a white metal that he called nickel.

The first nickel coin of the pure metal was made in 1881.

Biological role

Many but not all hydrogenases contain nickel in addition to iron-sulfur clusters. Nickel centers are a common element in those hydrogenases whose function is to oxidize rather than evolve hydrogen. The nickel center appears to undergo changes in oxidation state, and evidence has been presented that the nickel center might be the active site of these enzymes. A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2). ... An iron-sulfur cluster is a structural motif found in certain metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as NADH dehydrogenase and Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase of the electron transfer system. ...

A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, Co-F430, is present in the methyl CoM reductase and in methanogenic bacteria. The tetrapyrrole is intermediate in structure between porphyrin and corrin. Changes in redox state, as well as changes in nickel coordination, have recently been observed. your gay ... A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 3 pyrrole subunits and one pyrroline subunit, and linked on opposite sides through 4 methine bridges. ... A corrin is a polyaromatic ring related to the porphyrin ring in hemoglobin, consisting of 4 pyrrole subunits, joined on opposite sides by a C-CH3 methylene link, on one side by a C-H methylene link, and with the two of the pyrroles joined directly. ...

There is also a nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Little is known about the structure of the nickel site.

Due to studies on chicks and rats (the latter of which are relatively close to humans genetically), nickel is apparently essential for proper liver function. The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...

Occurrence

The bulk of the nickel mined comes from two types of ore deposits. The first are laterites where the principal ore minerals are nickeliferous limonite: (Fe,Ni)O(OH) and garnierite (a hydrous nickel silicate): (Ni,Mg)₃Si₂O₅(OH). The second are magmatic sulfide deposits where the principal ore mineral is pentlandite: (Ni,Fe)₉S₈. An ore is a mineral deposit containing a metal or other valuable resource in economically viable concentrations. ... Laterite is a red-colored clay rich soil found in the tropics and subtropics. ... Limonite Limonite Limonite is a ferric hydrate of varying composition, the generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as Limonite often contains a varying amount of oxide compared to hydroxide. ... Garnierite Garnierite is a mineral composed of hydrous nickel silicates a member of the serpentine group with formula: (Ni,Mg)3Si2O5(OH). ... Pentlandite is a iron-nickel sulfide, (Fe,Ni)9S8. ...

In terms of supply, the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada, produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel. The Sudbury deposit is located in an area with evidence of a massive meteorite impact event early in the geologic history of Earth. Other deposits are found elsewhere in Canada, as well as in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia. A recent development has been the exploitation of a deposit in western Turkey, especially convenient for European smelters, steelmakers and factories. The deposits in tropical areas are typically laterites which are produced by the intense weathering of ultramafic igneous rocks and the resulting secondary concentration of nickel bearing oxide and silicate minerals. Greater Sudbury (2001 census population 155,219) is a city in Northern Ontario. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 km² (4th) • Land 917,741 km² • Water 158,654 km² (14. ... A meteorite is a small extraterrestrial body that reaches the Earths surface. ... Artists impression of a major impact event. ... Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. ... Ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%) and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). ... Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. ... The silicate minerals make up the the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals. ...

Based on geophysical evidence, most of the nickel on Earth is postulated to be concentrated in the Earth's core. Geophysics, the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic reflection and refraction, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ...

Extraction and Purification

Nickel can be recovered using extractive metallurgy. Oxy-hydroxide ores are treated using hydrometallurgy, and from sulfide mineral concentrates using pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical techniques. Sulfide mineral concentrates are produced by applying the froth flotation process. Extractive metallurgy is the practice of extracting metal from ore, purifying it, and recycling it. ... Hydrometallurgy involves the use of aqueous chemistry to purify metals or mineral concentrates. ... Pyrometallurgical refers to a type of chemical metallurgy used to change metals, for example: roasting or smelting. ... Froth Flotation is a selective process for separating minerals from gangue by using surfactants and wetting agents. ...

Nickel is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes which yield a metal of >95% purity. Final purification to >99.99% purity is performed by reacting Nickel and carbon monoxide to form Nickel carbonyl. This gas is passed into a large chamber at a higher temperature in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres are maintained in constant motion. The Nickel carbonyl decomposes depositing pure nickel onto the nickel spheres. The resultant carbon monoxide is re-circulated through the process. Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, flammable and highly toxic gas. ... Nickel carbonyl, or tetracarbonyl nickel is a covalent compound of nickel, which is, unusually for a metal compound, a colorless liquid at room temperature. ...

The largest producer of nickel is Russia which extracts 267,000 tonnes of nickel per year. Australia and Canada are the second and third largest producers, making 207 and 189.3 thousand tonnes per year. ¹ A tonne, sometimes known as metric ton in American English, (symbol t) is a unit of mass. ...

Compounds

• Kamacite is a naturally occurring alloy of iron and nickel, usually in the proportion of 90:10 to 95:5 although impurities such as cobalt or carbon may be present. Kamacite occurs in nickel-iron meteorites.

Kamacite is a mineral. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combination of at least two metals, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... This article is on the chemical element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ...

Isotopes

Naturally occurring nickel is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 58-Ni, 60-Ni, 61-Ni, 62-Ni and 64-Ni with 58-Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 59-Ni with a half-life of 76,000 years, 63-Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56-Ni with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 1 meta state. Isotopes are forms of an element whose nuclei have the same atomic number–-the number of protons in the nucleus--but different atomic masses because they contain different numbers of neutrons. ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei (nuclides) emit subatomic particles. ... A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atom caused by the excitation of a proton or neutron in its nucleus so that it requires a change in spin before it can release its extra energy. ...

Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in type Ia supernovae and the shape of the light curve of these supernovae corresponds to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56. Remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... In astronomy, a light curve is a graph of light intensity as a function of time. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...

Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. ⁵⁹Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. ⁵⁹Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment. Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe (half-life = 1.5 Myr). Because the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe had such a long half-life, its persistence in solar_system materials at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of ⁶⁰Ni. Therefore, the abundance of ⁶⁰Ni present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history. Cosmogenic refers to rare radioactive isotopes created when cosmic radiation interacts with an atomic nucleus. ... Atoms of chemical elements may have many isotopes (different forms) with different atomic numbers and different atomic weights. ... A meteorite is a small extraterrestrial body that reaches the Earths surface. ... Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid. ... Presentation of the solar system (not to scale) The solar system is the retinue of objects gravitationally bound to our Sun. ...

The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48 amu (48-Ni) to 78 amu (78-Ni). Nickel-78's half-life was recently measured to be 110 milliseconds and is believed to be an important isotope involved in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. [1] ... The unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. ... Composite image of Keplers supernova from pictures by the Spitzer Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, and Chandra X-ray Observatory. ...

Precautions

Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm³ in nickel equivalents per 40-hour work week. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is believed to be carcinogenic, and various other nickel compounds may be as well. In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ...

Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(CO)₄], is an extremely toxic gas. The toxicity of metal carbonyls is a function of both the toxicity of a metal as well as the carbonyl's ability to give off highly toxic carbon monoxide gas, and this one is no exception. It is explosive in air. Nickel carbonyl, or tetracarbonyl nickel is a covalent compound of nickel, which is, unusually for a metal compound, a colorless liquid at room temperature. ... Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, flammable and highly toxic gas. ...

Sensitized individuals may show an allergy to nickel affecting their skin. The amount of nickel which is allowed in products which come into contact with human skin is regulated by the European Union. In 2002 a report in the journal Nature researchers found amounts of nickel being emitted by 1 and 2 euro coins far in excess of those standards. This is believed to be due to a galvanic reaction. In neurobiology, sensitization is the progressive amplification of a response following repeated administrations of a stimuli (Bell et al. ... An allergy or Type I hypersensitivity is an immune malfunction whereby a persons body is hypersensitised to react immunologically to typically nonimmunogenic substances. ... 2002(MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nature is one of the oldest and most reputable general-purpose scientific journals, first published on November 4, 1869. ... The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, collectively known as the Eurozone. ...

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nickel

Notes

• Note 1: Production and consumption figures are from, The Economist: Pocket World in Figures 2005, Profile Books (2005), ISBN 1-86197-799-9

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Nickel

• WebElements.com – Ni
• Article in Nature on nickel emitted by euro coins
• London Metal Exchange
• European Nickel plc
• IARC Monograph "Nickel and Nickel compounds"
• Tutorial - joining nickel alloys (pdf format)