Nicolai Hartmann (February 20, 1882 – October 9, 1950) was a German philosopher. February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (283rd in leap years). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Philosopher in Meditation (detail), by Rembrandt. ...

Biography

Hartmann was born, of German descent, in Riga, now Latvia and then capital of the Russian province of Livonia. He studied Medicine at the University of Tartu (then Jurjev), then Philosophy in St. Petersburg and, most importantly, at the University of Marburg in Germany, where he took his Ph.D. and Habilitation. He was professor of philosophy in Marburg (1922–25), Cologne (1925–31), Berlin (1931–45) and Göttingen (1945–50), where he died. Riga (Latvian: RÄ«ga), the capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the River Daugava, at . ... Livonia (Latvian: Livonija; Estonian: Liivimaa; German: Livland; Swedish: Livland; Polish: Inflanty; Russian: Лифляндия or Lifljandija) once was the land of the Finnic Livonians, but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory controlled by the Livonian Order on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in present-day... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury. ... The University of Tartu (Estonian: Tartu Ãœlikool, German: Universität Dorpat) is the national university of Estonia, and the one classical university in Estonia, located in the city of Tartu. ... Philosopher in Meditation (detail), by Rembrandt. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... The University of Marburg, officially called Philipps-Universität Marburg after its founder, the Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse (usually called the Magnanimous), was founded in 1527 and is the worlds first and oldest Protestant university. ... Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. ... Habilitation is a term used within the university system in France, Germany, Austria, and some other European countries such as the German-speaking part of Switzerland, in Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and countries of former Soviet Union, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kirgizstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan... Cologne (German: ; Kölsch: Kölle) is Germanys fourth-largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich and is the largest city both in the German Federal District of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the largest European metropolitan areas with over 12 million... For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). ... Göttingen ( ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ...

Originally a Neo-Kantian, studying under Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, Hartmann soon developed his own philosophy which has been variously described as a variety of existentialism, critical realism, etc. Hartmann suffered from the comparison with, and popularity of, his Marburg successor Martin Heidegger, who was regarded as being much more radical and "cool". Neo-Kantianism means a revived or modified type of philosophy along the lines of that laid down by Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century. ... Hermann Cohen by Karl Doerbecker Hermann Cohen (4 July 1842 - 4 April 1918) was a German-Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century (Jewish Virtual Library). ... Paul Gerhard Natorp (24 January 1854-17 August 1924) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher, and educationalist, and one of the Marburg school. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Realism is commonly defined as a concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary. ... Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) was a German philosopher, considered by some to be one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. ...

Among Hartmann's students were Boris Pasternak and Hans-Georg Gadamer. He was probably the last true polymath having an encyclopedic knowledge about everything known in his time. He is the modern discoverer of emergence --orignially called by him "categorial novum"-- His brilliant and encyclopedic work is basically forgotten today; although world famous during his heydays, he is a typical insider's philosopher. Some exceptions may be his early work on the philosophy of biology, which is currently regaining popularity due to its high relevance for the discussion about genomics, cloning, and the like and his views on consciousness and free will that are en vogue currently with the collaborators of the Journal of Consciousness Studies. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960). ... Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans-Georg Gadamer (February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher best known for his 1960 magnum opus, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode). ... A termite cathedral mound produced by a termite colony: a classic example of emergence in nature. ... An insider is a member of any group of people of limited number and generally restricted access. ... Philosophy of biology (also called, rarely, biophilosophy) is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms genome and the use of the genes. ... Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. ... The Journal of Consciousness Studiess (JCS) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated entirely to the field of consciousness studies. ...

The Laws about the Levels of Complexity

from Nicolai Hartmann "Der Aufbau der realen Welt" (i.e.: "Construction of the Real World" 1940; 3rd edition, 1964: p 432)

1 Law of Recurrence: Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a subaspects of higher categories, ... but never vice versa.

2 Law of Modification: The categorial elements modify during their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characterstics of the higher levels).

3 Law of the Novum: ... [the] higher category ... [is] composed of a diversity of lower elements, [it] contains a specific novum, ... which is ... [not] ... included in the lower levels... .

4 Law of Distance between Levels: The different levels do not develop continuously, but in leaps. With other words: The levels can be clearly differentiated.

The levels of Hartmann (cf. Aristotle): (1) inorganic (German: anorganische Schicht), (2) organic (German: organische Schicht), (3) emotional (German: seelische Schicht) and (4) intellectual (German: geistige Schicht) level. Today also of relevanve for levels of complexity like: Atom, Molecule, Cell, Organ, Individual, Group (e.g.: bio-psycho-social model; Transdisciplinarity). Aristotle, marble copy of bronze by Lysippos, Louvre, Paris Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Aristotélēs 384 – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... Transdisciplinarity is a principle of scientific research that describes the application of scientific approaches to problems that transcend the boundaries of conventional academic disciplines. ...

Works (in German)

Books:

• 1921, Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, Vereinigung wissenschaftl. Verleger Berlin.
• 1923-1929, Die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus ; 1: Fichte, Schelling und die Romantik. - 1923. 2: Hegel. - 1929, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1925, Ethik, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
• 1926, Aristoteles und Hegel, Stenger Erfurt.
• 1927, Allgemeine Biologie, Jena.
• 1931, Zum Problem der Realitätsgegebenheit, Philosophische Vorträge, Pan-Verlagsges, Berlin.
• 1933, Das Problem des geistigen Seins : Untersuchgn zur Grundlegung d. Geschichtsphilosophie u. d. Geisteswissenschaften, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
• 1935, Ontologie, 4 Volumes I: Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
• 1938, II: Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1940, III: Der Aufbau der realen Welt : Grundriß d. allg. Kategorienlehre , de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1950, IV: Philosophie der Natur : Abriss der speziellen Kategorienlehre, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1942, Neue Wege der Ontologie, Kohlhammer Stuttgart.
• 1942, Systematische Philosophie, Kohlhammer Stuttgart Berlin.
• 1946, Leibniz als Metaphysiker, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1949, Das Problem des geistigen Seins : Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der Geschichtsphilosophie und der Geistewissenschaften, Walter de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1951, Teleologisches Denken, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1953, Asthetik, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1954, Philosophische Gespräche, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.
• 1955, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, Zeitlichkeit und Substantialität, Sinngebung und Sinnerfüllung, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1955, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 1*Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1957, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 2*Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1958, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 3*Vom Neukantianismus zur Ontologie, de Gruyter Berlin.

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• 1912, Philosophische Grundfragen der Biologie in: Wege zur Philosophie, 6,
• 1924, Diesseits von Idealismus und Realismus : Ein Beitrag zur Scheidg d. Geschichtl. u. Übergeschichtl. in d. Kantischen Philosophie in: Sonderdrucke der Kantischen Studien, Pan Verlag R. Heise Berlin, p. 160-206
• 1933, Systematische Selbstdarstellung in: Deutsche systematische Philosophie nach ihren Gestaltern, Ebda, Berlin : Junker & Dünnhaupt, p. 283-340
• 1935, Das Problem des Apriorismus in der Platonischen Philosophie in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1935, 15, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1936, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1936, Nr 5, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1937, Der megarische und der Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff : Ein Beitr. zur Geschichte d. ontolog. Modalitätsproblems, in; Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1937, 10, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1938, Heinrich Maiers Beitrag zum Problem der Kategorien, in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1938, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1939, Aristoteles und das Problem des Begriffs, in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1939, Nr 5, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1941, “Zur Lehre vom Eidos bei Platon und Aristoteles”, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. Jg. 1941, Nr 8, de Gruyter Berlin.
• 1942, Neue Wege der Ontologie, in: Systematische Philosophie, N. Hartmann, editor, Stuttgart 1942.
• 1943, Die Anfänge des Schichtungsgedankens in der alten Philosophie, in: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1943, Nr 3, de Gruyter Berlin.

1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...

Works (in English):

• 1932, Ethics, 3 vols.
• 1952, New Ways of Ontology.

1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Works about N. Hartmann

1949, Autobiographie in W. Ziegenfuss, Philosohhen-Lexicon. 1952, H. Heimsoeth an others, N. Hartmann, der Denker und seine Werk. 1959, H. Hulsmann, Die methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns. 1962, K. Kanthack, N. Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie. 1965, I. Wirth, Realismus und Apriorismus in N. Hartmanns Erkentnistheorie. 1965, J.B. Forsche, Zur Philosohie Nicoloai Hartmann 1971, E. Hammerkraft, Frieheit und Dependenz im Schitdenken N. Hartmanns 1973, R. Gamp, Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns. 1974, S.U. Kang, Nachtsenleibe und Frenstenliebe: eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit N. Hartmann. 1989, Arnd. Grötz, Nicolai Hartmanns Lehre vom Menschen, Lang, Frankfurt am Main. 1990, H. William H, Nicolai Hartmann's new ontology, Florida State Univ. Press, Werkmeister, Tallahassee. 1992, Roland H. Feucht, Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie, Roderer Regensburg. 1994, Abolghassem. Sakersadeh, Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns, Lit Münster. 1997, Martin Morgenstern,Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung, Junius, Hamburg. 2000, Wolfgang. Harich, Nicolai Hartmann - Größe und Grenzen, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg. 2001, Nebil. Reyhani, Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie. 2003, Gerhard. Ehrl, Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive, Junghans, Cuxhaven. 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated like the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• The New Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann