NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Sarkozy (IPA: [nikɔˈla saʁkɔˈzi] — pronunciation (help· info)), born Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa on 28 January 1955 in the 17^th arrondissement of Paris, is the current President of France, elected on 6 May 2007 after defeating Socialist Party contender Ségolène Royal during the second round of the 2007 election. Before his presidency, he was leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) right wing party. Under Jacques Chirac's presidency, he served as the Minister of the Interior in Jean-Pierre Raffarin (UMP)'s first two governments (from May 2002 to March 2004), then was appointed Minister of Finances in Raffarin's last government (March 2004-May 2005), and again Minister of the Interior in Dominique de Villepin's government (2005-2007). Sarkozy was also president of the General council of the Hauts-de-Seine department from 2004 to 2007 and mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the wealthiest communes of France from 1983 to 2002. Furthermore, he was also Minister of the Budget in Edouard Balladur (RPR, predecessor of the UMP)'s government during François Mitterrand's last term. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 398 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2136 Ã— 3216 pixels, file size: 580 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This article is about the political and administrative structures of the French government. ... Open seat redirects here. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... â€œChiracâ€ redirects here. ... This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. ... Open seat redirects here. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Sarkozy is known for his strong stance on law and order issues^[1] and his desire to revitalise the French economy.^[2] In foreign affairs, he has promised closer cooperation with the United States.^[3] His nickname "Sarko" is used by both supporters and opponents. In politics, law and order refers to a political platform which supports a strict criminal justice system, especially in relation to violent crime and property crimes, through harsher criminal penalties. ... With a GDP of $1. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...

Personal life

Family background

Nicolas Sarkozy is the son of a Hungarian immigrant father, Pál Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa^[4] (Hungarian: nagybócsai Sárközy Pál; some sources spell it Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál; Hungarian pronunciation (help· info)), and a mother of Greek Sephardic Jewish descent, Andrée Mallah^[5]^[6]. Image File history File links Pal sarkozy. ... There have been organized Jewish communities in Greece for more than two thousand years. ...

Pál Sárközy was born in 1928 in Budapest into a family belonging to the lower nobility of Hungary. The family possessed lands and a small castle in the village of Alattyán, near Szolnok, 92 km (57 miles) east of Budapest. [3] Pál Sárközy's father and grandfather held elective offices in the town of Szolnok. Although the Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa (nagybócsai Sárközy) family was Protestant, Pál Sárközy's mother, Katalin Tóth de Csáford (Hungarian: csáfordi Tóth Katalin), grandmother of Nicolas Sarkozy, was from a Catholic aristocratic family. For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Location of JÃ¡sz-Nagykun-Szolnok county in Hungary AlattyÃ¡n is a village in JÃ¡sz-Nagykun-Szolnok county, in the Northern Great Plain region of central Hungary. ... Aerial photography: Szolnok - Hungary The Catholic Church The Calvinist Church Szolnok (Romanian: ) is the capital of the county of JÃ¡sz-Nagykun-Szolnok, central Hungary. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ...

As the Red Army entered Hungary in 1944, the Sárközy family fled to Germany^[7]. They returned in 1945 but all their possessions had been seized. Pál Sárközy's father died soon afterwards and his mother, fearing that he would be drafted into the Hungarian People's Army or sent to Siberia, urged him to leave the country and promised she would eventually follow him and meet him in Paris. Pál Sárközy managed to flee to Austria and then Germany while his mother reported to authorities that he had drowned in Lake Balaton. Eventually, he arrived in Baden Baden, near the French border, where the headquarters of the French Army in Germany were located, and there he met a recruiter for the French Foreign Legion. He signed up for five years, and was sent for training to Sidi Bel Abbes, in French Algeria, where the French Foreign Legion's headquarters were located. He was due to be sent to Indochina at the end of training, but the doctor who checked him before departure, who happened to also be Hungarian, sympathised with him and gave him a medical discharge to save him from possible death at the hands of the Vietminh. He returned to civilian life in Marseille in 1948 and, although he asked for French citizenship only in the 1970s (his legal status was that of a stateless person until then), he nonetheless gallicised his Hungarian name into "Paul Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa". He met Andrée Mallah, Nicolas Sarkozy's mother, in 1949. For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe. ... , Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, Germany. ... The French Army, officially the ArmÃ©e de Terre (Army of the land), is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and the largest. ... Legionnaire redirects here. ... Sidi Bel Abbes (Arabic: Ø³ÙŠØ¯ÙŠ Ø¨Ù„Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø³) is a capital (1998 pop. ... French rule in Algeria, 1830–1962 Most of Frances actions in Algeria, not least the invasion of Algiers, were propelled by contradictory impulses. ... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism - Addition of Laos 1893, 1887 - Vietnamese Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945 - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949 - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953 - Recognized Independence of Vietnam 1954, 1954 Area - 1945 750,000 kmÂ² Currency French... The Viet Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, League for the Independence of Vietnam) was formed by Ho Ngoc Lam and Nguyen Hai Than in 1941 to seek independence for Vietnam from France. ... City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines Location Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Coordinates Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-CÃ´te dAzur Department Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban Community of Marseille Provence M... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... Francization (also Frenchification or Gallicization) is the process of giving a French character to a word, an organization, or a person. ...

Andrée Mallah, then a law student, was the daughter of Benedict Mallah, a wealthy urologist and STD specialist with a well-established reputation in the mainly bourgeois 17th arrondissement of Paris. Benedict Mallah, originally called Aaron Mallah and nicknamed Benico, was born in 1890 in the Sephardic Jewish community of Salonica (Thessaloniki), Ottoman Empire, which at the time had a Jewish majority. According to Jewish genealogical societies, the Mallah family of Salonica anciently came from Spain which they had left in 1492 when the Catholic Monarchs had expelled the Jews. Resettled in Provence, southern France, the family had moved to Salonica a century later. Benico Mallah, the son of a jeweller, left Salonica, then part of the Ottoman Empire, with his mother in 1904 at the age of 14 to attend the prestigious Lycée Lakanal boarding school of Sceaux, in the southern suburbs of Paris. He studied medicine after his baccalaureate and decided to stay in France and become a French citizen. A doctor in the French Army during World War I, he met a recent war widow, Adèle Bouvier (1891–1956), from a bourgeois family of Lyon, whom he married in 1917. Adèle Bouvier, Nicolas Sarkozy's grandmother, was a Catholic like the majority of French people. Mallah, for whom religion had reportedly never been a central issue, converted to Catholicism upon marrying Adèle Bouvier, which had been requested by Adèle's parents, and changed his name to Benedict. Although Benedict Mallah converted to Catholicism, he and his family nonetheless had to flee Paris and take refuge in a small farm in Corrèze during World War II to avoid being arrested and delivered to the Germans. During the Holocaust, many of the Mallahs who stayed in Salonica or moved to France were deported to concentration and extermination camps. In total, 57 family members were murdered by the Nazis.^[5] This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A sexually transmitted disease (STD), a. ... Palais des CongrÃ¨s in Paris 17th arrondissement. ... The White Tower The Arch of Galerius Map showing the Thessaloníki prefecture Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... LycÃ©e Lakanal is a public high school located in France, particularly Sceaux. ... A boarding school is a usually fee-charging school where some or all pupils not only study, but also live during term time, with their fellow students and possibly teachers. ... Sceaux is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses of Baccalaureate, see Baccalaureate (disambiguation). ... The French Army, officially the ArmÃ©e de Terre (Army of the land), is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and the largest. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... This article is about the French city. ... CorrÃ¨ze is a dÃ©partement in the center of France, named after the CorrÃ¨ze River. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... â€œShoahâ€ redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...

Paul Sarkozy and Andrée Mallah settled in the 17th arrondissement in Paris and had three sons: Guillaume, born in 1951, who is an entrepreneur in the textile industry, Nicolas, born in 1955 and François, born in 1957 (an MBA and manager of a healthcare consultancy company [4]). In 1959 Paul Sarkozy left his wife and his three children. He later remarried twice and had two more children with his second wife. Guillaume Georges Didier SarkÃ¶zy de Nagy-Bocsa (born June 18, 1951, in Paris, 17th arrondissement), simply known as Guillaume Sarkozy, is a French textile entrepreneur and vice-president of the MEDEF, the French union of employers. ...

Early life

During Sarkozy's childhood, his father refused to give his former wife's family any financial help, even though he had founded his own advertising agency and had become wealthy. The family lived in a small mansion owned by Sarkozy's grandfather, Benedict Mallah, in the 17th Arrondissement. The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of the 17th Arrondissement just outside of Paris. According to Sarkozy, his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father, whom he rarely saw. His grandfather, a Sephardi Jew by birth, was a convert to Catholicism, and Sarkozy was, accordingly, raised in the Catholic faith of his household. Nicolas Sarkozy, like his brothers, is a baptised and professing Catholic. Sarkozy also said recently that one of his role models was the late pope John Paul II. The 17e arrondissement is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Essonne Hauts-de-Seine Paris Seine-Saint-Denis Seine-et-Marne Val-de-Marne Val-dOise Yvelines Arrondissements 25 Cantons 317 Communes 1,281 Statistics Land area1 12,012 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 1st) - January 1, 2006 est. ... France is divided into 26 rÃ©gions: 21 of these are in the continental part of metropolitan France, one is Corse on the island of Corsica (although strictly speaking Corse is in fact a territorial collectivity, not a rÃ©gion, but is referred to as a rÃ©gion in common... Gaullism is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. ... Language(s) Hebrew, Ladino, JudÃ¦o-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Arabs, Spaniards, Portuguese. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: As a... This article is about the Christian religious act of Baptism. ... Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Sarkozy's father Paul did not teach him or his brothers Hungarian. There is no evidence suggesting that there was an attempt to educate the Sarkozy siblings about their paternal ethnic background.

Sarkozy has said that having been abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today. As a young boy and teenager, he felt inferior in relation to his wealthy classmates.^[8] He suffered from insecurities (his physical shortness of 1.65 m, 5 feet 5 inches, or his family's lack of money, at least relatively to their 17th Arrondissement or Neuilly neighbours), and is said to have harboured a considerable amount of resentment against his absent father. "What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood", he said later.^[9]

Education

Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal, a state-funded (public) middle and high school in Paris's 8th arrondissement, where he failed his sixième (equivalent to sixth grade in the US and Year 7 in England and Wales). His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau, a private Catholic middle and high school in the 17th arrondissement, where he was reportedly a mediocre pupil^[10], but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973. He enrolled at the Université Paris X Nanterre, where he read law and graduated with a master's degree in Business law. Paris X - Nanterre had been the starting place for the May '68 student movement and was still a strong berth for leftist student unions. Although described as a quiet student, Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing union of the university where he was very active. After graduating, he entered the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (1979-1981) but failed to graduate from it due to an insufficient command of the English language.^[11]. After passing the bar exam, he became a lawyer specializing in French business law and family law.^[12] This article is about the capital of France. ... The 8th arrondissement (VIIIe arrondissement), located on the Right Bank, is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. ... Schoolsystem in France The French educational system is highly centralised, organised, and ramified. ... Sixth grade (called Grade 6 in some regions) is a year of education in America and many other nations. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Palais des CongrÃ¨s in Paris 17th arrondissement. ... For other uses of Baccalaureate, see Baccalaureate (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up. ... The Paris Institute of Political Studies (French: Institut dÃ©tudes politiques de Paris), often referred to as Sciences-Po (pronounced see-ahns po), is a Grand Ã‰tablissement in Paris, France. ... Commercial law or business law is the body of law which governs business and commerce and is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law. ... Look up Family in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Marriages, divorces and separations

On 23 September 1982, he married Marie-Dominique Culioli, daughter of a pharmacist from Vico (a village north of Ajaccio, Corsica). They have two sons, Pierre (born in 1985) and Jean (born in 1987). Sarkozy's marriage witness was the prominent right wing politician Charles Pasqua, later to become a political opponent. Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996, although they had already been separated for several years. is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... The mortar and pestle is an international symbol of pharmacists and pharmacies. ... Vico is a commune of the Corse-du-Sud dÃ©partement, in France. ... Ajaccio (IPA: , Latin: ; French: ; Corsican: ), is a town in France. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... This article is about the year. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Charles Pasqua (born April 18, French businessman and politician. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

As mayor of Neuilly, Sarkozy met Cécilia Ciganer-Albeniz (great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and of a Russian father), when he officiated at her wedding^[13]^[14] to TV host Jacques Martin. She is a former fashion model and public relations executive. In 1988, Ciganer-Albeniz left her husband for Sarkozy, and divorced Martin one year later. Sarkozy married her in October 1996 (with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault). They have one son, Louis, born 23 April 1997. CÃ©cilia Sarkozy (b. ... Isaac AlbÃ©niz Isaac Manuel Francisco AlbÃ©niz (IPA: ) (May 29, 1860 â€“ May 18, 1909) was a Spanish pianist and composer best known for his piano works based on Spanish folk music. ... Jacques Martin (June 22, 1933 â€“ September 14, 2007) was a French TV host and producer. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Bouygues (Euronext: EN) is a French industrial group listed on Euronext Paris. ... Bernard Arnault (born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman. ...

Between 2002 and 2005, the couple often appeared together on public occasions, with Ciganer-Albeniz acting as the chief aide for her husband.^[15] On 25 May 2005, however, the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that Ciganer-Albeniz had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias, head of Publicis in New York.^[16] There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin, which lead to Sarkozy sueing the paper.^[5] In the meantime, he is said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro, Anne Fulda.^[17] is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Le Matin is a daily newspaper published by Edipresse in Lausanne, Switzerland. ... Richard Attais is a Moroccan-born events organizer. ... Logo Publicis Groupe (Euronext: PUB, NYSE: PUB) is a multinational advertising and communications company based in France. ... Le Matin is a daily newspaper published by Edipresse in Lausanne, Switzerland. ... Civil action redirects here. ... Le Figaro (English: ) is one of the leading French morning daily newspapers. ... Anne Fulda Anne Fulda is a French journalist, working for Le Figaro in the politics department since 1992. ...

In January 2006, a reconciliation with Ciganer-Albeniz took place.^[18] In early 2006, Sarkozy suggested to the press that he had welcomed Ciganer-Albeniz back from the USA, although the exact circumstances of the reconciliation are not known.^[19]

On 18 October 2007, the presidential office announced that Nicolas Sarkozy and Ciganer-Albeniz had divorced by mutual consent (divorce par consentement mutuel) on 15 October. It is of interest to note that she could not have filed a divorce case against him, due to his presidential immunity. is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Personal wealth

Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million, most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies. ^[20] As the French President, he earns a yearly salary of € 101,000 and is entitled to a mayoral pension because he was mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine until 2002. He also receives a yearly council pension, because he has been previously a member of the council of the Hauts-de-Seine department. Sarkozy's salary will more than double to € 240,000 as a result of an amendment to the 2008 budget. ^[21] A republican guard giving directions to visitors at the front entrance of the Constitutional Council The Constitutional Council (Conseil Constitutionnel) was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. ... Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the policy owners death. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... Hauts-de-Seine is a département in France. ...

Member of National Assembly

Sarkozy is generally recognised by the right and left as a highly skilled politician and striking orator ^[22]. His supporters within France emphasise his charisma, political innovation and willingness to "make a dramatic break" amidst mounting disaffection against "politics as usual"; some see him as wanting to depart from traditional French social and economic principles in favour of American-style economic reform. Overall, he is generally considered to be somewhat more pro-U.S. and pro-Israeli than most French politicians. Look up orator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Charisma (disambiguation). ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American...

Since November 2004, Sarkozy has been president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP), France's major right political party, and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin, with the honorific title of Minister of State, making him effectively the number three man in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and the prime minister. His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments, as well as Minister of Worship (in this guise he created the CFCM, French Council of Muslim Faith). Previously, he was a deputy to the French National Assembly. He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment. He previously also held several ministerial posts, including Finance Minister. November 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December See also: November 2004 in sports November 2004 in science Events Deaths in November â€¢ 30 Pierre Berton â€¢ 29 John Drew Barrymore â€¢ 26 Bill Alley â€¢ 24 Arthur Hailey â€¢ 23 Rafael Eitan â€¢ 18 Bobby Frank Cherry â€¢ 16 John... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ... The entrance to the Ministry in Place Beauvau is guarded by one gendarme (to the left) and one policewoman (to the right). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Minister of State is a title borne by officials in certain countries governed under the parliamentary system. ... â€œChiracâ€ redirects here. ... For the band, see The Police. ... The Minister of Worship (or Minister of Public Worship, or Minister of Ecclestiastical Affairs) was a cabinet member in the Government of France responsible for overseeing the French governments (sometimes contentious) relationship with the Catholic church. ... CFCM may stand for: French Council of the Muslim Faith CFCM, a TVA-affiliated television station in Quebec City. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: AssemblÃ©e nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ...

In government

Sarkozy's political career began at the age of 22, when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine, a wealthy and exclusive western suburb of Paris (in the Hauts-de-Seine département). A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR, he went on to be elected mayor of that town, after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti. Sarkozy had been close to Peretti, as his mother was Peretti's secretary. The senior RPR politician in the time, Charles Pasqua, wanted to become mayor, and asked Sarkozy to organise his campaign. Instead Sarkozy profited from a short illness of Pasqua to propel himself into the office of mayor.^[23] He was the youngest ever mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000. He served from 1983 to 2002. In 1988, he became a deputy in the National Assembly. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... Hauts-de-Seine is a département in France. ... The dÃ©partements (or departments) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... In France, the Gaullist Party is usually used to refer to the largest party professing to be Gaullist. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... Achille Peretti (Ajaccio, june 13th, 1911 - Neuilly-sur-Seine, april 14th, 1983), was a french politician. ... Charles Pasqua (born April 18, French businessman and politician. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: AssemblÃ©e nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ...

In 1993, Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the “Human Bomb”, a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly.^{[citation needed]} The “Human Bomb” was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID, who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting. For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation). ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... The National Police (Police Nationale) is one of two national police forces and the main civil law enforcement agency of France, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. ... Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion (Research, Assistance, Intervention, Deterrence) is the counter-terrorist unit of the French National Police. ...

From 1993 to 1995, he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur. Throughout most of his early career, Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac.^{[citation needed]} During his tenure, he increased France's public debt more than any other French Budget Minister except his predecessor, by the equivalent of 200 bn EUR (which equals $260 bn) (FY1994-1996). The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament (budgets for FY1994 and FY1995) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to 6% of GDP.^[24] According to the Maastricht Treaty, the French yearly budget deficit may not be bigger than 3% of France's GDP. For the rental car company, see Budget Rent a Car. ... The Prime Minister of France (Premier ministre de la France) is the functional head of the Cabinet of France. ... Ã‰douard Balladur (born 2 May 1929) is a French right-wing politician. ... â€œChiracâ€ redirects here. ... The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty of European Union, TEU) was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, Netherlands after final negotiations in December 1991 between the members of the European Community and entered into force on November 1, 1993 during the Delors Commission. ...

However, in 1995 he spurned Chirac and backed Balladur for President of France. After Chirac won the election, Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget and found himself outside the circles of power. It is widely believed that ever since 1995 Chirac has considered Sarkozy's siding with Balladur as treason, and that the two men now loathe one another. The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ...

However, he came back after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election, as number 2 of the RPR. When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned, in 1999, he took the lead of the Neo-Gaullist party. But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election, winning 12.7% of the votes, less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua. Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership. French legislative election took place in May 25 and June 1, 1997 to elect the 11th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. ... Philippe SÃ©guin Philippe SÃ©guin is a former French politician, and is now first president of Frances Cour des Comptes (Court of Financial Auditors). ... (Redirected from 1999 European Parliament Election) The 1999 election was the first election for the European Parliament after the enlargement of the European Union with Austria, Finland and Sweden. ... The Rally for France and European Independence (Rassemblement pour la France et lIndÃ©pendance de lEurope) is a political party in France of the right. ...

In 2002, however, after his re-election as President of the French Republic (see French presidential election, 2002), Chirac appointed Sarkozy as French Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, despite the widely acknowledged friction between the two.^{[citation needed]} Following Jacques Chirac's 14th of July keynote speech on road safety Sarkozy as interior minister pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads. ImageMetadata File history File links Sarkozy-congres-ump. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Sarkozy-congres-ump. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002. ... Jean-Pierre Raffarin Jean-Pierre Raffarin listen? (born August 3, 1948) is a French conservative politician. ...

Following the cabinet reshuffle of 31 March 2004, Sarkozy was moved to the position of Finance Minister. Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party, as Sarkozy's intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear. It became increasingly apparent that Sarkozy would go on to seek the presidency in 2007; in an often-repeated comment made on television channel France 2, when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning, Sarkozy commented, “not just when I shave”.^[25] is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alain Marie JuppÃ© (born 15 August 1945) is Frances Minister of State, Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development ; among other positions, he was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997. ...

In November 2004 after party elections, Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote. In accordance with an agreement with Chirac, he resigned his position as minister. Sarkozy's ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes, such as Sarkozy's “first lieutenant”, Brice Hortefeux, and Chirac loyalists, such as Jean-Louis Debré. Brice Hortefeux (born 11 May 1958 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for central France. ... Jean-Louis DebrÃ©, President of Constitutional Council of France Jean-Louis DebrÃ© (born September 30, 1944 in Toulouse) is a conservative French politician. ...

Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honour) by President Chirac in February 2005. He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly (as required by the constitution,^[26] he had had to resign as a deputy when he had become minister in 2002). French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (in Legion of Honor (AmE) or Legion of Honour (ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ...

On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership. This was confirmed on 2 June 2005, when the members of the government were officially announced. is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

First term as Minister of the Interior

Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior, in 2004, Sarkozy was the most popular and also the most unpopular conservative politician in France, according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004. His “tough on crime” policies, which included increasing the police presence on the streets and introducing monthly crime performance ratings, were popular with many and unpopular for many others. However, he was criticised for putting forward legislation which can be questioned as an infringement on civil rights, and adversely affected disadvantaged sections of the population.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Sarkozy_raffarin_police2. ... Image File history File links Sarkozy_raffarin_police2. ... Jean-Pierre Raffarin Jean-Pierre Raffarin listen? (born August 3, 1948) is a French conservative politician. ... The National Police (Police Nationale) is one of two national police forces and the main civil law enforcement agency of France, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... An opinion poll is a survey of opinion from a particular sample. ... In politics, law and order refers to a political platform which supports a strict criminal justice system, especially in relation to violent crime and property crimes, through harsher criminal penalties. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ...

Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community. Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations, the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf. Sarkozy felt that the foundation of such an organisation was desirable. He supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman (“French Council of the Muslim Faith”), an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims.^[27] In addition, Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds^[28] so that they are less reliant on money from outside of France. Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely. ... Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (French: French Council of the Muslim Faith), usually abbreviated to CFCM, a group that is made up of 25 CRCMs (Conseil Regional du Culte Musulman or Regional Councils of the Muslim Faith). ... The first page of the bill, as brought before the Chambre des DÃ©putÃ©s in 1905 On 9 December 1905, a law was passed in France separating the church and the state. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ...

Minister of Finance

During his short appointment as Minister of Finance, Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies. The degree to which this reflected libéralisme (a hands-off approach to running the economy) or more traditional French state dirigisme (intervention) is controversial. He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP. The Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry (Ministre de lEconomie, des Finances et de lIndustrie), or Minister of Finances for short, is one of the most prominent positions in the cabinet of France after the Prime Minister. ... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ...

France TÃ©lÃ©com (Euronext: FTE, NYSE: FTE) (often spelled France Telecom, without the accents, in non-French text) is the main telecommunication company in France. ... Alstom (formerly GEC-Alsthom) (Euronext: ALO) is a large French company whose businesses are power generation, railway signalling; and manufacturing trains (e. ... The solidarity tax on wealth is a French annual direct tax on those having assets in excess of 720,000 euros (as of January 1, 2003). ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... Alain Madelin in 2005 Alain Madelin (born March 26, 1946) is a French politician and a former minister of that country. ...

Villepin government

Second term as Minister of the Interior

During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior, Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities: instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order, many of his declarations addressed wider issues, since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

However, the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again. Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects "rabble" ("racaille") in Argenteuil near Paris. After the accidental death of two youths, which sparked the riots, Sarkozy first blamed it on "hoodlums" and gangsters. These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government, Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag.^[33] The 2005 civil unrest in France initiated a domestic and international response. ... French riots and French civil unrest redirect here. ... Public housing describes a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. ... Argenteuil is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. ... Azouz Begag in 2007 Azouz Begag, (Arabic: ) (born 5 February 1957 in Lyon, RhÃ´ne, France) from a Kabyle background is a French writer and researcher in economics and sociology at the CNRS. He was the delegate minister for equal opportunities of France in the government of French Prime Minister...

After the rioting, he made a number of announcements on future policy: selection of immigrants, greater tracking of immigrants, and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents.

Action as UMP's leader

Before he was elected French President, Sarkozy was president of UMP, the French conservative party, elected with 85% of the vote. During his presidency, the number of members has significantly increased. In 2005, he supported a "yes" vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution but the "No" vote won. The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ... On 29 May 2005 a referendum was held in France to decide whether the country should ratify the proposed Constitution of the European Union. ...

Throughout 2005, Sarkozy became increasingly vocal in calling for radical changes in France's economic and social policies. These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005, during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises, and denounced what he considers to be unrealistic policies.^[34] Among other issues: For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Such policies are what are called in France libéral (that is, in favour of laissez-faire economic policies, although this judgment is made by French standards) or, with a pejorative undertone, ultra-libéral. Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist instead. Besides his dirigisme on economical subjects is far from laissez-faire politics. In the UK, every person paid under the PAYE scheme is allocated a tax code. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a worker wants, but is unable, to work. ... A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ... Credit as a financial term, used in such terms as credit card, refers to the granting of a loan and the creation of debt. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... Dirigisme (from the French) (in English also dirigism although per the OED both spellings are used) is an economic term designating an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence. ...

Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system, with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy. He also wants to reform the current French system for foreign students, saying that it enables foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France; instead, he wants to select the best students to the best curricula in France. Look up quota in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In early 2006, the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI, which reforms French copyright law. Since his party was divided on the issue, Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved. Later, groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law, which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems. Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Parlement of France is bicameral, and consists of the National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) and the Senate (Sénat). ... Coat of Arms of the French Republic DADVSI is the abbreviation of the French language Loi sur le droit dauteur et les droits voisins dans la sociÃ©tÃ© de linformation (in English: law on authors rights and related rights in the information society). It is a bill... The droit dauteur (or French copyright law) developed in the eighteenth century at the same time as copyright developed in the United Kingdom. ... A peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network is a network that relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than concentrating it in a relatively few servers. ...

Candidacy for President

On 14 January 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election. Sarkozy, who was running unopposed, won 98% of the votes. Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote, 69% participated in the online ballot.^[35] The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France for a five-year term. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1800 Ã— 2400 pixel, file size: 4. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1800 Ã— 2400 pixel, file size: 4. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Union for a Popular Movement Uridine monophosphate, cf. ...

In February 2007 Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action for minorities and the freedom to work overtime. Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage, he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples. The law has been voted in July 2007.^[36]. February 2007 is the second month of the year. ... TF1 is a private French TV channel, controlled by TF1 Group, whose major share-holder is Bouygues. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... One of four newly wedded same-sex couples in a public wedding at Taiwan Pride 2006. ... A civil union is one of several terms for a civil status similar to marriage, typically created for the purposes of allowing homosexual couples access to the benefits enjoyed by married heterosexuals (see also same-sex marriage); it can also be used by couples of differing sexes who do not...

On 7 February, Nicolas Sarkozy finally decided in favour of a projected second, non-nuclear, aircraft carrier for the national Navy (adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle), during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie. "This would allow permanently having an operational ship, taking into account the constraints of maintenance", he explained.^[37] is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PA2 (Porte-Avions 2) is a planned new aircraft carrier developed for the French Navy by Thales Naval France and DCN from the Thales UK/BMT design for the future British Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers. ... Charles de Gaulle (R91) is the only serving French aircraft carrier and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). ... Panorama of Toulon area. ... MichÃ¨le Alliot-Marie MichÃ¨le Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (born 10 September 1946) is the French minister of interior, and the first woman to lead a major French political party. ...

On 21 March, President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy, adding that he had his vote. Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party, and said: "So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support." To focus on his campaign, Sarkozy stepped down as interior minister on 26 March.^[38] is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the campaign, rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a "candidate for brutality" and of presenting overly hardline views about France's future.^[39] He was also criticised by opponents for allegedly courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities. However, his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period, consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate, the tuttleer, Ségolène Royal.

The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007. Nicolas Sarkozy came in first with 31.18% of the votes, ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87%. In the second round, Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06% of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94%. In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results, Sarkozy stressed the need for France's modernisation, but also called for national unity, mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts. In that speech, he claimed “The French have chosen to break with the ideas, habits and behaviour of the past. I will restore the value of work, authority, merit and respect for the nation.” is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Marie-SÃ©golÃ¨ne Royal (born 22 September 1953 in Dakar, Senegal, then a French colony), known as , (IPA: ) is a French politician. ... Marie-SÃ©golÃ¨ne Royal (born 22 September 1953 in Dakar, Senegal, then a French colony), known as , (IPA: ) is a French politician. ...

Presidency (2007—)

On 16 May 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person elected President of the French Fifth Republic (the seventh overall; Alain Poher served twice in an interim role as President of the French Senate), and the 23rd president over all five Republican governments in the history of France. He is the first French President to have been born after World War II. Nicolas Sarkozy, candidate of the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), was elected President in May 2007, and became the sixth President of the French Fifth Republic on May 16, 2007. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Alain Poher (17 April 1909 - 9 December 1996) was a French politician. ... The Senate amphitheater in the Luxembourg Palace The Senate (in French :le SÃ©nat) is the upper house of the Parliament of France. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The official transfer of power from Jacques Chirac took place on 16 May at 11:00 am (9:00 UTC) at the Élysée Palace, where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal and presented with the Grand Master's Collar, symbol of his new function of Grand Master of the Legion of Honour. At that point, he formally became president. Leyenda, by Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz was played in honour of the president's wife, who is Albeniz's great-granddaughter. Both Sarkozy's mother Andrée, who sat on a regal chair, and his formerly estranged father Pal—with whom Sarkozy had reached a reconciliation--attended the ceremony, as did Sarkozy's children.^[40] The presidential motorcade, with the President on board the presidential Peugeot 607 Paladine^[41], then travelled from the Élysée to the Champs-Élysées for a public ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe. Then the new president went to the Cascade du Bois de Boulogne of Paris for a homage to the French Resistance and to the Communist resistant Guy Môquet — he proposed that all high-school students read Guy Moquet's last letter to his parents, which was criticised by a number of leftists as a cynical form of reappropriation of French history by the right^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]. is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The entrance to the Ã‰lysÃ©e Palace. ... The Redoutable, the first French nuclear missile submarine // a Pluton missile mobile launcher The Force de frappe (literally Striking Force; meant for dissuasion, i. ... Chiang Kai-sheks LÃ©gion dhonneur. ... Leyenda (Asturias) is a work of classical music written by the Spanish composer Isaac AlbÃ©niz. ... Isaac AlbÃ©niz Isaac Manuel Francisco AlbÃ©niz (IPA: ) (May 29, 1860 â€“ May 18, 1909) was a Spanish pianist and composer best known for his piano works based on Spanish folk music. ... Motorcade for the British Queen Elizabeth II in Koblenz 1964 A motorcade is a procession of cars carrying VIPs, especially political figures. ... 2000 Peugeot 607 The Peugeot 607 is a luxury sedan which was launched in 1999 to replace the 605. ... The Champs-Ã‰lysÃ©es (pronounced ) is the most prestigious and broadest avenue in Paris. ... This article is about the monument in Paris. ... The upper lake, with rowboats The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16Ã¨me arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. ... The Croix de Lorraine, the symbol of the resistance chosen by de Gaulle French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements during World War II which fought the Nazi German occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy regime. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Guy MÃ´quet (26 April 1924 â€” 22 October 1941) was a young French Communist militant. ...

In the afternoon, the new President flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler). ... (IPA: ) (nÃ©e Angela Dorothea Kasner, 17 July 1954, in Hamburg, Germany), is the Chancellor of Germany. ...

Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin was replaced by François Fillon.^[46] Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner, the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières, as his foreign minister, leading to Kouchner's expulsion from the Socialist Party. In addition to Kouchner, three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left, including Eric Besson, who served as Ségolène Royal's economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign. Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15; one, Justice Minister Rachida Dati, is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet. Of the 15, two attended the elite Ecole Nationale d'Administration (ENA).^[47] The ministers were reorganised, with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Co-Development — given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux — and of a Ministry of Budget, Public Accounts and Civil Administration — handed out to Éric Wœrth, supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire. However, after the 17 June parliamentary elections, the Cabinet has been adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers, totalling 31 officials. This does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Bernard Kouchner (born November 1, 1939 in Avignon) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. ... MÃ©decins Sans FrontiÃ¨res logo MÃ©decins Sans FrontiÃ¨res ( ) (English: Doctors Without Borders, its official name in the United States) is a secular humanitarian-aid non-governmental organization best known for its projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic disease. ... The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste, PS) is one of the largest political parties in France. ... Ã‰ric Besson (born 2 April 1958 in Marrakech) is a French politician, presently with the title of â€œState Secretary for Prospectives and Evaluation of Public Policiesâ€ [1] in the government of FranÃ§ois Fillon. ... Marie-SÃ©golÃ¨ne Royal (born 22 September 1953 in Dakar, Senegal, then a French colony), known as , (IPA: ) is a French politician. ... Rachida Dati Rachida Dati (Arabic Ø±Ø´ÙŠØ¯Ø© Ø¯Ø§ØªÙŠ raÅ¡Ä«da dÄtÄ«, born November 27, 1965 in Saint-RÃ©my, Burgundy) is a French politician of Moroccan and Algerian descent. ... The École nationale dadministration (generally known as ENA) is the school where many of France senior officials are instructed. ... Brice Hortefeux (born 11 May 1958 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for central France. ... Ã‰ric WÅ“rth (born 29 January 1956 in Creil) is a French politician. ...

Shortly after taking office, President Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC, regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group, especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt. According to some sources, Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARC's "chancellor" Rodrigo Granda. ^[48]. Furthermore, he announced on 24 July, 2007, that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Lybia to their country. In exchange, he signed with Gaddafi security, health care and immigration pacts — and a $230 million (168 million euros) MILAN antitank missile sale ^[49]. The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004, and was negotiated with MBDA, a subsidiary of EADS. Another 128 millions euros contract would have been signed, according to Tripoli, with EADS for a TETRA radio system. The Socialist Party (PS) and the Communist Party (PCF) criticised a "state affair" and a "barter" with a "Rogue state" ^[50]. The leader of the PS, François Hollande, requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation ^[49]. Ãlvaro Uribe VÃ©lez (born July 4, 1952) is the 56th President of Colombia, whose first term ran from 2002 to 2006 and is currently serving his second term from 2006 to 2010. ... The FARC-EPs flag The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia â€“ EjÃ©rcito del Pueblo (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia â€“ Peoples Army, or FARC-EP) is a militant and revolutionary guerrilla group established in 1964-1966 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party, and is Colombias... Image:PhotoIngridSimple. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The HIV trial in Libya concerns the trials, appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect 426 children with HIV in 1998, causing an epidemic at El-Fath Childrens Hospital in Benghazi. ... Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhāfī) (born 1942), leader of Libya since 1970 and a controversial Arab statesman. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... MBDA is a European arms company which manufactures missiles and is the result of the 2001 merger of AÃ©rospatiale-Matra Missiles (of EADS), Alenia Marconi Systems missile divisions and Matra BAe Dynamics. ... The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V. (EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation, formed by the merger on July 10, 2000 of AÃ©rospatiale-Matra of France, Construcciones AeronÃ¡uticas SA (CASA) of Spain, and DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (DASA) of Germany. ... The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V. (EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation, formed by the merger on July 10, 2000 of AÃ©rospatiale-Matra of France, Construcciones AeronÃ¡uticas SA (CASA) of Spain, and DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (DASA) of Germany. ... The TETRA logo TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) (formerly known as Trans European Trunked RAdio) is a specialist Professional Mobile Radio and walkie talkie standard used by police departments, fire departments, ambulance services and the military. ... The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste, PS) is one of the largest political parties in France. ... The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français or PCF) was founded in 1920. ... Rogue state is a term applied by some international theorists to states considered threatening to the worlds peace. ... FranÃ§ois Hollande (born August 12, 1954) is a French politician. ...

On 8 June 2007, during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO₂ emissions by 50% by 2050 in order to prevent global warming. He then pushed forward the important Socialist figure of Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ^[51]. Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures^[52]. is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Leaders of the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany. ... Burg Hohenzollern, Heiligendamm Haus Mecklenburg, Heiligendamm Kurhaus, Heiligendamm Heiligendamm is part of Bad Doberan, situated on the Baltic Sea coast in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in Germany. ... Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ... Dominique Strauss-Kahn (born 25 April 1949 in Neuilly-sur-Seine; often referred to as DSK) is a French economist, lawyer, and politician, member of the social-democrat Socialist Party (PS). ... IMF redirects here. ...

The UMP, Sarkozy's party, won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election, although by less than expected. In July, the UMP majority, seconded by the Nouveau Centre, ratified one of Sarkozy's electoral promises, which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax.^[53]^[54] The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers.^[55] The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ... The French legislative elections took place on 10 June and 17 June 2007 to elect the 13th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, a few weeks after the French presidential election run-off on 6 May. ... New Centre (Nouveau Centre, NC), also known as European Social Liberal Party (Parti Social LibÃ©ral EuropÃ©en, PSLE) is a political party in France, formed by those members of the Union for French Democracy â€” including the majority of parliamentarians (18 on 29 members of the National Assembly) â€” who did... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

After winning the election, Sarkozy's UMP majority has reduced taxes, in particular for upper middle-class people, allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth, but did not reduce state expenditures. He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so. Furthermore, Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day, a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution ^[49] Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the Battlestar Galactica episode, see Bastille Day (Battlestar Galactica). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Combatants French government Parisian militia (predecessor of Frances National Guard) Commanders Bernard-RenÃ© de Launay â€ Prince de Lambesc Camille Desmoulins Strength 114 soldiers, 30 artillery pieces 600 - 1,000 insurgents Casualties 1 (6 or possibly 8 killed after surrender) 98 The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on... The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

Sarkozy then went on vacation to the United States, taking his family to Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire. He stayed in the 11-bathroom shorefront mansion of former Microsoft executive Michael Appe ^[49]. He was brought there by a commercial jet, however, after the death of Cardinal Lustiger, archbishop of Paris, whose funeral he was to attend^[56], one of his presidential planes flew him on 10 August to Paris and then back to America. On 21 August he returned to France by a commercial jet. Lake Winnipesaukee at Sunset Lake Winnipesaukee is the largest lake in New Hampshire. ... For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Aaron Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger (French pronunciation: ; September 17, 1926 â€“ August 5, 2007)[1] [2] was a French prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The archbishop of Paris is one of twenty-three archbishops in France. ...

Sarkozy's government issued a decree on 7 August, 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports. The program, called Parafes, was to use fingerprints. The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System (SIS) as well as with a national database of wanted persons (FPR). The CNIL protested against this new decree, opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR ^[57]. Decree is an order that has the force of law. ... At Disney World, biometric measurements are taken of the fingers of multi-day pass users to ensure that the pass is used by the same person from day to day. ... Government databases collect personal information for various reasons (mass surveillance, Schengen Information System in the European Union, Social Security, statistics, etc. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... FPR is an abbreviation used for multiple references: Family Procedure Rules, a set of rules in English and Welsh family courts. ... The Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertÃ©s or CNIL is an independent French administrative authority whose mission is to ensure that data privacy law is applied to the collection, storage, and use of personal data. ...

Main members of Sarkozy's staff

Claude GuÃ©ant (born 17 January 1945, Vimy) is a French civil servant, general secretary of the French President Nicolas Sarkozy since 16 May 2007 â€” an office similar to chief of staff. ... The rank insignia of the French Navy are worn on epaulettes of shirts and white jackets, and on sleeves for navy jackets and mantels. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Levitte as Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations, addressing the Security Council before its vote on resolution 1441. ...

French Governments during Sarkozy's presidency

This does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Alain Marie JuppÃ© (born 15 August 1945) is Frances Minister of State, Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development ; among other positions, he was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997. ... Bernard Kouchner (born November 1, 1939 in Avignon) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. ... HervÃ© Morin at a meeting of FranÃ§ois Bayrou on April 18, 2007 in Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy HervÃ© Morin (born August 17, 1961 in Pont-Audemer, Eure) is a French politician and the French Minister of Defense. ... MichÃ¨le Alliot-Marie MichÃ¨le Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (born 10 September 1946) is the French minister of interior, and the first woman to lead a major French political party. ... Brice Hortefeux (born 11 May 1958 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for central France. ... Rachida Dati Rachida Dati (Arabic Ø±Ø´ÙŠØ¯Ø© Ø¯Ø§ØªÙŠ raÅ¡Ä«da dÄtÄ«, born November 27, 1965 in Saint-RÃ©my, Burgundy) is a French politician of Moroccan and Algerian descent. ... Jean-Louis Borloo Jean-Louis Borloo (born 7 April 1951 in Paris within a Picard family) is a French politician, and currently the French Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development and Planning. ... Ã‰ric WÅ“rth (born 29 January 1956 in Creil) is a French politician. ... Xavier Bertrand (born March 21, 1965 in ChÃ¢lons-sur-Marne, Marne) is a French politician. ... Christine Boutin (born in Levroux, Indre, France on February 6, 1944) is a French politician. ... Christine Lagarde (born 1 January 1956) is the current Minister of Finance of France, appointed in June 2007. ... Xavier Darcos Xavier Darcos (born 14 July 1947) is a French civil servant and politician, agrÃ©gÃ© professor in literature, and general inspector of the French Ã‰ducation nationale. ... ValÃ©rie PÃ©cresse in CitÃ© des Sciences et de lIndustrie, in Paris on museum open night on May 18, 2007. ... Christine Albanel (born 24 June 1955 in Toulouse) is a French civil servant. ... Roselyne Bachelot Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, generally known as Roselyne Bachelot (born 24 December 1946 in Nevers) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. ... Image File history File links Armoiries_rÃ©publique_franÃ§aise. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Jean-Louis Borloo Jean-Louis Borloo (born 7 April 1951 in Paris within a Picard family) is a French politician, and currently the French Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development and Planning. ... Bernard Kouchner (born November 1, 1939 in Avignon) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. ... HervÃ© Morin at a meeting of FranÃ§ois Bayrou on April 18, 2007 in Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy HervÃ© Morin (born August 17, 1961 in Pont-Audemer, Eure) is a French politician and the French Minister of Defense. ... MichÃ¨le Alliot-Marie MichÃ¨le Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (born 10 September 1946) is the French minister of interior, and the first woman to lead a major French political party. ... Brice Hortefeux (born 11 May 1958 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for central France. ... Rachida Dati Rachida Dati (Arabic Ø±Ø´ÙŠØ¯Ø© Ø¯Ø§ØªÙŠ raÅ¡Ä«da dÄtÄ«, born November 27, 1965 in Saint-RÃ©my, Burgundy) is a French politician of Moroccan and Algerian descent. ... Christine Lagarde (born 1 January 1956) is the current Minister of Finance of France, appointed in June 2007. ... Ã‰ric WÅ“rth (born 29 January 1956 in Creil) is a French politician. ... Xavier Bertrand (born March 21, 1965 in ChÃ¢lons-sur-Marne, Marne) is a French politician. ... Christine Boutin (born in Levroux, Indre, France on February 6, 1944) is a French politician. ... Michael Barnier with Lionel Jospin (at left) on July 25, 2000 (service photographique du Premier Ministre) Michel Barnier (born January 9, 1951) is a conservative French politician, since 31 March 2004 the Foreign Minister of France in the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin. ... Xavier Darcos Xavier Darcos (born 14 July 1947) is a French civil servant and politician, agrÃ©gÃ© professor in literature, and general inspector of the French Ã‰ducation nationale. ... ValÃ©rie PÃ©cresse in CitÃ© des Sciences et de lIndustrie, in Paris on museum open night on May 18, 2007. ... Christine Albanel (born 24 June 1955 in Toulouse) is a French civil servant. ... Roselyne Bachelot Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, generally known as Roselyne Bachelot (born 24 December 1946 in Nevers) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. ... Image File history File links Armoiries_rÃ©publique_franÃ§aise. ...

Image of Sarkozy

It has been asserted that Sarkozy carefully controls his public image. He was named the 68th best dressed person by the US magazine Vanity Fair, alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt.^[59] Beside publicizing, at times, and at others, refusing to publicise his wife's image,^[60] Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image, sometimes to the point of censoring (such as in the Paris Match affair, when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on Cécilia and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias, or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche, which was preparing to publish an article concerning Cécilia's decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election.^[61] In its August 9, 2007 edition, Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle.^[62]^[63]^[64] His official portrait destined for all French townhalls was done by SIPA photographer Philippe Warrin, better known for his paparazzi work.^[65] Public Image Ltd. ... Title-page to Vanity Fair, drawn by Thackeray, who furnished the illustrations for many of his earlier editions Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero is a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray that satirizes society in early 19th-century England. ... David Beckham David Robert Joseph Beckham OBE (born May 2, 1975) is an English footballer born in Leytonstone, London. ... William Bradley Brad Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor, film producer, and social activist. ... CÃ©cilia Sarkozy (b. ... It has been suggested that Freedom of information in France be merged into this article or section. ... Alexandre Coste, son of Albert II of Monaco, on the cover of Paris Match Paris Match is a French magazine. ... Logo Publicis Groupe (Euronext: PUB, NYSE: PUB) is a multinational advertising and communications company based in France. ... See also Image editing for the technical processes involved. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Central obesity. ... Sipa is the Philippines national and traditional native sport which dates backs to the Pre-Hispanic period. ... For other uses, see Paparazzi (disambiguation). ...

Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has however highlighted Sarkozy's tighter control of his image and frequents interventions in the media: "he censors a book, or fires the chief editor of an hebdomary."^[65] This article deals with The Daily Telegraph in Britain, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia) for the Australian publication The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper founded in 1855. ...

Controversies

Generally speaking, Sarkozy is a bête noire of the Left, and is also criticised by some on the right, most vocally by the supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin, such as Jean-Louis Debré.^[66]^[67] â€œChiracâ€ redirects here. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Jean-Louis DebrÃ©, President of Constitutional Council of France Jean-Louis DebrÃ© (born September 30, 1944 in Toulouse) is a conservative French politician. ...

Critics have accused him of being an authoritarian demagogue, ready to trade away civil liberties for political gains.^[68] He is also accused by the Left of being a populist who favours far-right ideas.^[69] A demagogue (sometimes spelled demagog) is a leader who obtains power by appealing to the gut feelings of the public, usually by powerful use of rhetoric and propaganda. ... Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ... Look up Populism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitive position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ...

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 Ã— 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 Ã— 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Alfred KÃ¤rcher GmbH & Co. ...

Kärcher remark

In the midst of a tense period and following a shooting that killed an 11-year-old boy in the banlieue of La Courneuve in June 2005, Sarkozy quoted a local resident and vowed to clean the area out “with a Kärcher” (nettoyer la cité au Kärcher, Kärcher being a well-known brand of pressure cleaning equipment), and two days before the 2005 Paris riots he referred to the youth of the housing projects as voyous (thugs) and racaille, a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble, scum or riff-raff;^[70] this was criticised as being inappropriate language.^[71] Banlieue is the French word for outskirts. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Alfred KÃ¤rcher GmbH & Co. ... French riots and French civil unrest redirect here. ...

Separation of powers

As Minister of the Interior, Sarkozy has made bold statements following heinous crimes reported in the media. As a consequence, he has been accused in certain cases of failing to respect the separation of powers between the executive and the judiciary by trying to apply pressure in certain cases. Most famously, he was criticised, not only by the left-wing Syndicat de la magistrature judges' union, but also by the centrist Union syndicale des magistrats for attacks on the independence of the judiciary.^[72] The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Separation of powers is a term coined by French political Enlightenment thinker Baron de Montesquieu[1][2], is a model for the governance of democratic states. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

In September 2005 some youths were acquitted of an arson attack on a police station in Pau for lack of proof and Sarkozy was accused of having pushed for a hasty inquiry—Sarkozy had vowed that the perpetrators would be arrested within three months.^[73] On 22 June 2005, he announced to law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of “the judge” who had freed a man on parole, enabling him to commit a murder.^[74] The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ... Aquitaine Region flag Coat of arms The location of Pau is shown on this map of the historical and cultural area of Gascony. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Medical parole be merged into this article or section. ...

Sarkozy has personal friendships with some of the most powerful figures in the French business world; for example, Martin Bouygues (from the Bouygues group, owner of the TF1 channel, as well as telecommunications and public works companies) and Bernard Arnault (from LVMH) were his marriage witnesses. His brother, Guillaume, is a senior executive of the MEDEF, the foremost business union in France; in 2005, he renounced running for the top position of that union because he said he did not want to hinder his brother's political career. French presidents have long had links with the business sector, but Sarkozy's have been especially extensive, and especially publicly discussed. His vacation on the yacht of a wealthy industrialist, immediately after his election, drew particular comment, although Sarkozy was unapologetic.^{[citation needed]} Bouygues (Euronext: EN) is a French industrial group listed on Euronext Paris. ... Bouygues (Euronext: EN) is a French industrial group listed on Euronext Paris. ... TF1 is a private French TV channel, controlled by TF1 Group, whose major share-holder is Bouygues. ... Bernard Arnault (born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman. ... LVMH MoÃ«t Hennessy Louis Vuitton S.A. (Euronext: MC), usually shortened to LVMH, is a French holding company and the worlds largest luxury goods conglomerate. ... The Mouvement des Entreprises de France or MEDEF (in English: Movement of the French Enterprises) is the largest union of employers in France. ... A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ...

Religion and state

In 2004, he published a book called La République, les religions, l'espérance (“The Republic, Religions, and Hope”),^[75] in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values. He also advocated reducing the separation of church and state, arguing for the government subsidy of mosques in order to encourage Islamic integration into French society.^[76] He flatly opposes financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France. After meeting with Tom Cruise, Sarkozy was criticised by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology, which is classified as a cult (secte translates "cult") in France (see Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France).^[77] This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Constantines Conversion, depicting the conversion of Emperor Constantine the Great to Christianity, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... In economics, a subsidy is generally a monetary grant given by a government to lower the price faced by producers or consumers of a good, generally because it is considered to be in the public interest. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV on July 3, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated, Golden Globe Award-winning American actor and film producer. ... Scientology cross Symbol The Church of Scientology is the largest religious organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. ... This article does not discuss cult in its original meaning. ... The French authorities set up the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France (Commission parlementaire sur les sectes en France) on 11 July 1995 following the events involving the members of the Order of the Solar Temple in late 1994 in the French region of Vercors, in Switzerland and in Canada. ...

War in Iraq

Nicolas Sarkozy disapproved of the US-led invasion of Iraq, but was nonetheless critical of the way Jacques Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed France's opposition to the war. Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington, D.C. on 12 September 2006, he denounced what he called the "French arrogance" and said: "It is bad manners to embarrass one's allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles."^[78] He also added: "We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis." Jacques Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozy's speech was "appalling" and "a shameful act".^[78] For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Even though his current foreign minister Bernard Kouchner (excluded from the Socialist party after his inclusion in François Fillon's government) had been one of the few supporters in France of removal of Saddam Hussein from power, Sarkozy's stance on the war has not changed. Bernard Kouchner (born November 1, 1939 in Avignon) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

View on genetic predispositions

A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections, Nicolas Sarkozy said during an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray^[79] that he thinks disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis, famously stating "I don't agree with you, I'd be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile, and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease"; he also claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating, "I don't want to give parents a complex. It's not exclusively the parents' fault every time a youngster commits suicide." These claims were criticised by some scientists, including controversial geneticist Axel Kahn.^[80]^[81] Sarkozy later said, "What part is innate and what part is acquired? At least let's debate it, let's not close the door to all debate."^[82] Michel Onfray (born January 1, 1959 in Argentan, Orne, France) is a French philosopher. ... Pedophilia (American English), pÃ¦dophilia/paedophilia (Commonwealth English), or pedosexuality is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to prepubescent children. ... On the Threshold of Eternity. ... Pedophilia (American English) or paedophilia / pædophilia (British English), from the Greek παιδοφιλια (paidophilia) < παις (pais) boy, child and φιλια (philia) friendship, (ICD-10 F65. ... Axel Kahn, born in 1944, is a French scientist and geneticist. ...

African speech

On Friday, July 27, 2007, Sarkozy delivered a speech in Senegal, in which he made reference to "African peasants"^[83]^[84] and said that colonialism was not the cause of all of Africa's problems,^[83] and denied that France had ever exploited an African country.^[84] is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... In a detail of Brueghels Land of Cockaigne (1567) a soft-boiled egg has little feet to rush to the luxuriating peasant who catches drops of honey on his tongue, while roast pigs roam wild: in fact, hunger and harsh winters were realities for the average European in the... It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...

The remarks were greeted with disappointment and widely condemned by African intellectuals; some viewed them as racist.^[85]^[84] Alpha Oumar Konare, head of the African Union commission, said "This speech was not the kind of break we were hoping for… It reminded us of another age, especially his comments about peasants."^[84] Other criticism was levelled at Sarkozy's failure to acknowledge the previous role of France in propping up abusive regimes.^[84] The French government defended Sarkozy's speech, saying that he also criticised the laissez faire economics of globalisation and proposed a partnership to help Africa confront it.^[84] Konare's wife Adame Ba Konare also started a movement of promotion of African History following Sarkozy's speech. Alpha Oumar Konar (born 1946) was the president of Mali for two five-year terms, from 1992 to 2002 and has been chairman of the commission of the African Union since 2003. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... Laissez-faire (pronunciation: French, ; English, IPA: ) is a French phrase meaning let do. From the French diction first used by the 18th century physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it became used as a synonym for strict free market economics during the early and mid-19th century. ... Adame Ba KonarÃ© (born 1 May 1947 in Segu, Mali) is a noted Malian historian and writer who is married to Alpha Oumar KonarÃ©, former President of Mali. ...

A purported letter from South African president Thabo Mbeki praising Sarkozy for the speech and calling him a "citizen of Africa" raised an outcry among the South African media.^[84]^[85] Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born June 18, 1942) is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ...

Awards and honours

Chiang Kai-sheks LÃ©gion dhonneur. ... The Ordre National du MÃ©rite (in English: The National Order of Merit) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... Order of LÃ©opold The Order of LÃ©opold is the highest Order military order of Belgium and is named in honour of King LÃ©opold I. The decoration was established in 1832. ...

References

Notes

^ Astier, Henri; What now for Nicolas Sarkozy?, BBC News, 16 May 2007
^ Bennhold, Katrin; Sarkozy pledges quick action on French economy, International Herald Tribune, 7 May 2007.
^ Anderson, John Ward and Molly Moore; Sarkozy Wins, Vows to Restore Pride in Franc, Washington Post, 7 May 2007.
^ Pál Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa is not his French name. It is the "westernised", or "internationalised", version of his Hungarian name, in which the given name is put first (whereas in Hungarian given names come last), and the French aristocratic particle "de" is used instead of the Hungarian aristocratic ending "-i". This "westernisation" of Hungarian names is frequent, particularly for people with an aristocratic name. Check for example the leader of Hungary from 1920 to 1944, whose Hungarian name is nagybányai Horthy Miklós, but who is known in English as Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya. The French name of Pál Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa is Paul Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa, where the given name Pál has been translated into Paul in French, and the acute accents on the "a" of Sarközy and the "o" of Bocsa were dropped as these letters never carry an acute accent (accent aigu) in French. The trema on the "o" of Sárközy was kept, probably because French typewriters allow this combination, whereas it is impossible to write "a" or "o" with an acute accent using a French typewriter.
^ ^a ^b Sarkozy's Jewish roots Australian Jewish News May 8, 2007
^ BBC News Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy
^ Weekly Standard, France girds for the Sarko-Ségo showdown
^ see Catherine Nay's semi-official biography
^ see Catherine Nay's semi-official biography
^ Un pouvoir nommé désir, Catherine Nay, 2007
^ Augustin Scalbert, Un soupçon de vantardise sur les CV ministériels, Rue 89, 18 September 2007 (French)
^ See Catherine Nay's semi-official biography
^ ’’In his documentary film, ‘Ségo et Sarko sont dans un bateau’, the left-winger journalist Karl Zero suggests Sarkozy first met Ciganer-Albeniz when he officiated at the marriage ceremony).’’
'^ Nay, Catherine - Un Pouvoir Nomme Désir (A Power Named Desire), Biography
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6656717.stm
^ Events company Publicis had organised a large UMP meeting in 2004, nominating Sarkozy as party-head
^ The Daily Telegraph, The Sarkozy saga. Consulted on August 12, 2007.
^ Daily Telegraph.19 April 2007.
^ In his documentary film, “Ségo et Sarko sont dans un bateau”, journalist Karl Zero suggests Ciganer-Albeniz just has an arrangement to accompany Sarkozy on official engagements, but offers no proof to back this up.
^ "Le patrimoine de Nicolas Sarkozy s'élève à 2 millions d'euros", Libération, 11 May 2007 (read here (French)
^ Sarkozy's salary will double to match peers
^ "French Populism", by Ignacio Ramonet, Le Monde Diplomatique, June 2007 Edition, French version (French), English translation (English)
^ Le Parisien, 11 January 2007
^ http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dette_publique_de_la_France
^ Broadcast of "France 2", 19 November 2003
^ French Constitution, article 23
^ JO associations, 28 May 2003
^ WorldWide Religious News
^ Le gouvernement finalise la privatisation de France Télécom
^ Bruxelles valide le sauvetage d'Alstom
^ Le Quotidien de l'Expansion, 30 September 2004
^ Le Nouvel Observateur, press review, 21 October 2004
^ Azouz Begag, principal opposant à Nicolas Sarkozy, Le Monde, 2 November 2005 (French)
^ Interview with Le Monde, 8 September 2005
^ “Sarkozy nod for presidential run”, BBC News, 14 January 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
^ It was included in the paquet fiscal that has been one of the first laws passed in Parliament
^ Sarkozy pour un deuxième porte-avions français (AFP)
^ France's Jacques Chirac Backs Nicolas Sarkozy. 21 March 2007.
^ French confused over the real Sarkozy. April 18, 2007
^ Radiant Cécilia puts Sarkozy in the shade
^ Peugeot 607 Paladine, Outrefranc, retrieved on May 17, 2007
^ La lettre de Guy Môquet à la veille de sa mise à mort, Le Figaro, 16 May 2007 (French)
^ Guy Môquet en toutes lettres, Libération, 6 June 2007 (French)
^ Guy Môquet – the Courageous Struggle, L'Humanité, 18 May 2007 (translated 1 June 2007) (English)
^ Nicolas Sarkozy has been busy manipulating the history of France, L'Humanité (translated 8 May 2007) (English)
^ Communiqué de la Présidence de la République concernant la nomination du Premier ministre. Élysée Palace, May 17, 2007
^ France's New Government - A study in perpetual motion, The Economist, June 23, 2007 (English)
^ Llama G8 a FARC contribuir a liberación de rehenes, La Cronica, June 8, 2007 (Spanish)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Molly Moore, France's Sarkozy Off to a Running Start, Washington Post, August 4, 2007 (English)
^ Tripoli annonce un contrat d'armement avec la France, l'Elysée dans l'embarras, Le Monde, 2 August 2007 (French)
^ FMI : Strauss-Kahn candidat officiel de l’Union européenne, Le Figaro, 10 July 2007 (French)
^ Reuters, "France's Sarkozy wants Strauss-Kahn as IMF head" Sat Jul 7, 2007 2:38PM EDT read here (English)
^ Les députés votent la quasi-suppression des droits de succession, Le Figaro, 13 July 2007 (French)
^ Les droits de succession (presque) supprimés, Libération, 13 July 2007 (French)
^ Droits de succession : pour une minorité de ménages aisés, L'Humanité, 7 June 2007 (French)
^ Nicolas Sarkozy assistera aux obsèques du cardinal Lustiger, L'Express, 9 August 2007 (French)
^ Généralisation du fichage biométrique volontaire des voyageurs dans les aéroports français, Le Monde, 8 August 2007 (French)
^ Arrêté du 16 mai 2007 portant nomination à la Présidence de la République Journal Officiel
^ French President Is Best Dressed Pol, CBS, August 9, 2007 (English)
^ Frédéric Pagès, "Cécilia, dame d'enfer" in Le Canard enchaîné, 22 August 2007 (French)
^ Cécilia Sarkozy n'a pas voté... scoop censuré du JDD, Rue 89, 13 May 2007 (French)
^ Sarkozy: les poignées de l'amour, L'Express, 22 August 2007 (French)
^ Un bourrelet relance le débat sur la retouche d'images, Rue 89, 23 August 2007 (French)
^ Topless Sarkozy's love handles airbrushed away, Foreign Policy blog, 22 August 2007 (English)
^ ^a ^b Chloé Leprince, Pour le nouveau Président, la rupture commence par l'image, Rue 89, 21 August 2007 (French)
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ Marianne, Le retournement de Sarkozy sur Airbus, 05 March 2007
^ L'Humanité, 11 June 2005.
^ answering to a resident who addressed Sarkozy with "Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille ?"(When will you get rid us from these dregs) (France 5, Arrêt sur images 6 November 2005)
^ L'Humanité, Nicolas Sarkozy pompier pyromane, 2 November 2005
^ 26 June 2006, Les magistrats accusent Sarkozy de violer la séparation des pouvoirs
^ Le Nouvel Observateur, 1 October 2005
^ Le Monde, 23 June 2005
^ Le Figaro Magazine, October 2004
^ "L’Etat Doit-Il Financer La Construction de Mosquees?"
^ Worldwide Religious News, 2 September 2004
^ ^a ^b (French) Libération (September 18, 2006). Chirac juge «lamentable» l'atlantisme de Sarkozy. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
^ Philosophie Magazine, nr 8, April 2007; online extracts
^ L'Humanité, April 4, 2007, « Un gène ne commande jamais un destin humain »
^ Le Monde, April 11, 2007, Tollé dans la communauté scientifique après les propos de Nicolas Sarkozy sur la génétique
^ The Guardian, April 10, 2007, « Row over Sarkozy's paedophilia comment refuses to go away »
^ ^a ^b News24.com; 28 July 2007; Sarkozy's Africa vision under fire
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Chris McGreal;The Guardian (UK)27 August, 2007 Mbeki criticised for praising 'racist' Sarkozy
^ ^a ^b Achille Mbembe; Mail and Guardian (South Africa); 27 August 2007; Sacré bleu! Mbeki and Sarkozy?

The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. ... Horthy redirects here. ... Ã„ Ã¤ Ã– Ã¶ Ãœ Ã¼ The umlaut mark (or simply umlaut) and the trema or diaeresis mark (or simply diaeresis) are two diacritics consisting of a pair of dots placed over a letter. ... Australian Jewish News is a Jewish newspaper printed in Australia. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Rue 89 is a French website created by former journalists from LibÃ©ration. ... This article deals with The Daily Telegraph in Britain, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia) for the Australian publication The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper founded in 1855. ... LibÃ©ration (affectionately known as LibÃ©) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Victor alias Benny LÃ©vy and Serge July in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968. ... This monthly magazine is not to be mistaken for the daily Le Monde. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. ... Le Parisien (The Parisian) is a French daily newspaper covering both international and national news, and local news of Paris and suburbs. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Journal Officiel de la RÃ©publique FranÃ§aise (JORF or JO) is the official gazette of the French Republic. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Le Figaro (English: ) is one of the leading French morning daily newspapers. ... LibÃ©ration (affectionately known as LibÃ©) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Victor alias Benny LÃ©vy and Serge July in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was founded in 1904 by Jean JaurÃ¨s, a leader of the SFIO socialist party. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was founded in 1904 by Jean JaurÃ¨s, a leader of the SFIO socialist party. ... The entrance to the Ã‰lysÃ©e Palace. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... Le Figaro (English: ) is one of the leading French morning daily newspapers. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Le Figaro (English: ) is one of the leading French morning daily newspapers. ... LibÃ©ration (affectionately known as LibÃ©) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Victor alias Benny LÃ©vy and Serge July in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was founded in 1904 by Jean JaurÃ¨s, a leader of the SFIO socialist party. ... LExpress is the name the first news magazine in France. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... The Journal Officiel de la RÃ©publique FranÃ§aise (JORF or JO) is the official gazette of the French Republic. ... This article is about the broadcast network. ... Le Canard enchaÃ®nÃ© is a satirical newspaper published weekly in France, founded in 1915, featuring investigative journalism and leaks from sources inside the French government, the French political world and the French business world, as well as a large number of jokes and humorous cartoons. ... Rue 89 is a French website created by former journalists from LibÃ©ration. ... LExpress is the name the first news magazine in France. ... Rue 89 is a French website created by former journalists from LibÃ©ration. ... A countrys foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how that particular country will interact with other countries of the world and, to a lesser extent, non-state actors. ... Rue 89 is a French website created by former journalists from LibÃ©ration. ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was founded in 1904 by Jean JaurÃ¨s, a leader of the SFIO socialist party. ... is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was founded in 1904 by Jean JaurÃ¨s, a leader of the SFIO socialist party. ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... LibÃ©ration (affectionately known as LibÃ©) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Victor alias Benny LÃ©vy and Serge July in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was founded in 1904 by Jean JaurÃ¨s, a leader of the SFIO socialist party. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... For other uses, see Guardian. ...

Bibliography

is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

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Official websites

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The entrance to the Ministry in Place Beauvau is guarded by one gendarme (to the left) and one policewoman (to the right). ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Charlie Rose Charles Peete Rose Jr. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Alan Greenspan, former chairman, United States Federal Reserve. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... For other uses, see New Yorker. ...

Contents

Personal life

Family background

Early life

Education

Marriages, divorces and separations

Personal wealth

Member of National Assembly

In government

First term as Minister of the Interior

Minister of Finance

Villepin government

Second term as Minister of the Interior

Action as UMP's leader

Candidacy for President

Presidency (2007—)

Main members of Sarkozy's staff

French Governments during Sarkozy's presidency

Image of Sarkozy

Controversies

Kärcher remark

Separation of powers

Religion and state

War in Iraq

View on genetic predispositions

African speech

Awards and honours

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Official websites

Press

Related contents

Contents

Personal life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Family background

Early life

Education

Marriages, divorces and separations

Personal wealth

Member of National Assembly

In government

First term as Minister of the Interior

Minister of Finance

Villepin government

Second term as Minister of the Interior

Action as UMP's leader

Candidacy for President

Presidency (2007—)

Main members of Sarkozy's staff

French Governments during Sarkozy's presidency

Image of Sarkozy

Controversies

Kärcher remark

Separation of powers

Religion and state

War in Iraq

View on genetic predispositions

African speech

Awards and honours

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Official websites

Press

Related contents

Personal life