Nicolau Aymerich, b. ca. 1320 - d. 4 January, 1399) was a Roman Catholic theologian and inquisitor general of the Inquisition of the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the Directorium Inquisitorum. Events January 20 - Dante - Quaestio de Aqua et Terra January 20 - Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland April 6 - The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath. ...   This article is about the year 4. ... Look up January in Wiktionary, the free dictionary January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Events September 30 - Accession of Henry IV of England October 13 - Coronation of Henry IV of England November 1 - Accession of John VI, Duke of Brittany Births William Canynge, English merchant (approximate date; died 1474) Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (died 1468) Deaths January 4 - Nicolas Eymeric, Spanish theologian and... The Roman Catholic Church, (also known as the Catholic Church), is the ancient Christian Church led by the Bishop of Rome (commonly called the Pope). ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... Artistic (i. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain - Visigoths - Al-Andalus - Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Transition to Democracy Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Nicholas Eymerics most prominent and enduring work is the Directorium Inquisitorum, which he had composed as early as 1376. ...

Life

Education and early tenure as Inquisitor General

Nicolau Aymerich was born in Girona c. 1320. He entered the local monastery of the Dominican Order on 4 August, 1334. Here, during his novitiate he was instructed in theology by the friar Dalamau Moner. In order to complete his studies, he went to Toulouse, and then to Paris, where he obtained his doctorate in 1352. He then returned to the monastery in Girona where he replaced Moner as the teacher of theology. Houses on the Onyar river in Girona Girona (Catalan: Girona, Spanish: Gerona, French: Gérone) is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the rivers Ter and Onyar. ... Events January 20 - Dante - Quaestio de Aqua et Terra January 20 - Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland April 6 - The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath. ... Laudare, Benedicere, Praedicare Saint Dominic de Guzman saw the need for a new type of organization to address the needs of his time, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but...   This article is about the year 4. ... Note: as an adjective (stressed on the second syllable instead of the first), august means honorable. ... Events Births January 4 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (died 1383) January 13 - King Henry II of Castile (died 1379) May 25 - Emperor Suko of Japan, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders (died 1398) August 30 - King Peter I of Castile (died 1369) James I of Cyprus (died... A novitiate (also called a novice) is a member of a religious order who has not yet taken his/her vows. ... A friar is a member of a religious mendicant order of men. ... The Capitole, the 18th century city hall of Toulouse and best known landmark in the city; in the foreground is the Place du Capitole, a hub of urban life at the very center of the city Toulouse (pronounced in standard French â–¶ (help· info), in local Toulouse accent â–¶ (help· info)) (Occitan... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Events June 4 - Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation. ...

In 1357, Aymerich replaced Nicola Roselli as the Inquisitor General of Aragon, as Roselli had been raised to a cardinal. A year after obtaining the position, Aymerich was given the honorific Chaplain of the Pope as a recognition of his diligence in pursuing heretics and blasphemers. However, the zeal he displayed as inquisitor general earned him many enemies, including King Peter IV of Aragon. Peter IV sought to have Aymerich removed from office in 1360 when the inquisition interrogated the Franciscan spiritualist, Nicholas of Calabria. A further example of Aymerich as inquisitor gerneral is his sentence of the Jew, Astruc Dapiera in 1370. Dapiera was a native of Barcelona accused of sorcery. He was sentenced to publicly repent in a cathedral, and then to life imprisonment. Aymerich also introduced the practice of piercing a heretic's tongue with a nail so they could not blaspheme and was the first inquisitor to get around the Church's prohibition against torturing a subject twice by interpreting directive very liberally, permitting a separate instance of torture for a separate charge of heresy. [[ == == ===Events= July 9 - Charles Bridge in Prague was founded == == ==]] Births Vincent Ferrer April 11 - King John I of Portugal Deaths May 28 - King Afonso IV of Portugal Categories: 1357 ... A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals during a consistory. ... The Pope (from Greek: pappas, father; from Latin: papa, Papa, father) is the successor of St. ... Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ... Look up Blasphemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Blasphemy is the defamation of the name of God. ... Your Grandma. ... Peter IV of Aragon (1319-1387), king of Aragon (1336-1387), the Ceremonious or el del punyalet (the one of the little dagger). ... Events October 24 - The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years War. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia and the second most populous city in Spain. ... Magic (also called magick to distinguish it from stage magic) is a supposed way of influencing the world through supernatural, mystical, or paranormal means. ...

Aymerich was elected to be the vicar general of the Dominicans in Aragon in 1362 however, this election was contested by one Father Bernardo Ermengaudi who, in addition to having a long standing dispute with Aymerich, was also politically backed by Peter IV. When called on to settle the matter, Pope Urban V, invalidated Aymerich's election on the grounds that the office of vicar general conflicted with the office of inquisitor general. He did not, however, confirm Ermengaudi in the position, opting for a neutral third, Jacopo Dominici. Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 - 1362 - 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 See also: 1362 state leaders Events Under Edward III, English replaces French as Englands national language, for the... Urban V, né Guillaume Grimoard (1310 – December 19, 1370), pope from 1362 to 1370, was a native of Grizac in Languedoc (today part of the commune of Le Pont-de-Montvert, département of Lozère). ...

Peter IV's hostility toward Aymerich intensified in 1366 when Aymerich began to attack the written works of Ramon Llull and to harass his followers, who were known as Lullists. The king forbade Aymerich to preach in the city of Barcelona. Aymerich disobeyed covertly and subsequently supported the revolt of the diocese of Tarragona against the monarch. This conflict ended around 1376 when the local governor took 200 horsemen and encircled the Dominican monastery where Aymerich was residing. Aymerich fled to the papal court of Gregory XI in Avignon. Events Births Anne of Bohemia, Queen consort of Richard II of England. ... Ramon Llull. ... Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ... A picture from the air Tarragona Ampitheatre Tarragona is a city located in the south of Catalonia, Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. ... // Events March – The treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377. ... Gregory XI, né Pierre Roger de Beaufort (ca. ... View over the Rhône River to North-East with Mt Ventoux at the rear Palais des papes Square below the Palace of the Popes Paul Vs coat-of-arms on the Palais des papes The Notre Dame des Doms cathedral is located in the heart of Avignon, near...

First exile and return

While living in Avignon, Aymerich completed his most famous work, the Directorium Inquisitorum. In 1377, he accompanied Gregory XI to Rome, where he remained until the pope's death in 1378. In the schism that erupted after the death of Gregory XI, Aymerich sided with Antipope Clement VII, and so returned to Avignon late in 1378. While living in Avignon, Aymerich conflicted with Vincent Ferrer, because Aymerich believed that Ferrer had begun to sympathize with Pope Urban VI, the pope in opposition to Clement VII. Events January 17 – Gregory XI enters Rome. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BCE mythical, 1st millennium BCE Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2005)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 3. ... Events March - John Wyclif tried to gain public favour by laying his theses before parliament, and then made them public in a tract. ... Historical map of the Western Schism The Western Schism or Papal Schism (Also known as the Great Schism of Western Christianity) was a split within the Catholic Church in 1378. ... For the other Clement VII who was Pope from 1523 to 1534, see Pope Clement VII. Robert of Geneva (1342-16 September 1394) was elected to the papacy by the French cardinals who opposed Urban VI, thereby becoming the first antipope of the Western Schism, as Pope Clement VII. He... Events March - John Wyclif tried to gain public favour by laying his theses before parliament, and then made them public in a tract. ... Saint Vincent Ferrer, (In Valencian Sant Vicent Ferrer) (23 January 1350 – April 5, 1419) was a Valencian Dominican missionary; born in Valencia, Kingdom of Valencia (modern day Spain). ... Urban VI, né Bartolomeo Prignano ( 1318 – October 15, 1389), pope (1378 to 1389), was a native of Naples. ...

Aymerich returned to Aragon in 1381. Where he discovered that in his absence, Bernardo Ermengaudi had assumed the position of inquisitor general. Aymerich refused to recognize Ermengaudi in that office, and in 1383, acting as inquisitor general, notified the inhabitants of Barcelona that he had banned the works of Ramon Llull. Furious, Peter IV ordered Aymerich to be drowned, however the Queen, Eleanor of Sicily, influenced him to change the sentence to permanent exile. Once again, Aymerich ignored the sentence and remained in his native land, thanks largely to the support of Peter's son, John. Events June 12 - Peasants Revolt: In England rebels arrive at Blackheath. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. ... Exile is a form of punishment. ... John I (1350-1395), king of Aragon, was the son of Peter IV. and his third wife Eleanor of Sicily. ...

Peter IV died in 1386 and was succeeded by his son, John I, who recognized Aymerich's authority as inquisitor general. At first, John I favored the repression of the Lullists, but this lasted only until 1388 when Aymerich decided to investigate the entire town of Valencia for heresy. John I intervened to free the chancellor of the university, who had been imprisoned. The king then asked the church to rein in the violence of Aymerich and that the works of Llull be newly examined. Events Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule End of reign of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland A Chinese army under Xu Da sacks Karakorum Births September 14 - Claudius Claussön Swart, Danish geographer September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ...

Second exile and return

After the violence at Valencia, Aymerich sought shelter from John's reprisals in a church, but two years later, retreated again to Avignon, where he remained until the death of John I. In Avignon, Aymerich devoted himself to the defence of the legitimacy of Clement VII as pope. He remained in Avignon after the death of Clement VII in 1394, writing in support of Clement's successor, Antipope Benedict XIII. After John's death in 1396, Aymerich returned to the Dominican monastery in Gerona, where he remained until his death on 4 January, 1399. His epitaph describes him as praedicator veridicus, inquisitor intrepidus, doctor egregius. Sanctuary has multiple meanings. ... // Events Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, travels with King Richard II of England to Ireland. ... Antipope Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna, (b. ... Events September 25 - Bayezid I defeats Sigismund of Hungary and John of Nevers at the Battle of Nicopolis. ...   This article is about the year 4. ... Look up January in Wiktionary, the free dictionary January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Events September 30 - Accession of Henry IV of England October 13 - Coronation of Henry IV of England November 1 - Accession of John VI, Duke of Brittany Births William Canynge, English merchant (approximate date; died 1474) Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (died 1468) Deaths January 4 - Nicolas Eymeric, Spanish theologian and...

Writings

The Directorium Inquisitorum

Main articles: Directorium Inquisitorum, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

Aymerich's most prominent and enduring work was the Directorium Inquisitorum, which he had composed as early as 1376. It defined witchcraft, and described means for discovering witches. In compiling the book, Aymerich used many of the magic texts he had previously confiscated from accused sorcerors. The Directorium Inquisitorum was to become the definitive handbook of procedure for the Spanish Inquisition until into the seventeenth century. Nicholas Eymerics most prominent and enduring work is the Directorium Inquisitorum, which he had composed as early as 1376. ... // Events March – The treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377. ... The term witchcraft (and witch) is a controversial one with a complicated history. ...

Other works

Although the Directorium Inquisitorum was Aymerich's only book length work, he wrote numerous tracts and papers on various theological and philosophical subjects. poop ...

A good deal of Aymerich's life and writings were taken with opposing the writings of Ramon Llull. Owing to Aymerich's work, Pope Gregory XI banned several of Llull's writings and issued a papal decree against some postulates derived from his works. He would later dedicate his Tractatus contra doctrinam Raymundi Lulli to Clement VII. In this document he indicated 135 heresies and 38 errors in the Lullists' theology. His Dialogus contra Lullistas is another example of his anti-Lullist works.

Aymerich also wrote numerous works, including his Tractatus de potestate papali (1383) defending the legitimacy of the Avignon popes, Clement VII and Benedict XIII. Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. ...

Variant spellings of Aymerich's name

There appears to be very little scholarly consensus on the spelling of Aymerich's name. "Nicolau Aymerich" is the correct form of his name as the current Catalan language spelling. Aymerich is still a common Catalan surname, and "Nicolau" is the Catalan spelling for "Nicholas". The Spanish spelling, "Nicolas" is also occasionally used. The title page of the 1578 impression of the Directorium Inquisitorum, which is printed in Latin gives his name as "Nicolai Eymerici". The most common ways his name is spelled in English writting on the subject is "Nicholas Eymerich", with the spelling "Eymeric" being a close second. Occasionally, the Spanish form of Nicolas is used in English writings as well. Other, less common, variant spellings of his last name include, Emeric, Eimeric, and Eymericus. ´´´Catalan´´´ (´´Català´´) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in two regions of Spain. ... Events January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Literary character

Valerio Evangelisti, an Italian novelist, has written several science fiction books featuring Aymerich as the main character. Valerio Evangelisti (June 20, 1952, Bologna) is one of the most popular Italian writers of science fiction, fantasy and horror. ... DeFoes Robinson Crusoe, Newspaper edition published in 1719 A novel (from French nouvelle, new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ...

References

• Brian A. Pavlac, Important Events for the Witch Hunts Retrieved 7 April, 2005
• J.P. Kirsch, Nicolas Eymeric at New Advent Retrieved 7 April, 2005
• Richard Gottheil & Meyer Kayserling, Astruc Dapiera at Jewish Encyclopedia Retrieved 8 April, 2005
• Nicholas Eymeric at Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 8 April, 2005
• Shantell Powell, Nicholas Eymeric, Papal Inquisitor of Aragon Retrieved 8 April, 2005
• Inquisition Retrieved 8 April, 2005
• Valerio Evangelisti, Historical Eymerich Retrieved 9 April, 2005

For other uses, see number 7. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see number 7. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...   This article is about the year 8. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...   This article is about the year 8. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...   This article is about the year 8. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...   This article is about the year 8. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...   This article is about the year 9. ... Look up April in Wiktionary, the free dictionary April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Text of the Directorium Inquisitorum (1578) in Latin

• Text of the Directorium Inquisitorum in Portuguese