 |  | | Nicotine | | Systematic (IUPAC) name | | (S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrroli- dinyl)pyridine Nicotine may refer to: Nicotine, an organic compound Nicotine (software), a filesharing application Nicotine Caffeine, a video game character Nicotinic acid, otherwise known as niacin or Vitamin B3 Nicotine gum Nicotine patch Nicotine poisoning Category: ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x917, 42 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nicotine ...
IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ...
| | Identifiers | | CAS number | 54-11-5 | | ATC code | N07BA01 | | PubChem | 942 | | Chemical data | | Formula | C10H14N2 | | Mol. mass | 162.26 g/mole | | SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem | | Physical data | | Density | 1.01 g/cm³ | | Melt. point | -79 °C (-110 °F) | | Boiling point | 247 °C (477 °F) | | Pharmacokinetic data | | Bioavailability | ? | | Metabolism | ? | | Half life | 2 hours | | Excretion | ? | | Therapeutic considerations | | Pregnancy cat. | ?(US) CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...
PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ...
A chemical formula is an easy way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ...
For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ...
The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ...
In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ...
Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ...
The biological half-life of a substance is the time required for half of that substance to be removed from an organism by either a physical or a chemical process. ...
The kidneys are important excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ...
For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American...
| | Legal status | Unscheduled(AU) ?(UK) The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ...
For other uses, see Australia (disambiguation). ...
| | Dependence Liability | Medium to high | | Routes | Smoked (as tobacco), Insufflated (as snuff), Chewed | Nicotine as an indicator of a person's exposure to smoke. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ...
The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Nicotine gum is a type of chewing gum that delivers nicotine to the body. ...
In high doses, nicotine will cause a blocking of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is the reason for its toxicity and its effectiveness as an insecticide.[citation needed] Drugs can block neuromuscular transmission etiher by acting presynaptically, to inhibit ACh synthesis or release, or by acting postsynaptically, the latter being the site of action ofa ll of the clincally important drugs. ...
Historically, most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of its use as an insecticide; however, such use is less frequent now than previously. ...
It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ...
[edit] In CNS By binding to CNS type nicotinic receptors, nicotine increases dopamine levels in the reward circuits of the brain. In this way, it activates the reward system and generates feelings of pleasure. For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ...
Look up Pleasure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Furthermore, nicotine activates the sympathetic nervous system[citation needed], acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of epinephrine. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing the release of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system. ...
The splanchnic nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system. ...
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ...
Studies have shown that other ingredients in inhaled tobacco smoke (as opposed to pure nicotine) inhibit the production of monoamine oxidase (MAO)[1], an enzyme responsible for breaking down monoaminergic neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in the brain. Monoamine oxidase Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) (EC 1. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
In biochemistry, monoamines are a group of organic compounds containing only one amino group. ...
[edit] Dependence - See also: Smoking cessation
Modern research shows that nicotine acts on the brain to produce a number of effects. Specifically, its addictive nature has been found to show that nicotine activates reward pathways—the circuitry within the brain that regulates feelings of pleasure and euphoria. [2] A No Smoking sign Smoking cessation (commonly known as quitting, or kicking the habit) is the effort to stop smoking tobacco products. ...
This article is about the concept. ...
Dopamine is one of the key neurotransmitters actively involved in the brain. Research shows that by increasing the levels of dopamine within the reward circuits in the brain, nicotine acts as a chemical with intense addictive qualities. In many studies it has been shown to be more addictive than cocaine and heroin, though chronic treatment has an opposite effect on reward thresholds. Like other physically addictive drugs, nicotine causes down-regulation of the production of dopamine and other stimulatory neurotransmitters as the brain attempts to compensate for artificial stimulation. In addition, the sensitivity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors decreases. To compensate for this compensatory mechanism, the brain in turn upregulates the number of receptors, convoluting its regulatory effects with compensatory mechanisms meant to counteract other compensatory mechanisms. The net effect is an increase in reward pathway sensitivity, opposite of other drugs of abuse (namely cocaine and heroin, which reduce reward pathway sensitivity)[citation needed]. This neuronal brain alteration persists for months after administration ceases. Due to an increase in reward pathway sensitivity, nicotine withdrawal is relatively mild compared to ethanol or heroin withdrawal.[citation needed] Nicotine also has the potential to cause dependence in many animals other than humans. Mice have been administered nicotine and exhibit withdrawal reactions when its administration is stopped.[3] For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ...
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron. ...
For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ...
Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ...
A study found that nicotine exposure in adolescent mice retards the growth of the dopamine system, thus increasing the risk of substance abuse during adulthood.[4]
There is significant anecdotal evidence from pharmacist vendors, via their customers, about addiction to nicotine gum or nicotine patches. Nicotine gum is a type of chewing gum that delivers nicotine to the body. ...
A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin. ...
[edit] Toxicology The LD50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 40–60 mg (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) can be a lethal dosage for adult humans.[5] [6] This makes it an extremely deadly poison. It is more toxic than many other alkaloids such as cocaine, which has an LD50 of 95.1 mg/kg when administered to mice. Spilling liquid nicotine on human skin could result in death.[7] An LD50 test being administered In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ...
This article is about rats. ...
This article is about the rodent. ...
For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...
The carcinogenic properties of nicotine in standalone form, separate from tobacco smoke, have not been evaluated by the IARC, and it has not been assigned to an official carcinogen group. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of cancer in healthy tissue and has no mutagenic properties. Its teratogenic properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a nicotine patch or nicotine gum while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased cholinergic activity it causes have been shown to impede apoptosis[citation needed], which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells (programmed cell death). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine create a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus nicotine plays an indirect role in carcinogenesis. Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, or CIRC in its French acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations. ...
Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
In biology, a mutagen (Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) of an organism and thus increases the number of mutations above the natural background level. ...
// Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster-birth, which derives from teratology, the study of the frequency, causation, and development of congenital malformations—misleadingly called birth defects. ...
A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin. ...
Nicotine gum is a type of chewing gum that delivers nicotine to the body. ...
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are ionotropic receptors that form ion channels in cells plasma membranes. ...
A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (/̩æ.pəpˈto. ...
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the deliberate suicide of an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism. ...
A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (/̩æ.pəpˈto. ...
Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. ...
At least one study has concluded that exposure to nicotine alone, not simply as a component of cigarette smoke, could be responsible for some of the neuropathological changes observed in infants dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).[8] Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a syndrome marked by the symptoms of sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant aged one month to one year. ...
It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75% to 90%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to self-medicate with nicotine. [9] [10] More recent research has found the reverse, that it is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short term effects.[11] However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing. Self-medication is the use of drugs, sometimes illicit, to treat a perceived or real malady, often of a psychological nature. ...
[edit] Nicotine and oxidative stress Nicotine is detoxified by the cytochrome p450 in liver. Recently it has been published that it produces free radicals in this reaction. Study on bidi workers carried out in Solapur district of Maharashtra state of India revealed that nicotine may be the potent free radical generetor. Sanjay Swami et. al. also suggested the carcinogenic effect of nicotine may be due to its free radical generating potential.[12] In chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. ...
[edit] Link to circulatory disease Nicotine has very powerful[specify] effects on arteries throughout the body. Nicotine is a stimulant, speeding up the heart by about 20 beats per minute with every cigarette; it raises blood pressure, and is a vasoconstrictor, making it harder for the heart to pump through the constricted arteries. It causes the body to release its stores of fat and cholesterol into the blood. A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ...
A vasoconstrictor, also vasopressor or simply pressor, is any substance that acts to cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of the lumena of blood vessels) and usually results in an increase of the blood pressure. ...
Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol). ...
Nicotine increases the risk of blood clots significantly.[citation needed] If blood clots in an artery, blood flow is reduced or halted, and tissue loses its source of oxygen and nutrients and dies in minutes.
Peripheral circulation, arteries going to the extremities, are also highly susceptible to the vasoconstrictor effects of nicotine as well as the increased risk of clots and clogging.[citation needed]
[edit] Therapeutic uses The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is in treating nicotine dependence in order to eliminate smoking with its risks to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gums, dermal patches, lozenges, or nasal sprays in an effort to wean them off their dependence. For the food preparation, see Smoking (cooking). ...
However, in a few situations, smoking has been observed to apparently be of therapeutic value to patients. These are often referred to as "Smoker’s Paradoxes"[13]. Although in most cases the actual mechanism is understood only poorly or not at all, it is generally believed that the principal beneficial action is due to the nicotine administered, and that administration of nicotine without smoking may be as beneficial as smoking, without the higher risk to health due to tar and other ingredients found in tobacco. Tar can be produced from corn stalks by heating in a microwave. ...
Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ...
For instance, recent studies suggest that smokers require less frequent repeated revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).[13] Risk of ulcerative colitis has been frequently shown to be reduced by smokers on a dose-dependent basis; the effect is eliminated if the individual stops smoking.[14][15] Smoking also appears to interfere with development of Kaposi's sarcoma,[16] breast cancer among women carrying the very high risk BRCA gene,[17] preeclampsia,[18] and atopic disorders such as allergic asthma.[19] A plausible mechanism of action in these cases may be nicotine acting as an anti-inflammatory agent, and interfering with the inflammation-related disease process, as nicotine has vasoconstrictive effects.[20] Revascularization is the process of restoring the functionality of an affected organ. ...
Percutaneous coronary intervention is an invasive cardiologic therapeutic procedure to treat narrowed coronary arteries (artery stenosis). ...
Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ...
The BRCA or British Radio (Controlled) Car Association is a club for members of all types of radio controlled cars in Britain. ...
Pre-eclampsia (previously called toxemia) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. ...
Eczema-a typical atopic manifestation Atopy (Greek ατοπία - placelessness) or atopic syndrome is an allergic hypersensitivity affecting parts of the body not in direct contact with the allergen. ...
Allergic asthma is a type of asthma that is triggered by allergies. ...
An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...
With regard to neurological diseases, a large body of evidence suggests that the risks of Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease might be twice as high for non-smokers than for smokers.[21] Many such papers regarding Alzheimer's disease[22] and Parkinson's Disease[23] have been published. Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ...
Recent studies have indicated that nicotine can be used to help adults suffering from Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. The same areas that cause seizures in that form of epilepsy are also responsible for processing nicotine in the brain.[24] Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is a rare epileptic disorder that causes frequent violent seizures during sleep. ...
Nicotine and its metabolites are being researched for the treatment of a number of disorders, including ADHD, Schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease. [25] DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ...
Parkinsons disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferers motor skills and speech. ...
The therapeutic use of nicotine as a means of appetite-control and to promote weight loss is anecdotally supported by many ex-smokers who claim to put on weight after quitting. However studies of nicotine in mice [26] suggests it may play a role in weight-loss that is independent of appetite. And studies involving the elderly suggest that nicotine affects not only weight loss, but also prevents some weight gain. [27]
[edit] See also This article is about the concept of addiction. ...
The Easy Way to Stop Smoking by Allen Carr, a famous book teaching smoking cessation Allen Carr (born 2 September 1934), who until 1983 was a chain smoker himself, is most notable as the author of books on how to stop smoking and, as he stresses, escape nicotine addiction. ...
Unlit filtered cigarettes. ...
Four tins of dipping tobacco: Skoal Straight, Skoal Long Cut Mint, Copenhagen Straight, and Copenhagen Long Cut. ...
Drug addiction, or dependency is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ...
Heart attack redirects here. ...
Nicogelâ„¢ is a tobacco gel, applied to skin as a substitute for cigarette use. ...
A nicotini is any alcoholic drink which includes the addictive drug nicotine as an ingredient. ...
NicVax is a vaccine to reduce or eliminate physical addiction to nicotine. ...
An assortment of psychoactive drugs A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ...
For other uses, see Snuff (disambiguation). ...
Portioned snus of the Granit label. ...
For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...
[edit] External links
[edit] References - ^ Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Cilento R, Zezulkova I (1998). "Neuropharmacological actions of cigarette smoke: brain monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibition.". Journal of addictive diseases. PMID 9549600.
- ^ NIDA - Research Report Series - Tobacco Addiction - Extent, Impact, Delivery, and Addictiveness
- ^ NIDA - Publications - NIDA Notes - Vol. 19, No. 2 - Research Findings
- ^ Nolley E.P. & Kelley B.M. "Adolescent reward system perseveration due to nicotine: Studies with methylphenidate.," Neurotoxicol Teratol., 2006 Oct 4
- ^ Okamoto M., Kita T., Okuda H., Tanaka T., Nakashima T. (1994). "Effects of aging on acute toxicity of nicotine in rats". Pharmacol Toxicol. 75 (1): 1-6.
- ^ IPCS INCHEM
- ^ [1] "Interview with Prof Thoedore Slotkin"
- ^ Machaalani et al. (2005) "Effects of postnatal nicotine exposure on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brain"
- ^ Schizophr. Res. 2002
- ^ Am. J. Psychiatry 1995
- ^ Br. J. Psychiatry 2005
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b Cohen, David J.; Michel Doucet, Donald E. Cutlip, Kalon K.L. Ho, Jeffrey J. Popma, Richard E. Kuntz (2001). "Impact of Smoking on Clinical and Angiographic Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention". Circulation 104: 773. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Longmore, M., Wilkinson, I., Torok, E. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine (Fifth Edition) p. 232
- ^ Green, JT; Richardson C, Marshall RW, Rhodes J, McKirdy HC, Thomas GA, Williams GT (November, 2000). "Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis". Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 (11): 1429-1434. PMID: 11069313. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ "Smoking Cuts Risk of Rare Cancer", UPI, March 29, 2001. Retrieved on 2006-11-06. (English)
- ^ Recer, Paul. "Cigarettes May Have an Up Side", AP, May 19, 1998. Retrieved on 2006-11-06. (English)
- ^ Lain, Kristine Y.; Robert W. Powers, Marijane A. Krohn, Roberta B. Ness, William R. Crombleholme, James M. Roberts (November 1991). "Urinary cotinine concentration confirms the reduced risk of preeclampsia with tobacco exposure". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181 (5): 908-14. PMID: 11422156. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Hjern, A; Hedberg A, Haglund B, Rosen M (June 2001). "Does tobacco smoke prevent atopic disorders? A study of two generations of Swedish residents". Clin Exp Allergy 31 (6): 908-914. PMID: 11422156. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Lisa Melton (June 2006). "Body Blazes". Scientific American: p.24.
- ^ Fratiglioni, L; Wang HX (August 2000). "Smoking and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease: review of the epidemiological studies". Behav Brain Res 113 (1-2): 117-120. PMID: 10942038. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Thompson, Carol. Alzheimer's disease is associated with non-smoking. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Thompson, Carol. Parkinson's disease is associated with non-smoking. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Nicotine as an antiepileptic agent in ADNFLE: An n-of-one study.
- ^ Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Reuters Health. Reuters (December 2001). Archived from the original on 2006-04-26. “Nicotine improves ADHD symptoms. Although such findings should certainly not encourage anyone to smoke, some studies are focusing on benefits of nicotine therapy in adults with ADHD.”
- ^ NIH, online at [3]
- ^ Cigarette Smoking and Weight Loss in Nursing Home Residents [4]
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
[edit] Further reading | Stimulants | | | Alkylamines | | | | Alphapyrrolidinylalkiophenones | α-PPP • MDPPP • MDPV • MPHP • MPPP • MOPPP • Pyrovalerone James H. Fallon (b. ...
Sustained-Release 15mg Dexedrine Spansules. ...
Cyclopentamine is a stimulant drug structurally related to methamphetamine, wherein the aromatic phenyl ring is replaced with a cyclopentane ring. ...
Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines due to its vasoconstricting properties, that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins). ...
Propylhexedrine, also known as hexahydrodesoxyephedrine or dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine, is a sympathomimetic with varied medicinal uses, is an adrenergic compound used mainly to provide temporary symptomatic relief of nasal congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. ...
Tuaminoheptane (or tuamine) is a nasal preparation. ...
Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP) is a stimulant drug. ...
This page may meet Wikipedia’s criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Pyrovalerone (Centroton, Thymergix) is a stimulant drug developed in the late 1960s and used in France and some other European countries. ...
| | | Cholinergics | | | | Convulsants | | | | Eugeroics | | | | Phenethylamines | 4-Fluoroamphetamine • 4-Fluoromethamphetamine • 4-Methylmethcathinone • 4-MTA • Aletamine • Amphechloral • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Adderall) • Amphetaminil • Benzphetamine • Bupropion • Cathinone • Chlorphentermine • Clenbuterol • Clobenzorex • Clortermine • Diethylpropion • Dimethoxyamphetamine • Dimethylamphetamine • Dimethylcathinone • Ephedrine • Epinephrine • Ethcathinone • Ethylamphetamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine • Fenproporex • Furfenorex • Levomethamphetamine • Lisdexamfetamine • MDMA • Mefenorex • Methamphetamine • Methcathinone • Methoxyphedrine • Methylone • Octopamine • Parahydroxyamphetamine • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • PPAP • Phendimetrazine • Phenmetrazine • Phentermine • Phenylephrine • Phenylpropanolamine • Propylamphetamine • Pseudoephedrine • Selegiline • Synephrine • Xylopropamine The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ...
Arecoline is an alkaloid-type natural product found in betel nuts from the betel palm (Areca catechu). ...
Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. ...
This article is about the medical condition. ...
Bicuculline (BIC) is an antagonist of GABA receptors. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Metrazol is the commercial trademark of pentetrazol, pentamethylenetetrazol, or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant (another commercial name is Cardiazol). ...
Picrotoxin is an antagonist of GABA receptors. ...
Strychnine (pronounced (British, U.S.), or (U.S.)) is a very toxic (LD50 = 10 mg approx. ...
Thujone is a ketone and a monoterpene that exists in two stereoisomeric forms: (+)-3-thujone or α-thujone and (-)-3-thujone or β-thujone. ...
Adrafinil chemical structure Adrafinil is a mild central nervous system stimulant drug used to relieve excessive sleepiness and inattention in elderly patients. ...
Armodafinil (Nuvigil®) is a drug produced by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon, currently in the process of receiving FDA approval. ...
Carphedon was developed in Russia and is claimed to increase physical stamina along with improved tolerance to cold, its also used for amnesia treatment. ...
Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. ...
Phenethylamine is an alkaloid and monoamine. ...
4-FMP, also known by its full chemical name 4-fluoroamphetamine, or 4-Fluoro-alpha-Methyl-Phenethylamine, is a central nervous system stimulant. ...
Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ...
Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ...
Adderall XR 15 mg capsule Adderall is a brand-name pharmaceutical psychostimulant composed of mixed amphetamine salts. ...
Amphetaminil is a cental nervous system stimulant. ...
USA by Pharmacia. ...
Bupropion (INN; also amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant, which acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[2] and a nicotinic antagonist. ...
Cathinone (β-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (Khat). ...
Chlorphentermine (Apsedon, Desopimon, Lucofen) is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ...
Clenbuterol is a drug prescribed to sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. ...
Clobenzorex (also known under the brand names Asenlix, Finedal, or Rexigen; or the US slang greenies) is a stimulant drug used as an anorectic (that is, a medication that suppresses appetite). ...
Clortermine is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ...
Diethylcathinone, more commonly called Diethylpropion in the medical field (Tenuate®) is a sympathomimetic stimulant drug marketed as an appetite suppressant. ...
DMA, or dimethoxyamphetamine, is a series of lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to Amphetamine and to TMA (Trimethoxyamphetamine). ...
N,N-Dimethylamphetamine is a stimulant drug related to other amphetamines such as methamphetamine. ...
Dimethylcathinone is a phenethylamine that is synthesized from dichloromethane, bromopropiophenone, and dimethylamine. ...
Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. ...
Adrenaline redirects here. ...
N-ethylamphetamine (Etilamfetamine, Apetinil) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine which was invented in the early 1900s. ...
Fenethylline (Captagon) is a synthetic stimulant drug. ...
Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication (the other drug being phentermine). ...
Fenproporex (Perphoxene) is a stimulant drug which is used as an appetite suppressant. ...
Furfenorex (Frugalan) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine, which was developed in the 1960s and used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity. ...
Levomethamphetamine (other names: l-desoxyephedrine, l-methamphetamine, levmetamfetamine ) is the l- stereoisomer of methamphetamine, a sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor which is the active ingredient used in some over-the-counter nasal decongestants. ...
Lisdexamfetamine (L-lysine-d-amphetamine) is a prodrug of the psychostimulant d-amphetamine coupled with the essential amino acid L-lysine. ...
ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ...
Mefenorex (Rondimen, Pondinil, Anexate) is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ...
This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
Methoxyphedrine (Methedrone) is a stimulant drug. ...
Methylone is a designer drug that is an analog of MDMA (Ecstasy). ...
Octopamine is a biogenic amine which is closely related to noradrenaline, and has a similar action to dopamine. ...
p-Hydroxyamphetamine (4-hydroxyamphetamine, α-methyltyramine) is a drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. ...
For other uses, see PMA (disambiguation). ...
Para-methoxy-ethylamphetamine or PMEA is a stimulant drug related to PMA and ethylamphetamine. ...
Para-methoxy-methamphetamine or PMMA is a stimulant drug related to PMA and methamphetamine. ...
(-)-1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane ((-)PPAP) is a drug with an unusual effects profile. ...
Phendimetrazine (Bontril®) is a weight loss medication. ...
Phenmetrazine is an amphetamine-like drug. ...
Phentermine is an appetite suppressant of the amphetamine and phenethylamine class. ...
Phenylephrine or Neo-Synephrine is an α-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil and to increase blood pressure. ...
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a drug of the phenethylamine family used as a decongestant and also as an appetite suppressant. ...
N-propylamphetamine is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine which was invented in the 1970s. ...
Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. ...
Selegiline (l-deprenyl, Eldepryl® or Anipryl® [veterinary]) is a drug used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinsons disease and senile dementia. ...
Synephrine Synephrine is a dietary supplement aimed at encouraging fat loss. ...
3,4-dimethylamphetamine (Xylopropamine, α,3,4-trimethylphenethylamine) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine which was invented in the 1950s. ...
| | | Phenylaminooxazoles | 4-Methyl-aminorex • Aminorex • Clominorex • Fenozolone • Fluminorex • Pemoline • Thozalinone 4-Methyl-aminorex is a stimulant drug of the 2-Amino-5-Aryloxazoline class. ...
Aminorex is an anorectic stimulant drug of the 2-Amino-5-Aryloxazoline class. ...
Clominorex is a centrally acting sympathomimetic which is related to other drugs such as aminorex and pemoline. ...
Fenozolone is a centrally acting sympathomimetic. ...
Fluminorex is a centrally acting sympathomimetic which is related to other drugs such as aminorex and pemoline. ...
Pemoline is a medication for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ...
Thozalinone is a centrally acting sympathomimetic which is related to other drugs such as pemoline and 4-methylaminorex. ...
| | | Piperazines | 2C-B-BZP • BZP • GBR-12783 • GBR-12935 • GBR-13069 • GBR-13098 • GBR-13119 • MeOPP • MBZP • Vanoxerine Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ...
2C-B-BZP is a research chemical and stimulant of the piperazine family. ...
Benzylpiperazine (street names include A2, frenzy and nemesis [1] However, there are some references to BZP in the literature that predate interest in piperazines as anthelmintics. ...
4-methoxyphenylpiperazine (Paraperazine, MeOPP, 4-MeOPP) is a piperazine derivative with stimulant effects which has been sold as an ingredient in Party pills, initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world. ...
MBZP (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine) is a stimulant drug which is a derivative of benzylpiperazine. ...
Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. ...
| | | Piperidines | 2-Benzylpiperidine • Desoxypipradrol • Ethylphenidate • (-)-Methyl-1-methyl-4β-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3β-carboxylate • Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) • Nocaine • Phacetoperane • Pipradrol R-phrases , , Related Compounds Related compounds pyridine pyrrolidine piperazine Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11N. It is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered...
Desoxypipradrol, also known as 2-(diphenylmethyl)piperidine or 2-DPMP, is a long-acting stimulant drug. ...
Ethylphenidate is a stimulant drug. ...
Vitamin R redirects here. ...
Dexmethylphenidate (commercially known as Focalin) is a pharmaceutical drug used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ...
The Nocaine family includes a diverse assortment of piperidine based cocaine mimics. ...
Phacetoperane (Levofacetoperane) is a stimulant drug. ...
Pipradrol (Meretran) is a mild CNS stimulant which is no longer widely used in most countries due to concerns about its abuse potential, although this is less of a problem than with other stimulants that still are in current use such as methylphenidate. ...
| | | Tropanes | | | |
