Nigger is a racial slur used to refer to dark-skinned people, especially those of African ancestry. Terms of disparagement are pejorative terms such as yid, kike, nigger, whore, slut, fag and queer whose use usually arouses painful feelings in the target, members of the targeted group or sympathizers. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ...

Etymology and history

Main article: Negro

The Spanish word negro originates from the Latin word niger, meaning black. In English, negro or neger became negar and finally nigger, most likely under influence of French nègre (also derived from the Latin niger). // Negro means black in Spanish and Portuguese (Latin: niger = black). It is an ethnic term applied to people of African origin; some people consider it either archaic or a slur (see also nigger) except for its inclusion in the names of some organizations founded when the term had currency, e. ... // Negro means black in Spanish and Portuguese (Latin: niger = black). It is an ethnic term applied to people of African origin; some people consider it either archaic or a slur (see also nigger) except for its inclusion in the names of some organizations founded when the term had currency, e. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

In Colonial America, Neger (sometimes spelled "neggar") prevailed in northern New York under the Dutch and also in Philadelphia, in its Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities. For example, the African Burial Ground in New York City was originally known as "Begraaf Plaats van de Neger." Colonial America may refer to: Colonial North America north of Rio Grande the Thirteen Colonies that declared independence from Britain in 1776 The period after the European colonization of the Americas Category: ... NY redirects here. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... Flag of Moravia Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: ; Hungarian: ; Polish: ) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic. ... The Pennsylvania Dutch (perhaps more strictly Pennsylvania Deitsch or Pennsylvanian German) are the descendants of German immigrants who came to Pennsylvania prior to 1800. ... The African Burial Ground is a site in Lower Manhattan (in New York City) where the remains of over 400 Africans, buried during the 17th and 18th-centuries, were found during the construction of the Foley Square Federal office building in 1991. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area...

In the United States, the word nigger was not always considered derogatory, but was instead used by some as merely denotative of black, as it was in other parts of the English-speaking world. In nineteenth-century literature, there are many uses of the word nigger with no intended negative connotation. Charles Dickens, and Joseph Conrad (who published The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' in 1897) used the word without racist intent. Mark Twain often put the word into the mouths of his Southern characters, white and black, but did not use the word when speaking in his own voice in his autobiographical Life on the Mississippi. Dickens redirects here. ... Joseph Conrad. ... In Joseph Conrads The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897), the Narcissus is a merchant ship sailing from Bombay to London. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, writer, and lecturer. ... Life on the Mississippi cover Life on the Mississippi is a memoir by Mark Twain detailing his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War. ...

In the United Kingdom and other parts of the English-speaking world, the word was often used to refer to people of Pakistani or Indian descent, or merely to darker-skinned foreigners in general; in his 1926 Modern English Usage, H. W. Fowler observed that when the word was applied to "others than full or partial negroes," it was "felt as an insult by the person described, & betrays in the speaker, if not deliberate insolence, at least a very arrogant inhumanity." The note was excised from later editions of the book. Henry Watson Fowler (10 March 1858 - 26 December 1933) was an English schoolmaster, lexicographer and commentator on usage, notable for both Fowlers Modern English Usage (first published 1926) and his work on the Concise Oxford Dictionary. ...

In the 1800s, as nigger began to acquire the pejorative connotation it holds today, the term "Colored" gained popularity as a kinder alternative to negro and associated terms. For example, abolitionists in Boston, Massachusetts posted warnings to "Colored People of Boston and vicinity." The name of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People reflects the preference for this term at the time of the NAACP's founding in 1909. Colored and Colored People (or Colored Folk in the plural sense) are North American terms that were commonly used to describe black people. ... This English poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, Athens of America, The Hub (of the Universe)1 Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County  - Mayor Thomas M. Menino (D) Area    - City  89. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Southern dialect in many parts of the southern United States changes the pronunciation of "Negro" to "nigra" (used most famously by Lyndon B. Johnson, a proponent of civil rights). “LBJ” redirects here. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ...

Black became the preferred term in English in the late 1960s, and this continues to the present day. In the United States this has been displaced to some extent by African American, at least in politically correct usage; this resembles the term Afro-American that was in vogue in the early 1970s. Nevertheless, black continues in widespread use as a racial designation in the United States and is rarely regarded as offensive. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Political correctness is the alteration of language to redress real or alleged injustices and discrimination or to avoid offense. ...

Today the word is often spelled nigga or niggah, in imitation of the manner in which some pronounce it. (Less-common variants are nigguh or even nikuh.) Other variations, designed to avoid the term itself, include nookah, nukka, nagger and the much older "jigger." A slur can be anything from an insinuation or critical remark to an insult. ...

Usage

In the United States

In the United States, the word was freely used by some whites and blacks, until the Civil Rights Era of the 1960s. It seems that the word acquired a pejorative meaning in the Northern United States before aquiring the same connotation in the South. The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ...

Louisiana Governor Earl Long also used the term when advocating expanded voting rights for African Americans. At that time, the term was less noteworthy than the expressions of support by white Southerners, as it was a common regional term for blacks, along with negro and colored. Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city Baton Rouge [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W... Earl Kemp Long (August 26, 1895 – September 5, 1960) was an American politician and three-time Governor of Louisiana. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ...

Today, the implied racism of the term is so strong that the use of nigger in most situations is a social taboo. Many American magazines and newspapers will not even print the word in full, instead using n*gg*r, n**ger, n——, or simply "the N-word." However, some African Americans use the word as a term of endearment and familiarity (see nigga, hip hop culture). Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Disability... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Nigga is a term used in African American Vernacular English that began as an eye dialect form of the word nigger (which is derived ultimately from the Latin word niger meaning the color black). ... Breakdancer in Ljubljana, Slovenia. ...

Poster of the 1975 movie Boss Nigger

A Washington Post article on Strom Thurmond's 1948 candidacy for President of the United States went so far as to replace it with the periphrasis "the less-refined word for black people." The word was also completely excised from the Microsoft Encarta dictionary, despite its common usage. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 377 × 598 pixel Image in higher resolution (400 × 635 pixel, file size: 65 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a poster for the movie Boss Nigger. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 377 × 598 pixel Image in higher resolution (400 × 635 pixel, file size: 65 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a poster for the movie Boss Nigger. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Boss Nigger is a 1975 blaxploitation film directed by Jack Arnold. ... ... James Strom Thurmond (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator representing that state. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... The presidential seal was first used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Periphrasis, like its Latin counterpart circumlocution, is a figure of speech where the meaning of a word or phrase is indirectly expressed through several or many words. ... Microsoft is one of few companies engaging itself in the console wars Where they are up against sony, nintendo, and of course sharps new console which may cause a threat. ... Encarta is a digital multimedia encyclopedia published and updated frequently by Microsoft Corporation. ... The dictionary is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters with their glyphs, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. ... Style guides generally give guidance on language use. ...

The shock effect of the word can also be used to deliberately cause offense. Several activists, such as Dick Gregory, have said the use of "N-word" instead of nigger robs younger generations of the full history of black people in America. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The term nigger has sometimes been extended in meaning so as to refer to all disadvantaged people. For example, Ron Dellums, an American politician, once said that "it's time for somebody to lead all of America's niggers".^[1] Ronald Vernie Dellums (born November 24, 1935), U.S. Democratic Party politician, is the mayor-elect of the City of Oakland, California. ...

The New York City Council passed a resolution on February 28, 2007 that symbolically bans the use of the word nigger. There are no penalties for non-compliance. The resolution also asks that songs including the word nigger in their lyrics be excluded from consideration for the Grammy Awards.^[2] Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

In Australia and New Zealand

In Australia, though the word's meaning is generally understood, it is now rarely used by urban whites in any context; when referring to indigenous Australians, the casual terms Abo and the more derogatory boong or coon are used in its place. Nigger is sometimes used amongst working class Australians, when used in a casual sense between friends or work colleagues of both white and mixed race. It is generally used in the mockery of American slang, e.g. "Wassup, my nigger." Black, Aboriginal or Maori people may use the term to greet each other. Australians, black or white, do not on the whole have the same sensitivity to the word as Americans, at least when it is used in a lighthearted, non-derogatory fashion among established groups of friends. It would not be acceptable to use the term to a stranger or casual acquaintance. The relaxed attitide is mainly because there was no direct slave trading or slave use in Australia per se^{[citation needed]}, as the country was built on the exploitation of European convict labour. The mistreatment, and genocide, of the indigenous people is generally covered under the term of "racial abuse" rather than "slavery"; however, the increasing use of American vernacular has sensitised conservative Australia to its use. Look up urban in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Indigenous Australians or Aborigines[1][2] are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... A blood type is a description of an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures and throughout human history. ...

However, nigger has seen common use in rural or semi-frontier districts. In this context, the usage was British colonial, that is, applying generically to dark-skinned people of any origin (cf. Rudyard Kipling). This has led to controversy, since Australian Aborigines have started to take the term strongly to heart, in both the pejorative and revisionist senses (see below under Names of places and things). Rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. ... // United States In the United States, the frontier was the term applied to the zone of unsettled land outside the region of existing settlements of Americans. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... This article is about the British author. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ...

In neighboring New Zealand the term has been used infrequently to refer to the Māori people as well.^{[citation needed]} Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ...

Other languages

In various Romance languages, including the Spanish and Portuguese dialects used in Latin American and parts of Africa, a variety of words cognate with the Latin niger and sounding similar to the English word nigger are used without the disparaging connotation the word holds in English. The French cognate nègre, however, commonly used during the colonial period, is similarly considered offensive, whereas noir (literally "black") is acceptable today. The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Black cat, thought by some to cause bad luck Black is both a color and the shade of objects that do not reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum. ...

Interestingly, in some places these words refer to people with an only slightly darker appearance than those native to Northern Europe, i.e. people who might be said to have a typically Mediterranean or Southern European appearance without any facial or hair-texture characteristics associated with black people. Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Southern Europe is a region of Europe. ...

Forms ultimately derived from Latin niger have been borrowed into various non-Romance languages, and may be used to refer to people without negative connotation — Russian негр (negr) is one such example.

Non-human uses

In the past, nigger was sometimes used as a synonym for "defect." For example, the May 1886 issue of Scientific American, page 308 said, "The consequence of neglect might be that what the workmen call ‘a nigger’ would get into the armature, and burn it so as to destroy its service." May is the fifth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... Armature can mean: Armature (sculpture) Armature (electrical engineering) Armature (computer animation) Category: ...

Similarly, when performing shoddy but functional work, one is said to "nigger rig it," especially when duct tape is used in place of proper equipment.^{[citation needed]} It seems that this usage is taken directly from the derogatory use of the word to refer to a black person. "Nigger it up" has been used to refer to excessively gaudy, non-functional decorations to automobiles to attract attention.^{[citation needed]} The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A piece of transparent duct tape, left, and of silver duct tape, right. ...

The more recent expression "Afro-Engineering" may have been created as a response to the political correctness (Cultural Marxism) movement while attempting to preserve the original derogatory context of "nigger-rigging".^{[citation needed]} Political correctness is the alteration of language to redress real or alleged injustices and discrimination or to avoid offense. ... Cultural Marxism is a form of Marxism that adds an analysis of the role of the media, art, theatre, film and other cultural institutions in a society, often with an added emphasis on race and gender in addition to class. ...

The term nigger was used in lumber mills until the mid-point of the 20th century. It refers to a device that turns a log while it is being stripped of its bark. This may be an off-hand reference to the prejudicial use of the word, as until the machine was invented, this was considered a job too dangerous for anyone other than a black man. This article or section should include material from Saw mill A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Look up log in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Literary uses

Nigger has a long history of controversy in literature. Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer famous as a supporter of the Harlem Renaissance, provoked debate and some protest from the African American community by titling his 1926 novel Nigger Heaven. The controversy centered on the use of the word in the title and fueled the sales of the hit novel. Of the controversy, Langston Hughes wrote: Photographic self-portrait by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Carl Van Vechten (June 17, 1880 – December 21, 1964) was an American writer and photographer who was a patron of the Harlem Renaissance and the literary executor of Gertrude Stein. ... The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African American art, literature, music and culture in the United States led primarily by the African American community based in Harlem, New York City, after World War I. Literary historians and academics have yet to reach a consensus as to when the period... Nigger Heaven (1926) is a book by Carl Van Vechten (1880-1964) set during the Harlem Renaissance in the United States in the 1920s. ... Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and newspaper columnist. ...

No book could possibly be as bad as Nigger Heaven has been painted. And no book has ever been better advertised by those who wished to damn it. Because it was declared obscene, everybody wanted to read it, and I'll venture to say that more Negroes bought it than ever purchased a book by a Negro author. Then, as now, the use of the word "nigger" by a white was a flashpoint for debates about the relationship between Black culture and its White patrons.

The famous controversy over Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), a classic frequently taught in American schools, revolves largely around the novel's 215 uses of the word, often referring to Jim, Huck's raft mate.^[3][4] Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, writer, and lecturer. ... Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain is commonly accounted as one of the first Great American Novels. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Nigger in the Window is a book written by a young black girl who describes the world from her window.^[5]

Slaves often pandered to racist assumptions by using the word nigger to their advantage in the self-deprecatory artifice of Tomming.^[6] Implicit was an unspoken reminder that a presumably inferior person or subhuman could not reasonably be held responsible for work performed incorrectly, a fire in the kitchen, or any similar offense. It was a means of deflecting responsibility in the hope of escaping the wrath of an overseer or master. Its use as a self-referential term was also a way to avoid suspicion and put whites at ease. A slave who referred to himself or another black as a "nigger" presumably accepted his subordinate role and posed no threat to white authority. Uncle Tom is a pejorative for an African American who is perceived by others as behaving in a subservient manner to White American authority figures, or as seeking ingratiation with them by way of unnecessary accommodation. ...

Original title of And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie

An example of this historical use in American literature occurs in Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Gold Bug (1843). The narrator and a white character in the story use negro to refer to a black servant, Jupiter, while Jupiter himself uses nigger.^[7][8] Image File history File links Ten_Little_Niggers. ... Image File history File links Ten_Little_Niggers. ... And Then There Were None (also known as Ten Little Indians and originally as Ten Little Niggers) is a detective novel by Agatha Christie first published in 1939. ... Agatha Mary Clarissa, Lady Mallowan, DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976), also known as Dame Agatha Christie, was an English crime fiction writer. ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, editor, critic and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The Gold Bug is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. ...

Bram Stoker, the Irish author best known for Dracula, frequently makes use of the word in his 1911 novel, The Lair of the White Worm. Edgar Caswall's African servant, Oolanga, is often referred to as a "nigger" throughout the book.^[9] Abraham Bram Stoker (November 8, 1847–April 20, 1912) was an Irish writer, best remembered as the author of the influential horror novel Dracula. ... Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary character the vampire Count Dracula. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Lair of the White Worm is a horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, who also wrote Dracula. ...

Agatha Christie's novel And Then There Were None, also known as Ten Little Indians, originally appeared as Ten Little Niggers. Among the classic novels of Joseph Conrad (famous for his use of the word in Heart of Darkness) is The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (1897). Agatha Mary Clarissa, Lady Mallowan, DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976), also known as Dame Agatha Christie, was an English crime fiction writer. ... And Then There Were None (also known as Ten Little Indians and originally as Ten Little Niggers) is a detective novel by Agatha Christie first published in 1939. ... Joseph Conrad. ... Heart of Darkness is a novella by Joseph Conrad. ... In Joseph Conrads The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897), the Narcissus is a merchant ship sailing from Bombay to London. ...

Harper Lee's 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, also uses the term nigger throughout showing the widespread use during the 1930s. Nelle Harper Lee (born April 28, 1926) is an American novelist, best known for her Pulitzer Prize–winning 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird. ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a semi-autobiographical Southern Gothic novel by Harper Lee. ...

Other examples of literary usage in the United Kingdom during the late 19th and early 20th centuries suggest a more neutral usage of the term, which can cause a problem when reading such books today when the word has such an offensive meaning.

The Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Mikado uses the word nigger two times. The executioner Ko-ko, in his song "I have a little list", sings of killing "the nigger serenader and the others of his race" (this is generally understood to mean white performers performing minstrel songs in blackface, a popular Victorian entertainment). The Mikado, in his song “Let the Punishment fit the Crime”, sings of having overly-made-up society ladies “Blacked like a nigger/With permanent walnut juice”. Both lyrics are frequently changed in performance nowadays.^[10] Sir W. S. Gilbert Sir Arthur Sullivan Librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900) collaborated on a series of fourteen comic operas in Victorian England between 1871 and 1896. ... The Mikado, or The Town of Titipu, is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert, their ninth of fourteen operatic collaborations. ...

The Scarlet Pimpernel contains a black character referred to casually as a “nigger”, in a way which suggests no serious insult is intended. The Scarlet Pimpernel is a classic play and adventure novel by Baroness Emmuska Orczy, set during the French Revolution. ...

In one John Buchan novel the hero goes into a night club in the early 1920s, where “a rather good nigger band” is playing. John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (August 26, 1875 - February 11, 1940), was a Scottish novelist and politician who served as Governor General of Canada. ...

Ronald Firbank's 1925 novel about the failed attempts of a family of blacks to enter high society in the capital of a West Indian nation was entitled Prancing Nigger. The title was recommended to him as a publicity-getter by Van Vechten. Arthur Annesley Ronald Firbank was a British novelist. ...

P.G. Wodehouse's Thank You, Jeeves has Bertie Wooster mention that he would like to practice the banjo with a "troupe of nigger minstrels". Called English literatures performing flea, P. G. Wodehouse, pictured in 1904, became famous for his complex plots, ingenious wordplay, and prolific output. ... Bertie Wooster portrayed by Hugh Laurie in ITVs Jeeves and Wooster series Bertram Wilberforce Bertie Wooster is the wealthy, good-natured co-protagonist and narrator of P. G. Wodehouses Jeeves stories. ...

It has been suggested that the USA usage became more prevalent in the UK during and after the Second World War. Whether this is through contact with American troops or whether it reflects a growing racism in UK society is open to question.^{[citation needed]} Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Disability...

War Comes to Willy Freeman by James Collier and Christopher Collier (ISBN 0-440-49504-0) mentions the word nigger nineteen times. Current readers complain as this use of the word is unnecessary and, in the 18th century context of the story, is not historically correct.

Rudyard Kipling's Just So Story "How the Leopard Got His Spots" tells of how an Ethiopian and a leopard, who are originally sand-colored, decide to paint themselves for camouflage when hunting in dense tropical forest. The story originally included a scene in which the leopard, who now has spots, asks the Ethiopian why he doesn't want spots as well. The Ethiopian's original reply, "Oh, plain black's best for a nigger", has been changed in many modern editions to read, "Oh, plain black's best for me." This article is about the British author. ... See also Just-so story for anthropological sense Wikisource has original text related to this article: Just So Stories The Just So Stories for Little Children were written by British author Rudyard Kipling. ... Binomial name Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis pardus Linnaeus, 1758 The Leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the four big cats of the genus Panthera. ...

Popular culture

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At one time, the word was used freely in branding and packaging of consumer commodities in the U.S. and the United Kingdom. There were brands such as Nigger Hair Tobacco, Niggerhead Oysters, and other canned goods. Brazil nuts were referred to as "nigger toes". As times changed, so did labeling practices. The tobacco brand became "Bigger Hare" and the canned goods brand became "Negro Head". Eventually, such names disappeared from the marketplace altogether.^[11][12] Image File history File links Circle-question. ... Binomial name Bertholletia excelsa Humb. ...

1950s-1970s

• In the 1954 film The Dam Busters, Wing Commander Guy Gibson's dog was called Nigger (as in real life). This has been edited out of recent British TV screenings, although the name is quite audible in the clips shown on television in Pink Floyd The Wall.
• The comedian and activist Dick Gregory used the word as the title of his best-selling autobiography in 1964. (When his mother objected to the title, Gregory told her to bear in mind that anytime someone used the term over the next year, "they are advertising my book.")
• Jewish comedian Lenny Bruce used the word repeatedly in a comedy routine, suggesting that the more it was used and heard, the less potency it would have.
• In 1967, Muhammad Ali explained his refusal to be drafted to serve in the Vietnam War by saying, "I got nothing against them Viet Cong. No Vietnamese ever called me nigger,".
• When it was translated into English, the 1968 book Les Nègres blancs de l'Amérique by Pierre Vallières, a founding member of the FLQ terrorist group, was published under the title White Niggers of America.
• The comedy series All in the Family is rarely censored even though the "N-word" is used frequently.
• In 1972, John Lennon released a song, "Woman Is the Nigger of the World," based on a quote by Yoko Ono. The song advocated a pro-feminist stance—and used the word "nigger" to convey how poorly Lennon felt that women were treated in society. Lennon's use of the word in this particular context was endorsed by some prominent Black American leaders.
• During the same year, Curtis Mayfield used the word in the first verse of "Pusherman" (a hit song from the Superfly soundtrack).
• There are multiple uses of the word in Mel Brooks's 1974 comedy, Blazing Saddles. One example is when the people of Rock Ridge plan to kill their new sheriff, who is black. The sheriff, played by Cleavon Little, pulls a gun on himself and in a faux Southern voice says, "Hold it! Nobody move or the nigger gets it!"
• Patti Smith released the song "Rock 'n' Roll Nigger" in 1978.
• British punk rock pioneer Elvis Costello used the term in one lyric of "Oliver's Army", from the album Armed Forces. This usage—"One more widow, one less white nigger"—has aired uncensored on several music programs and networks, such as MTV and VH1.
• Richard Pryor, whose albums included That Nigger's Crazy and Bicentennial Nigger, vowed to never again use the word after a trip to Africa in the 1980s. Commenting that he never saw any niggers while in Africa, Pryor said he realized that niggers were figments of white people's imaginations.
• In Steve Martin's 1979 film The Jerk, the title character is a white man brought up by a black family, who considers himself black. In one scene, some potential business partners talk to him about keeping "the niggers out." Martin responds by telling one of them, "Sir... you are talking to a nigger!" before attacking all of them with karate.
• The Dead Kennedys a mostly white punk rock band (whose drummer was black) use the word in their song "Holiday in Cambodia," by saying, "acting like you know how the niggers feel cold and the slums got so much soul."

The Dam Busters is a 1954 British war film, set during World War II, and documenting the true story of the RAFs 617 Squadron, the development of the bouncing bomb, and Operation Chastise - the attack on the Ruhr dams in Germany. ... For the Roger Waters concert in Berlin, see The Wall Concert in Berlin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Cover of An autobiography, from the Greek auton, self, bios, life and graphein, write, is a biography written by the subject or composed conjointly with a collaborative writer (styled as told to or with). The term dates from the late eighteenth century, but the form is much older. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Lenny Bruce (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), born Leonard Alfred Schneider, was a controversial American stand-up comedian, writer, social critic and satirist of the 1950s and 1960s. ... For other persons named Muhammad Ali, see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation). ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits interrogation following capture in the attacks on Saigon during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. ... White Niggers of America is a work of non fiction literature written by Pierre Vallières, a leader of the Quebec terrorist organization Front de libération du Québec . ... Pierre Vallières Pierre Vallières (February 22, 1938 – December 23, 1998), was considered an intellectual leader of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a journalist, and writer. ... The Front de libération du Québec (Québec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five people, which culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October... Terrorist redirects here. ... All in the Family is a popular and acclaimed American situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12, 1971 until April 8, 1979, when the final original episode aired. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Yoko Ono Lennon (born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese musician and artist best known as the widow of John Lennon of The Beatles. ... Curtis Mayfield (June 3, 1942 – December 26, 1999) was an American soul, funk and R&B singer, songwriter and guitarist best known for his anthemic music with The Impressions and composing the soundtrack to the blaxploitation film Superfly. ... Post of film Superfly is a 1972 (see 1972 in film) blaxploitation film known primarily for its soundtrack by soul singer Curtis Mayfield (see Superfly (soundtrack)). In fact, Superfly is the only movie ever to have been outgrossed by its soundtrack. ... Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky on June 28, 1926) is an Academy Award-winning American actor, writer, director and producer best known as a creator of broad film farces and comedy parodies or, as he says, spoofs. // Born Melvin Kaminsky in Brooklyn, New York to Russian-Jewish parents Maximillian Kaminsky... Alex Karras as Mongo in Blazing Saddles Blazing Saddles is a Warner Bros. ... Cleavon Little (June 1, 1939 - October 22, 1992) was an American actor, best known for his lead role in the 1974 Mel Brooks comedy Blazing Saddles and as the irreverent Dr. Jerry Noland in the early seventies series Temperatures Rising. He was born in Chickasha, Oklahoma, grew up in California... Patricia Lee (Patti) Smith (born December 30, 1946) is an American musician, singer, and poet. ... Declan Patrick MacManus (born August 25, 1954, in London), better known by his stage name, Elvis Costello, is an English musician, singer, and songwriter of Irish ancestry. ... Olivers Army is a song written by Elvis Costello, originally performed by Elvis Costello and the Attractions and appearing on the album Armed Forces in 1979. ... An album is a collection of related audio tracks distributed to the public. ... The armed forces of a state are its government sponsored defense and fighting forces and organizations. ... MTV (Music Television) is an American cable television network headquartered in New York City. ... VH1 (VH-1: Video Hits One until 1994) is an American cable television channel that was created in January 1985 by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and owners of MTV. VH1 and sister channel MTV are currently part of the MTV Networks division... Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor III (December 1, 1940 – December 10, 2005) was a legendary American comedian, actor, and writer. ... That Niggers Crazy is the third official album release by Richard Pryor. ... Bicentenntial Nigger is a comedy album by the late comedian Richard Pryor. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian, writer, producer, actor, musician and composer. ... The Jerk (1979) is Carl Reiners rags-to-riches-to-rags film comedy of belated self-discovery. ... This page is about the band; see Kennedy family for the political dynasty, or The Kennedy Curse, which inspired the name Dead Kennedys The Dead Kennedys, from San Francisco, California are widely considered to be one of the greatest punk rock bands of all time. ... Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ...

1980s-1990s

• The title track of Frank Zappa's 1981 album You Are What You Is describes a young Negro man who tries to act Caucasian, climaxing with the lines "He learned to play golf/ and he got a good score./ Now he says to himself,/ 'I ain't no nigger no more.'"
• In the 1987 novel The Commitments, an Irish fan of soul music characterizes the Irish as "the niggers of Europe" and Dubliners as "the niggers of Ireland", finishing by quoting James Brown's words "Say it loud, I'm black and I'm proud". In the 1991 film adaptation, the speech was altered, referring to Irish as "the blacks of Europe".

Hip-hop group N.W.A.

• In 1988, hip hop group N.W.A. ("Niggaz With Attitude") released the album Straight Outta Compton. Although they abbreviated it in all official contexts, their self-referential use of the word caused a great deal of controversy in America over the language and lyrics of hip hop. Today, the word is used frequently by black rappers in casual contexts ^[13]. Not all black hip-hop artists appreciate the increased use of the word, however; Public Enemy plainly states on the fifth track of Apocalypse '91...The Enemy Strikes Black, "I don't wanna be called 'Yo Nigga'". The usage is parodied in the 1994 film Fear of a Black Hat, a mockumentary about a ficticious rap group named "N.W.H", or "Niggaz With Hats" (the title of the movie itself being a play on Public Enemy's album Fear of a Black Planet).
• While nigga raises relatively few objections when used by black rappers, it generally is considered off-limits to non-black performers, with exceedingly rare exceptions. The Beastie Boys, an all-white hip-hop group, left the stage mid-performance after a friendly but ill-received use of the word to refer to their audience. [1]
• In a famous skit on Saturday Night Live, Chevy Chase and Pryor portray a job interview devolving into racial name-calling on both sides, with Pryor calling Chase "honky" several times; when Chase says "nigger", Pryor responds with "dead honky".link In a different skit, there is a game show, and one question is, "What is the name of Winnie the Pooh's feline friend?" When the contestant answers, a censor sign goes up. The host (played by Bernie Mac) is then seen attacking the contestant, who is saying, "I said Tigger, with a T!"
• In 1995, Marilyn Manson cover Patti Smith's 1978 song "Rock 'n' Roll Nigger". Manson brings his African-American bodyguard Aaron Dilks onstage during a live performance of the song in an attempt to alleviate anxiety among concert organizers about the screaming of the word nigger. The band later uses the word in their own song "Irresponsible Hate Anthem" as a reference to somebody who is hated or discriminated against by any other person or group, declaring, "Everybody's someone else's nigger; I know you are, so am I".
• In Quentin Tarantino's film, Pulp Fiction, there are uses of the word by both black and white characters. In one instance, Tarantino, playing the character Jimmie, asks a bloodied Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta if they saw a sign outside his house that said 'Dead Nigger Storage' because they had brought a dead black man to his house in their car. He sardonically reminds the hitmen that they did not see such a sign because storing dead niggers was not his business.
• Television broadcasts of the film Die Hard with a Vengeance which originally featured a white character (played by Bruce Willis) being placed in jeopardy when forced to carry a sign saying "I hate niggers" around Harlem, are altered so that the sign now says "I hate everybody"^{[citation needed]}.
• African-American comedian Chris Rock's 1996 television special Bring the Pain and 1997 album Roll with the New included a segment known as "Niggas vs. Black People". Rock cast "niggas" as "low-expectation-havin'" individuals—proud to be ignorant, violent, and on welfare. The controversy surrounding this, to which many took exception because they felt it pandered to racism, was such that Rock ceased performing it.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1997, Washington Capitals forward Chris Simon addresses Edmonton Oilers forward Mike Grier who is African-American a "nigger" during a hockey game between the two teams. Simon receives a three-game suspension as a result of using the slur.
• In the 1998 movie Rush Hour, Jackie Chan's character (a Chinese detective with very limited English-language ability) hears several black characters address each other as "my nigger". Trying to be friendly, he greets someone with "What's up, my nigger?", provoking a barroom brawl.
• White American comedian George Carlin had a routine concerning sensitive words. "We don't mind when Richard Pryor or Eddie Murphy uses it," he quips. "Why? Because we know they're not racists. They're niggers!" Carlin also comments that nigger is simply a word, and it is the context in which it is used that makes it offensive.^[14]

You Are What You Is is an album by Frank Zappa. ... The Commitments (1987) is a novel by Irish writer Roddy Doyle, and is the first episode in The Barrytown Trilogy. ... James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006), commonly referred to as The Godfather of Soul and The Hardest Working Man in Show Business, was an American entertainer recognized as one of the most influential figures in 20th century popular music. ... The novel The Commitments was made into a film in 1991, directed by Alan Parker. ... Image File history File links Nwa_band. ... Image File history File links Nwa_band. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Straight Outta Compton is an album by N.W.A. to see the film click here Straight Outta Compton (film). ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a seminal hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known, in accord to their fans, for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community; for others, they are known for their... Apocalypse 91. ... Fear of a Black Hat (1994, US) is a mockumentary on the evolution of American rap music. ... Fear of a Black Planet is an East Coast rap album by the hip hop group Public Enemy, released on March 20, 1990 (see 1990 in music). ... The Beastie Boys are a hip hop group from the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan. ... Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a weekly late night 90-minute American comedy-variety show based in New York City which has been broadcast by NBC on Saturday nights since October 11, 1975. ... Chevy Chase (born Cornelius Crane Chase on October 8, 1943) is an Emmy Award-winning American comedian, writer, and television and film actor. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Edward Winnie-the-Pooh Bear, sometimes referred to as Pooh, is a fictional bear created by A. A. Milne. ... Bernie Mac (born Bernard Jeffrey McCullough on October 5, 1957 (sometimes incorrectly given as 1958) in Chicago, Illinois) is a two time Emmy Award-nominated American actor and comedian. ... The real stuffed toys owned by Christopher Robin and featured in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories. ... Marilyn Manson is a rock band based in Los Angeles, California. ... Patricia Lee (Patti) Smith (born December 30, 1946) is an American musician, singer, and poet. ... Marilyn Manson (born Brian Hugh Warner ) is the lead singer of the band Marilyn Manson. ... Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born March 27, 1963) is an American film director, actor, and Oscar-winning screenwriter. ... This article is about the film. ... “Samuel Jackson” redirects here. ... John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor, singer, entertainer and aviator. ... Die Hard with a Vengeance is the third film in the Die Hard series starring Bruce Willis as policeman John McClane, released in 1995. ... For other uses, see Harlem (disambiguation). ... Christopher Julius Rock III[2] (born February 7, 1965)[1] is an Emmy and Grammy Award-winning American comedian, actor, and director. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: No content If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... Roll with the New is a 1997 comedy album by Chris Rock. ... Niggas vs. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C.. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). ... Chris Simon (born January 30, 1972 in Wawa, Ontario) is a professional ice hockey player. ... The Edmonton Oilers are a professionial ice hockey team based in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. ... Mike Grier (born January 5, 1975 in Detroit, Michigan) is a National Hockey League forward for the San Jose Sharks, and one of the most prominent African-American players in the NHL. // Playing career College hockey Grier was originally drafted by the St. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... Rush Hour is a 1998 martial arts/buddy cop film starring Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker. ... Chan Kong-Sang, (陳港生) also known as Jackie Chan Sing Lung (陳成龍) or Jackie Chan SBS (born on April 7, 1954) is a Chinese martial artist, action star, actor, director, script writer, film producer, singer and stunt performer. ... George Dennis Carlin (born May 12, 1937 in New York, New York)[1] is a Grammy-winning American stand-up comedian, actor, and author. ... Edward Eddie Regan Murphy (born April 3, 1961, Brooklyn, New York City) is a Golden Globe-winning and Academy Award-nominated American actor and comedian. ...

2000s

• In 2001, Latina performer Jennifer Lopez provoked the ire of the African American community when she used the word in a song written by two black songwriters.^{[citation needed]}
• MDC (Millions of Dead Cops) use "nigger" in its song "Dead Cops," saying, "hunting for queers, niggers, and you".
• British anarcho-punk band Crass in "White Punks on Hope" say, "If you care to take a closer look at the way things really stand, you'll see we're all just niggers to the rulers of this land."
• The word nigga has been used by Latino/Hispanic rappers such as Big Pun, Cuban Link, Fat Joe, Pitbull, demonstrating an apparent growing acceptance of the use of the word by Latinos ^[13]
• In the first season of African-American comedian Dave Chappelle's, Chappelle's Show, a blind white supremacist, unaware of the fact that he is black, uses the word repeatedly in remarks disparaging black people and at the end of the sketch, after learning the truth, comments that he left his wife because she is a "nigger-lover". The second season of the Dave Chappelle show featured the sketch "The Niggar Family", a portrayal of a 1950s white family with a last name resembling the infamous word. The comedy hinges upon the interaction among other members of the community and results in an uncensored and laughable outcome. (source: Multimedia Events-John Cashew)
• Actor Damon Wayans tried in 2005 to trademark the word "Nigga" for use on clothing, books and other merchandise.^{[citation needed]} His application was rejected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, citing a law that prohibits marks that are "immoral or scandalous." A previous attempt by entrepreneur Keon Rhodan to trademark the term "Nigga'Clothing" in 2001 was also unsuccessful.^{[citation needed]}
• Black comedian Bill Cosby criticized the African American community in 2004, saying, ""Let me tell you something, your dirty laundry gets out of school at 2:30 every day. It's cursing and calling each other nigger as they're walking up and down the street. They think they hip—can't read, can't write—50 percent of them."^[15]
• In the animated series The Boondocks, the word nigga is used by the main characters and sometimes others. In one scene, Granddad tells Huey not to use the word in his house and Huey reminds him that he himself used the word 46 times the day before. Granddad's reply is "Nigga, hush!". In the same episode, a drunk Uncle Ruckus sings a song entitled "Don't Trust Those New Niggas Over There." Afterwards, there is a short clip with two non-black characters, one of whom says "I think it's OK if they say it." The show also makes note of "Nigga Moments," where a black man acts in an ignorant or self-destructive way out of anger. The show was criticized for putting the word "Nigga" in the mouth of a fictionalized Martin Luther King Jr.^[16]
• In the 2005 film Be Cool, the leader of the Russian Mafia tells Sin LaSalle (Cedric the Entertainer) to "Be cool, nigger!" Then, Daboo (André 3000) whispers "Nigger?". At this point, LaSalle launches into a long lecture on how only truly ignorant people use the term to disrespect someone's race.
• In the movie Malibu's Most Wanted, Jamie Kennedy's character "B-Rad" uses the term "nigger" in front of an all-black crowd at a rap-off. The next sound that is heard is a phonograph needle being dragged to a screaming halt on the current record that's playing.
• In 2006, comedian Michael Richards, performing in a Los Angeles comedy club, stirred controversy by repeatedly using 'nigger' as he ranted against a black heckler.^[17]
• Comedians Andy Dick and Damon Wayans were two other comedians cited for their use of the word.3
• In 2006 comedian Reginald D Hunter had a show at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival called Pride & Prejudice & Niggers.
• In an episode of South Park satirizing the Micharl Richards incident, "With Apologies to Jesse Jackson," the word is used 42 times,

// The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... J. Lo redirects here. ... MDC are a punk band formed in Austin, Texas in 1979. ... The anarchy symbol commonly used by anarcho-punks Anarcho-punk (sometimes known as peace-punk) is a subgenre of the punk rock movement consisting of groups and bands promoting specifically anarchist ideas. ... For information about the anarchist writer see Chris Crass Crass were an influential English anarchist punk rock band. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... The Hispanic world. ... Christopher Lee Rios (November 9, 1971 – February 7, 2000), better known as Big Punisher or Big Pun, was a New York rapper of Puerto Rican descent who emerged from the underground rap scene in The Bronx in the late 1990s. ... Cuban Link (born Felix Delgado in Havana, Cuba in 1974), is a rapper best known for his former membership in the group Terror Squad, his friendship with Latin rapper Big Pun, and his problems with rapper Fat Joe. ... Jose Antonio Cartagena (born August 19, 1970), better known by his stage name Fat Joe, is an Puerto Rican-American rapper. ... Armando Christian Pérez (born January 15, 1981, in Miami, Florida) better known by his stage name Pitbull, or his other nicknames, Lil Chico or Mr. ... David Dave Chappelle (born August 24, 1973) is an American comedian, satirist and actor who rose to top stardom in 2003 with the debut of Comedy Centrals Chappelles Show. ... Chappelles Show is an American comedy television series starring comedian Dave Chappelle. ... Damon Wayans as Michael Kyle alongside Tisha Campbell-Martin on My Wife and Kids. ... A trademark or trade mark[1] is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. ... The United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO or USPTO) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that provides patent and trademark protection to inventors and businesses for their inventions and corporate and product identification. ... William Henry Bill Cosby, Jr. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Boondocks is an American animated television series produced for Cartoon Networks Adult Swim programming block, based on the comic strip of the same name. ... Martin Luther King Jr. ... Be Cool is a 2005 movie which was adapted from a 1999 novel. ... The Russian Mob or Mafia, Russkaya Mafiya, Red Mafia, Krasnaya Mafiya or Bratva (brotherhood), is a name given to a broad group of organized criminals of various ethnicity which appeared from the Soviet Union after its disintegration in 1991. ... Cedric the Asshole (born Cedric Antonio Kyles, April 24, 1964 in Jefferson City, Missouri) is an American actor and comedian. ... André 3000 (born André Lauren Benjamin on May 27, 1975 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American rapper, hip hop producer and actor. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For other persons named Michael Richards, see Michael Richards (disambiguation). ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... A comedy club is a venue, typically a nightclub, where people watch or listen to performances, including stand-up comedians, improvisational comedians, impersonators, magicians, ventriloquists and other comedy acts. ... For other persons named Michael Richards, see Michael Richards (disambiguation). ... Andy Dick (born Andrew Thomlinson) December 21, 1965) is an American actor and comedian best known for his roles on TV sitcoms, including NewsRadio and Less Than Perfect. ... Damon Wayans as Michael Kyle alongside Tisha Campbell-Martin on My Wife and Kids. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Reginald D Hunter is an American stand-up comedian from Albany, Georgia. ... Categories: Festival stubs | Edinburgh ... South Park is an American, Emmy Award-winning[1] animated television comedy series about four fourth grade school boys who live in the small town of South Park, Colorado. ... This article contains a trivia section. ...

Names of places and things

Because the word was used freely for many years, there are many official place-names containing the word nigger. Examples include Nigger Bill Canyon, Nigger Hollow, and Niggertown Marsh. In 1967, the United States Board on Geographic Names changed the word nigger to Negro in 143 specific place names, although this did not always eradicate common use of the word in reference to such places. Negro Bill Canyon (fomerly called Nigger Bill Canyon) is a canyon in the southeast of Utah. ... The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) is an American federal body whose purpose is to establish and maintain uniform usage of geographic names throughout the U.S. government. ...

One specific example is that of Nigger Head Mountain, located just outside of Burnet, Texas. For decades, a particular hillock was referred to as such due to the forestation at the peak resembling a black man's hairstyle of the times. It became a popular spot for the predominantly white local high school students to show their spirit by holding pep rallies and post-game parties, and even during the start of the Civil Rights Movement news services continued to refer to the hillock as "Nigger Head" with almost no reported complaints from either side of the rights struggle. In 1966, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, as part of her beautification efforts at the time, denounced the name and asked both the U.S. Board on Geographic Names and the U.S. Forest Service to take immediate steps to change the name to something more acceptable to reflect changing views. The name was officially changed to "Colored Mountain" in 1968, and while both maps and road signs were replaced with ones bearing the new name, local inhabitants still refer to the location by its original name. There was also a "Dead Nigger Creek" in central Texas that changed its name to "Dead Negro Creek". Burnet is a city in Burnet County, Texas, United States. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Claudia Alta Taylor Johnson (born December 22, 1912) is the widow of former President Lyndon B. Johnson and was First Lady of the United States from 1963-1969. ... The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) is a US Federal body whose purpose is to establish and maintain uniform usage of geographic names throughout the Federal Government. ... The USDA Forest Service, a United States government agency within the United States Department of Agriculture, is under the leadership of the United States Secretary of Agriculture. ...

"Nigger Nate Grade" in Temecula, California was named after former slave and early settler Nate Harrison, but was changed in 1955 due to a request by the NAACP and renamed to Nate Harrison Grade.^[18] Motto: Where you want to be. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ...

A point on the Lower Mississippi River was known well into the middle and late 20th century as Free Nigger Point, or Freenigger Point. A later variation was Free Negro Point, but the location, in West Baton Rouge Parish, is now known as Wilkinson Point.^[19] The geographic coordinates are 30.5126893° N 91.2126084° W. The Lower Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River downstream of Cairo, Illinois. ... West Baton Rouge Parish is a parish located in the state of Louisiana. ...

A jagged rock formation resembling a silhouetted human face protruding from a cliff over highway 421 north of Pennington Gap, Virginia was called "Nigger Head Rock" until the 1970s, when the name was changed to "Great Stone Face." Checks issued by a local bank in the 1940s bore an illustration of the rock accompanied by the original name. Pennington Gap is a town located in Lee County, Virginia. ...

The British term for a black iron marine bollard, made from an old cannon partially buried muzzle upward with a slightly oversize black cannonball covering the hole, was "niggerhead". Sailors also once called an isolated coral head a niggerhead. The latter are notorious as navigation hazards. // A bollard is a short vertical post. ... Subclasses Alcyonaria Zoantharia See text for orders. ... The British term for a black iron post for mooring ships, made from an old cannon partially buried muzzle upward, with a slightly oversize black cannonball covering the hole, was niggerhead. Sailors also once called an isolated coral head a niggerhead. ... Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...

Many varieties of flora and fauna commonly are still referred to by terms which include the word. The nigger-head cactus, which is native to Arizona, is round, the size of a cabbage, and covered with large, crooked thorns. The colloquial name for echinacea, or coneflower, is, variously, "Kansas niggerhead" or "wild niggerhead". The "niggerhead termite"(Nasutitermes graveolus)^[20] is native to Australia. Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area  Ranked 6th  - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ... Species See text Echinacea is a genus consisting of nine species of flowering plants in the Family Asteraceae, all native to eastern North America. ...

Around the world, the names of several varieties of foods do, or did, include the words. Brazil nuts are often referred to as "nigger toes". An Irish colloquialism described prunes as "nigger's knackers". A popular chocolate snack in Belgium is widely known as Negerinnetetten (negress's tits), however it is sold under the trademark Melo-cakes. Another chocolate treat in Holland was until recently called Negerzoenen (Negro kisses), but is now called Buys Zoenen (Buys Kisses) after the vendor's name. In Sweden, the traditional treat Negerbollar (Negro balls) is now more commonly referred to as Chocolate-, Oat- or Coco-balls. Binomial name Bertholletia excelsa Humb. ... Prune refers to any of more than 125 varieties of fruit, most grown for drying. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Chocolate most commonly comes in dark, milk, and white varieties, with cocoa solids contributing to the brown coloration. ... A trademark or trade mark[1] is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. ... A chokladboll. ...

In April 2003, there was a stir in Australia over the naming of part of a stadium in Toowoomba, "E.S. Nigger Brown Stand". "Nigger Brown" was the nickname of Toowoomba's first international rugby player. Edward Stanley Brown used the shoe polish brand "Nigger Brown". The stand was named in the 1960s. As in the United States some decades ago, the word was used casually by whites, with little thought. Brown himself was happy with the nickname, and in fact it is written on his tombstone. A growing black consciousness among Australia's aboriginal population, however, has led to the term being considered increasingly offensive, particularly when uttered by whites. Toowoomba (also known as the The Garden City) is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. ... An open can of Kiwi shoe polish with a side-mounted opening mechanism visible at the top of the photo. ... Headstones in the Japanese Cemetry in Broome, Western Australia A cemetery in rural Spain A typical late 20th century headstone in the United States A headstone, tombstone or gravestone is a marker, normally carved from stone, placed over or next to the site of a burial. ...

Australian activist Stephen Hagan took the responsible local council to court over the use of the word. Hagan lost the court case at the district and state level, and the High Court ruled that the matter was beyond federal jurisdiction. The federal government cited the High Court ruling on a lack of federal jurisdiction as its legal justification for continued inaction. (Hagan also has tried changing other supposed racial slurs such as the Coon brand of cheese.) Coon is the trademark of a cheddar cheese produced by Dairy Farmers in Australia. ... Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ...

General John Pershing is remembered by the nickname "Black Jack", which was coined by World War I reporters who could not print his actual nickname, "Nigger Jack".[2] John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna...

Ethnic qualifiers

Qualifiers may also be added as a prefix to denote inferiority of the recipient person or group. In conjunction with the original pejorative, the new phrase is also considered to be just as offensive as the original. Examples include "sand nigger" (Middle-Eastern), "taco nigger" (Hispanics), "rice nigger" (Asian), "spaghetti nigger" (Italian), "kosher nigger" (Jews), "papal nigger" (Roman Catholics), "bible nigger" (Protestant Christians), "anal nigger" (Gay Men), "snow nigger" (Inuit), "potato nigger" (Irish), and "buffalo nigger" (American Indian).

Avoiding offense

"The N-Word"

The euphemism "the N-word" became a part of the American lexicon during the racially polarizing trial of O.J. Simpson, a retired football player charged with -- and ultimately acquitted of -- a widely publicized double murder. One of the prosecution's key witnesses was Los Angeles police detective Mark Fuhrman, who initially denied using racial slurs, but whose prolific and derogatory use of it on a tape recording brought his credibility into question. The recordings were from a session in 1985 that Fuhrman had with Laura McKinney, an aspiring screenwriter working on a screenplay about women in the police force. According to Fuhrman, he was using the word as part of his "bad-cop" persona. A euphemism is an expression intended by the speaker to be less offensive, disturbing, or troubling to the listener than the word or phrase it replaces, or in the case of doublespeak to make it less troublesome for the speaker. ... Orenthal James Simpson (born July 9, 1947, San Francisco, California, United States) also known by his initials O.J. and his nickname The Juice, is a retired American football player who achieved stardom at the collegiate and professional levels. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... Mark Fuhrman (born February 5, 1952) was a detective in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) who found the bloody glove that linked O.J. Simpson to the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Members of the media reporting on and discussing his testimony began using the term "the N-word" instead of repeating the actual word, presumably as a way to avoid offending audiences and advertisers.

Acclaim comic book Quantum and Woody features a masked African-American (Quantum) teamed up with an unmasked white man (Woody). One issue featured a character who referred to everyone as "nigger," but fearing backlash, the first 2 pages of the comic are an announcement/disclaimer that throughout the issue, the "N-word" would be replaced by "noogie," and the "S-word" would be replaced by "S-word." This announcement, which breaks the fourth wall, featured Acclaim's lawyer and also stated that, "the word comes from the problem, not the other way around." Quantum & Woody: Directors Cut Trade // Introduction Quantum & Woody is the popular comic book from Valiant Comics which first appeared in 1996. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Near-homophones

The word niger is Latin for "black" and occurs in many Latin scientific terms and names. (See Niger for other meanings such as the country in Africa.) Niger is the root for some English words which are near homophones of nigger. Some sellers of niger seed, a small black seed commonly used as wild bird feed, have begun to sell it under the name Nyjer seed, in part to avoid the common mispronunciation. Also, the Classical Latin pronunciation /ˈnigeɾ/ is close to the English /ˈnɪ.gə(ɹ)/. The situation is not the same with Church Latin pronunciation, /ˈnidʒeɾ/. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Motto: Fraternité, Travail, Progrès(French) Fraternity, Work, Progress Anthem: La Nigérienne Capital Niamey Largest city Niamey Official languages French Government Parliamentary democracy  - President Tandja Mamadou  - Prime Minister Hama Amadou Independence from France   - Declared August 3, 1960  Area  - Total 1,267,000 km² (22nd) 489,189 sq mi   - Water... Look up Homophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name Guizotia abyssinica (L.f. ... The Roman alphabet or Latin alphabet was adapted from an Etruscan alphabet, to represent the phonemes of the Latin language. ... The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) refers to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. ...

Nigra, which is the way Negro is pronounced by some people in the American South, was considered by some to be a more polite way to refer to a black person. Because of its similarity to "nigger," however, it is generally detested by blacks and is no longer regarded as acceptable. The word nigra can be: A derogatory or slang word for black people: see nigger and negro. ... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ...

The words niggardly ("miserly") and snigger ("to laugh derisively") do not refer either to black people or to characteristics or behavior attributed to black people, nor do they have any etymological connection with the word. Niggard (a miserly person) is related to Old Norse nig, "stingy," and the verb niggle is most likely derived from from the Old Norse verb nigla -- "to chew, gnaw, or potter at". As such words are easily mistaken for "nigger," their use is frowned upon by some and sometimes seen as offensive. David Howard, a white city official in Washington, D.C., resigned from his job in January 1999, when he used niggardly in a fiscal sense while talking with black colleagues, who took offense at his use of the word. After reviewing the incident, Washington mayor Anthony Williams offered Howard his job back. Howard declined that position but accepted another position in the mayor's administration. [3] Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... Although niggardly is a word synonymous with stingy and miserly, and a niggard (noun) is a miser, the word has been confused with nigger, which has caused controversies a few times in the United States, and complaints on other occasions. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D... Anthony Allen Tony Williams (born July 28, 1951, in Los Angeles, California) is a United States politician who served as the fifth elected mayor of the District of Columbia from 1999 to 2007. ...

The word wigger is a portmanteau combining the words white and nigger generally used to describe a young, white individual who adopts certain aspects of hip hop and thug culture. Wigger (often spelled wigga or whigger or whigga) is a slang term that refers to a white person who emulates mannerisms, slangs and fashions stereotypically associated with urban African American; especially in relation to hip hop culture. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

A colloquialism in the British music industry for a freeloader is the word "ligger" (one who seeks to attend concerts and music industry events without paying). The word derives from another colloquialism lig (a gig or event) and variations therof "to go ligging" (to go to a series of events.) In other words - the term "ligger" evolved as a derivative of the other words rooted in the word "lig" and NOT as a variant of "nigger". However - the fact that it is a "near-homophone" of the word "nigger" has led to it being less used.

Tigger is a tiger character in Winnie the Pooh. The real stuffed toys owned by Christopher Robin and featured in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories. ... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution of tigers in 1900 (red) and 1990 (green) Synonyms Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758 Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858 Tigris regalis pink, 1867 Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four big cats in the Panthera genus. ... Edward Winnie-the-Pooh Bear, sometimes referred to as Pooh, is a fictional bear created by A. A. Milne. ...

Revisionist usage in Britain

In the United Kingdom, the word was in common use throughout the first half of the twentieth century to denote a shade of dark brown. "Nigger" was famously the name of a Black Labrador [4] belonging to the RAF Second World War hero Wing Commander Guy Gibson. The dog died before the 617 Squadron's 1943 raid on the Ruhr dams (the "Dam Busters raid"), and "Nigger" was adopted as the radio code word signaling the destruction of the Möhne dam. Because of complaints by viewers^{[citation needed]}, the British television broadcaster ITV now tries to reduce offence by editing out some scenes including the dog when it broadcasts the film Dam Busters. This has been condemned by some as "revisionist", although the edited version apparently produced fewer complaints than a previous uncensored broadcast. However, this scene probably has been viewed more times than any other part of the movie. It was watched by the character Pink (Bob Geldof) in the hotel-room sequence in the Pink Floyd film The Wall, during which the dialogue relevant to the dog's death is screened. The Labrador Retriever (Labrador or Lab for short), is one of several kinds of retriever, and is the most popular breed of dog (by registered ownership) in both the United States and the United Kingdom. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... A Wing Commanders sleeve/shoulder insignia A Wing Commanders command flag Wing Commander is a commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many other Commonwealth countries. ... Photo from 617 Squadron The dambusters Photo submitted by Roger Shenton - (taken by John Kramer) Photo of the Dambusters Memorial at Woodhall Spa. ... No. ... Map of the Ruhr Area The Ruhr Area (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquially Ruhrpott or Kohlenpott or simply Pott) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large (former) industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to... Operation Chastise was the official name for the attacks on German dams on May 17, 1943 in World War II using a specially developed bouncing bomb. The attack was carried out by Royal Air Force No. ... The Möhne Reservoir is an artificial lake in North Rhine-Westphalia, some 45 km east of Dortmund. ... It has been suggested that Channel 3 (UK) be merged into this article or section. ... The Dam Busters is a 1954 British war film, set during World War II, and documenting the true story of the RAFs 617 Squadron, the development of the bouncing bomb, and Operation Chastise - the attack on the Ruhr dams in Germany. ... In Parson Weems Fable (1939) Grant Wood takes a sly poke at a traditional hagiographical account of George Washington Historical revisionism has both a legitimate academic use and a pejorative meaning. ... The Wall is an album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released in 1979. ... Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, KBE[1], known as Bob Geldof (born 5 October 1951) [2] is an Irish singer, songwriter, actor and political activist. ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... For the Roger Waters concert in Berlin, see The Wall Concert in Berlin. ...

Nigga

Main article: Nigga

Historically, nigger has been used self-referentially by many in the African American community. With the rise in popularity of rap and hip-hop, the term has become more widely used among some black youth and among some non-blacks as well. This neo revisionist usage, particularly among non-blacks, has been the source of considerable controversy. In such applications, the word often is spelled nigga — as it is pronounced in African American Vernacular English and in Southern American English. Nigga is a term used in African American Vernacular English that began as an eye dialect form of the word nigger (which is derived ultimately from the Latin word niger meaning the color black). ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Southern American English as defined by the monophthongization of to before obstruents (Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006:126). ...

References

Cited references

1. ^ "nigger." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. <http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com> [Accessed 14 Apr. 2006].
2. ^ http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyid=2007-02-28T231559Z_01_N28254477_RTRUKOC_0_US-NEWYORK-WORD.xml&src=rss
3. ^ Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn. The Complete Works of Mark-Twain. Retrieved on 2006-03-12.
4. ^ Academic Resources: Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word. Random House. Retrieved on 2006-03-13.
5. ^ Lee, Helen Jackson (1978). Nigger in the Window. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-07142-6. 
6. ^ Stephen Railton (2005). Tomming In Our Time. University of Virginia, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. Retrieved on 2006-03-13.
7. ^ Poe, Edgar Allan [1843]. The Gold Bug. PoeStories.com. 
8. ^ Poe, Edgar Allan (1990). The Gold Bug. Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education. ISBN 0-88682-303-X. 
9. ^ Stoker, Bram (1911). The Lair of the White Worm. onlineliterature.com. 
10. ^ Michael Sragow (23 December 1999). The roar of the greasepaint, the smell of the crowd. Salon.com. Retrieved on 2006-03-13.
11. ^ Ravernell, Wanda J.. "What's cute about racist kitsch?", San Francisco Chronicle, 2005-06-15. Retrieved on 2006-03-13.
12. ^ Jim Crow Museum. Ferris State University. Retrieved on 2006-03-13.
13. ^ ^{a b} Alex Alonso. Won’t You Please Be My Nigga: Double Standards with a Taboo Word , May 30, 2003.
14. ^ George Carlin: Doin' It Again
15. ^ http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewSpecialReports.asp?Page=/SpecialReports/archive/200407/SPE20040702a.html
16. ^ 'Boondocks' steps over line in its treatment of King. USA Today. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
17. ^ http://www.imdb.com/news/wenn/2006-11-21#celeb1
18. ^ ;Nathan "Nigger Nate" Harrison (1823-1920). San Diego Historical Society. Retrieved on 2007-01-15.
19. ^ Free Negro Point. USGS Geographic Names Information System. Retrieved on 2006-03-12.
20. ^ Semiochemicals of Nasutitermes graveolus, the Niggerhead termite. The Pherobase. Retrieved on 2006-03-12.

General references

• Robert F. Worth (Fall 1995). "Nigger Heaven and the Harlem Renaissance". African American Review 29 (3): 461–473. 
• "nigger". The Oxford English Dictionary (2). (1989).
• Swan, Robert J. (2003). New Amsterdam gehenna: segregated death in New York City, 1630-1801. Brooklyn: Noir Verite Press. ISBN 0-9722813-0-4. 
• Smith, Stephanie (2005). Household words: bloomers, sucker, bombshell, scab, nigger, cyber. Minneapolis: University of Missesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4552-3. 
• Kennedy, Randall (2002). Nigger : the strange career of a troublesome word. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42172-6. 
• Fuller, Neely (1984). The united independent compensatory code/system/concept: A textbook/workbook for thought, speech, and/or action, for victims of racism (white supremacy). 

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... Ferris State University is an institute of higher learning whose main campus is located in Big Rapids, Michigan, in Mecosta County, with a secondary campus in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and smaller programs located throughout the region. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word is a book by Randall Kennedy about the history and sociology of the word nigger. ...

See also

• Nigga
• Niggardly
• Niggas vs. Black People
• Cultural appropriation
• Discrimination
• Kaffir (ethnic slur)
• List of ethnic group names used as insults
• List of ethnic slurs
• Profanity
• Racism
• Taboo
• Wigger

Nigga is a term used in African American Vernacular English that began as an eye dialect form of the word nigger (which is derived ultimately from the Latin word niger meaning the color black). ... This article is being considered for deletion for the 2nd time in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Niggas vs. ... Cultural appropriation (also commonly refered to as cultural misappropriation or cultural theft) is the adoption of elements of cultural expression of one societal group, such as forms of dress or personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or behavior, by an external group, who often ignore the underlying purpose and... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Fundamentalism · Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights... Kaffir, or kafir, which once was a blanket term for black southern Africans (see South Africa Kaffir people), is now used exclusively as an ethnic or racial slur. ... This is a list of derogatory or mildly insulting terms derived from the names of ethnic or religious groups used in English language. ... A slur can be anything from an insinuation or critical remark to an insult. ... Look up Profanity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Disability... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... Wigger (often spelled wigga or whigger or whigga) is a slang term that refers to a white person who emulates mannerisms, slangs and fashions stereotypically associated with urban African American; especially in relation to hip hop culture. ...

External links

Look up Nigger in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Analysis of the cultural uses of the word Nigga by Alex Alonso of Street Gangs Magazine
• "Nigger and Caricatures," Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University
• "Nigger (the word), a brief history!" from the African American Registry
• Appropriating a Slur in M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture
• Seven Dirty Words ICANN Screening