It has been suggested that Mutta marriage be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

This is a sub-article to Islamic marriage.

This article is about the marriage form, for other uses, see Mut'ah. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... A Mutta marriage is, according to the Persian Shia interpretation of Muslim scriptures (and also by the present-day Mohammedan Act of India), a marriage between a Muslim man and a free women of another religion. ... ... Mutah is a Arabic term meaning joy. Mutah in itself is also an Islamic Term that denotes two other Islamic terms: Nikah Mutah — The second Quranic Marriage form. ...

Nikāħu l-Mutˤa (Arabic نكاح المتعة, also Nikah Mut'ah), is the second form of marriage, described in the Qur'an (4:24). It is a fixed-time marriage which, according to the schools of Sharīˤa (Islamic law), is a marriage with a preset duration. After this period expires, the marriage is automatically dissolved. This is the most controversial fiqh topic; Sunnis and Shia hold diametrically opposed views on its permissibility after Muhammad's era. Countries where Arabic is spoken. ... The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Alcoran, Turkish Kuran), is the central text of Islam. ... A marriage is a committed relationship between or among individuals, recognized by civil authority and/or bound by the religious beliefs of the participants. ... Madhhab (Arabic مذهب pl. ... Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... Islam(Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic religion based on the Quran. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ...

Rules

Nikāħu l-Mutˤa resembles a Nikāħ "(permanent) marriage" in many, but not all, aspects. It commences in the same way as a Nikāħ except that a date of expiration for the marriage is added to the marriage contract. The duration is decided by the couple involved. There are no restrictions about minimum duration. If the period is longer than what can be reasonably expected to be a lifetime, it will transform into a Nikāħ. Nikkah is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of a Islamic marriage. ...

During the period of the marriage, the couple are considered husband and wife, just as in a permanent marriage. At the expiration, the marriage is voided without undergoing a talaq (divorce), and the woman must observe iddah (a waiting period) before she can marry anyone else. It is considered mustahab (recommended) to extend the marriage or to transform it into a permanent one. Talaq. ... It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded. ... Mustahab, recomended, is a Islamic term denoting a actions between Mubah (neutral) and Wajib (actions which must be performed). ...

Differences between Nikāħu l-Mutˤa and Nikāħ

Some general rules follow. It is important to note that different marjaˤ "authorities" may give different fatāwa "legal rulings" on some issues. Many of the following rules may be changed in the Islamic marriage contract. A marja, or marja-e-taqleed (Arabic and persian مرجع تقليد), literally source of imitation or source of tradition, is the second highest authority on religion and law in Shia Islam after the prophet and (Shia) Imams. ... A fatwa (Arabic: ) plural fatāwa (فتاوى), is a legal pronouncement in Islam, issued by a religious law specialist on a specific issue. ...

• The marriage is agreed upon to be voided after a pre-set time. This permits the couple to expect and prepare emotionally for the end of the marriage.

• No divorce is necessary. In Shīˤa fiqh "jurisprudence", a divorce is viewed as a complex process involving mediators and an iddah period aimed at giving the couple the chance to reconcile. This is not necessary in Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, since the marriage does not end due to disharmony but due to the pre-set time being reached.

• The husband may void the Nikāħu l-Mutˤa earlier than agreed. If he does and they have had sexual intercourse, he must give her full Mahr "bride price". If they have not had intercourse, he must give her half that amount, though the recommended precaution is that he should give her full mahr. A distinction between a talāq "divorce" in a Nikāħ and voiding a Nikāħu l-Mutˤa is made in a conversation reported in a hadith collection.

(Muwatta 28.6.16). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded. ... A dowry is a gift of money or valuables given by the brides family to that of the groom to permit their marriage. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Talaq. ... Nikkah is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of a Islamic marriage. ...

• The couple do not inherit from each other. Since the marriage is not permanent, the couple is not considered a single, merged unit.

• The husband is financially responsible for any children resulting from the marriage. As it is believed that a woman should not be burdened with the responsibility of providing for a family, she is allowed to work and spend her money as she chooses.

• The wife may leave her house against her husband's will.

• The husband need not pay for the wife's expenses. This complements the above point.

• In Shia Fiqh, it is permitted to marry a woman from Ahlu l-Kitāb "People of the Book" (followers of monotheistic religions) only in this form of marriage. The difference in jurisprudence between different religions is overcome by this rule. It is understood that the Muslim Nikāħ does not have an equivalent form among the People of the Book. Therefore, women who are of the People of the Book are unaccustomed to the special rules of Nikāħ, for example, the husband's responsibility for the wife's expenses or the wife's not leaving her house against the husband's wishes. These difference in religious laws make it desirable to wait with the higher level of commitment that Nikāħ requires until they are overcome, in order to minimize potential friction in family life.

• In Shīˤa Fiqh, the wives are not counted toward the maximum of four. Since the husband is not required to support the wife, and the marriage is not permanent, the circumstances leading to the restriction of having no more than four wives does not apply. However, many Shi'a scholars have ruled that one cannot take more than four temporary wives.

• Sunnis deem it as Harām. Since they believe that Muhammad forbade Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, they deem the marriage contract invalid hence any interaction between the couple to be in violation of Sharīˤa.

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The People of the Book or ahl al Kitâb, (Arabic: اهل الكتاب) is a term in Islam for peoples who, according to the Quran, have received divine scriptures —referring to the Taurat (the Torah) and Injeel (the New Testament), as well as the Quran. ... Monotheism (in Greek monon = single and Theos = God) is the belief in a single, universal, all-encompassing deity. ... Nikkah is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of a Islamic marriage. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Haraam (harām) (Arabic: حرام ) is an Arabic word, used in Islam to refer to anything that is prohibited by the faith. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ...

Similarities between Nikāħu l-Mutˤa and Nikāħu

• The woman requires the consent of her Walī "Legal Guardian" if she is a virgin. This is meant to prevent someone from taking advantage of her inexperience.
• A contract is engaged when entering the marriage. Shia believe that the marriage contract does not require witnesses and can be oral.
• The woman observes iddah at the end of the marriage. That is, she must wait before remarrying.
• Shia requires no witnesses to enter a marriage ^ref.
• May not marry a kāfir (person who is neither Muslim nor a member of the Ahlu l-Kitāb)

Wali (plural Auliyaa) is an Arabic word, literally meaning protector or guardian, also adopted in various other Islamic cultures. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Use of Nikāħu l-Mutˤa in everyday life

The Nikāħu l-Mutˤa has been used in various ways:

• Even though there are no fiqh requirements of having witness or a written contract, many people prefer to have both, and in some cases do complete the contract in the presence of a learned Muslim. Iranian law requires the contract to be written in the presence of a state representative.

• Nikāħu l-Mutˤa is often used to get to know a person one intends to marry. According to Sharīˤa, a female virgin needs her legal guardian's consent to marry, which is usually given only if the aim is permanent marriage, thus securing her economic status. The consent is more difficult to obtain if the man has used Nikāħu l-Mutˤa casually.

• Some people have chosen to live in a Nikāħu l-Mutˤa for 99 years out of preference for its rules. For example, a woman may prefer freedom to go out, to financial support.

• Others use Nikāħu l-Mutˤa in order to become Mahram (un-marriable) with somebody they do not intend do cohabit with or have a married relationship with, but with whom they spend a lot of time (for example share a house). In order to ease the Hijāb (modest dress) rules, they engage in a Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, writing in the marriage contract that no physical contact is allowed.

• The Nikāħu l-Mutˤa can be used exclusively for the aim of having sex.

• Two people who live in the same house but are not mahram (un-marriable) and must observe hijāb may engage in a symbolic Nikāħu l-Mutˤa with the others' offspring for a minimal amount of time (two minutes or less). The Nikāħu l-Mutˤa does not need to have any practical consequence, but it will make the parent and the offsprings husband or wife permanently mahram to each other, and thus no longer obliged to observe hijāb rules.

• Young unmarried males who live in the West and who can not control their sexual urges when exposed to western culture may decide to use Nikāħu l-Mutˤa as an alternative to Zina. Thus in practice they engage in something very similar to western relations (that is, there is the potential of permanent marriage), but it differs in that there is a specified time as to how long the relationship is to last, with the possibility to prolong that period.

• It is used to marry women from Ahlu l-Kitāb, since only Mutˤa is permitted with them according to Shia fiqh.

• Some divorced men and woman, disillusioned with permanent marriage, prefer to only commit for a few years at a time.

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In Islamic sharia legal terminology, a mahram (Arabic محرم, also transcribed mahrim or maharem) is an unmarriageable kin with whom sexual intercourse would be considered incestuous, a punishable taboo. ... Ħijāb (Arabic: حجاب) is the Arabic term for barrier or dressing modestly. ... In Islamic sharia legal terminology, a mahram (Arabic محرم, also transcribed mahrim or maharem) is an unmarriageable kin with whom sexual intercourse would be considered incestuous, a punishable taboo. ... Ħijāb (Arabic: حجاب) is the Arabic term for barrier or dressing modestly. ... Zina (زنا) is an Arabic term for extramarital or premarital sex. ... The People of the Book or ahl al Kitâb, (Arabic: اهل الكتاب) is a term in Islam for peoples who, according to the Quran, have received divine scriptures —referring to the Taurat (the Torah) and Injeel (the New Testament), as well as the Quran. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Qur'anic origin

Most Muslims believe that this institution was established by God through Muhammad in the Qur'an. Its single mention in the Qur'an is verse 4:24. For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Alcoran, Turkish Kuran), is the central text of Islam. ...

The prominent Sunni exeges ibn Kathir states in his Tafsir: Ibn Kathir (Arabic : بن كثير ) was an Islamic scholar born in Busra, Syria in 1301 CE. He was taught by the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyya in Damascus, Syria. ... A tafsir ( (Arabic: تفسير )tafsÄ«r, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic explanation) is Quranic exegesis or commentary. ...

[فَمَا اسْتَمْتَعْتُمْ بِهِ مِنْهُنَّ فَـَاتُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً]

"('So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due') was revealed on the subject of the Mutˤa marriage. A Mutˤa marriage is a marriage that ends upon a predetermined date." ^{Tafsir ibn Kathir Sunni site}.

The event of revelation was during the battle of Hunayn in 9 ah (631 CE) ^{Muslim 3432}. Tafsir ibn Kathir is a classic Sunni Islam tafsir (commentary of the Quran) by Ibn Kathir. ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ...

Tabari in his Tafsir writes under this verse a hadith from Mujahid: Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), was an author from Persia. ... A tafsir ( (Arabic: تفسير )tafsīr, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic explanation) is Quranic exegesis or commentary. ... Hadith (Arabic: hadīth, Arabic pl. ...

"The phrase 'So for whatever you have had of pleasure (Istamta'tum) with them by the contract [4:24]' means the Temporary Marriage (Nikāħu l-Mutˤa)." ^ref

This type of marriage was practised during the time of Muhammad, and Muhammad told a Sahāba to "do it." ^{bukhari 062.052}, and some Sahāba benefitted from this type of marriage during the time of both ˤUmar and Abū Bakr ^{Muslim 3248}. In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابه) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ...

The full verse is:

• (Shakir): "And all married women except those whom your right hands possess (this is) God's ordinance to you, and lawful for you are (all women) besides those, provided that you seek (them) with your property, taking (them) in marriage not committing fornication. Then as to those whom you profit by, give them their dowries as appointed; and there is no blame on you about what you mutually agree after what is appointed; surely God is Knowing, Wise."

• (Transliterated Arabic): "Wā l-muhsanātu mina n-nisā' illa mā malakat aymānukum kitāba l-Lāhi ˤalaykum wāħilla lakum mā warā' đalikum ān tabtaghū bi'amwālikum muħsinīna ghayra musāfiħīna famā istamtaˤtum bihi minhunna fātūhunna ujūrahunna farīđatan walā junāħa ˤalaykum fīmā tarāđaytum bihi min baˤdi l-farīđati inna l-Lāha kāna ˤalīmān ħakīmān."

• (Arabic): وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ النِّسَاء إِلاَّ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ كِتَابَ اللّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ وَأُحِلَّ لَكُم مَّا وَرَاء ذَلِكُمْ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ بِأَمْوَالِكُم مُّحْصِنِينَ غَيْرَ مُسَافِحِينَ فَمَا اسْتَمْتَعْتُم بِهِ مِنْهُنَّ فَآتُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً وَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا تَرَاضَيْتُم بِهِ مِن بَعْدِ الْفَرِيضَةِ إِنَّ اللّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا

M. H. Shakir Zaid Shakir This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another. ... Countries where Arabic is spoken. ...

Fornication

The phrase "taking (them) in marriage not committing fornication" implies that this is the legal prevention of fornication. Fornication refers to any sexual activity between unmarried partners. ...

"Istamtaˤtum"

The phrase those whom you profit by, in Arabic istamtaˤtum bihi, has the same root as Mutˤāħ, that is, MTĦ. The word is usually translated in its general meaning as "those whom ye seek content" or "they whom you have enjoyed". If the word was translated as an Islamic term, the translation would be: "They with whom you have made Mutˤāħ", or "They whom you have married for a fixed time". This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

Tabari in his Tafsir al-Kabir under the verse 4:24 mentioned a Tafsir Qudsi: Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), was an author from Persia. ... ... Tafsir Qudsi (or Sacred Tafsir) are a form of Tafsir. ...

Abu Nadhra said: Ibn Abbas recited the verse 4:24 with the addition of "to an appointed time". I said to him: "I did not read it this way." Ibn Abbas replied: "I swear by God, this is how God revealed it," and Ibn Abbas repeated this statement three times."

Al-Tha'labi in his Tafsir al-Kabir, under commentary of verse 4:24 narrated a similar tradition from Sa'id bin Jubayr. Tabari continued: Abdullah ibn Abbas was a cousin of the prophet Muhammad. ... Abdullah ibn Abbas was a cousin of the prophet Muhammad. ... Sa’īd bin Jubayr, whose known was Abū Muhammad, was originally from Kufa. ... Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), was an author from Persia. ...

Abu Nadhra said: I asked Ibn Abbas about temporary marriage (Mutˤāħ of women). Ibn Abbās said: "Do you not read 'For whatever you enjoyed (Istamtaˤtum) them by the contract to an appointed time?" I said: "If I would have read it this way, I wouldn't ask you (about temporary marriage)!" He replied: "Certainly the verse is about it."

Tabari continues to say that Ubay Ibn Ka'ab also knew that tafsir ^ref. Abdullah ibn Abbas was a cousin of the prophet Muhammad. ... Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), was an author from Persia. ...

Ujūrahunna

The phrase "give them their dowries as appointed" is "bihi minhunna fātūhunna ujūrahunna farīdatan". "'Ujūrahunna" is derived from ajr "compensation". This is in contrast to the verse on the subject of Nikāħ, verse 4:4. It states: Nikkah is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of a Islamic marriage. ...

• (Shakir): "And give women their dowries as a free gift..."

• (Transliterated Arabic): "Wātū' an-nisā' saduqātihinna nihlatan"

• (Arabic): وَآتُواْ النَّسَاء صَدُقَاتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةًَ

The word translated in 4:4 as "dowries" is "saduqātihinna". It is not the same word as used in 4:24, although it is often translated as such. In fact, 4:4 refers to "dowries" while 4:24 refers to "compensation". Furthermore, 4:4 says "dowries as a free gift", while 4:24 says "dowries as appointed". However, this should only be taken as a difference between the Nikāħ vers of 4:4 and the Nikah Mut'ah verse of 4:24 and it does not constitute a proof that "ujūrahunna" refers to only Nikah Mut'ah, since the same word is used in verse 33:50 when referring to Nikāħ. Nikkah is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of a Islamic marriage. ... Nikkah is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of a Islamic marriage. ...

"After what is appointed"

The section "and there is no blame on you about what you mutually agree after what is appointed" refers to prolonging the marriage or making it permanent, something which is mustahab "recommended". If this doesn't occur, the wife must observe the Iddah, making it impossible for a woman to engage in a Nikāħu l-Mutˤa more than six times per year, assuming a menstruation cycle of 20 days. It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded. ...

Muslims' view

This topic is controversial in the Muslim world. Shia deem it as a blessing revealed in the Qur'an intended to make everyday life easier, while Sunnis view it as haram, or forbidden. Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...

Although this is the main fiqh difference between Shia and Sunnis, it is still merely a fiqh issue and not relevant to the core beliefs. The question is whether Muhammad or Umar abolished it, it does not define whether one is Shi'a or Sunni. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ...

In theory, a Sunni could conclude, just like the Shi'a, that it was Umar that forbade Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, in the same way that he forbade Mutˤa of Hajj, but this knoweldge was lost in history and hence it is halāl to engage in one. This would not cause him to become a non-Sunni (however it would bring much doubt to the legitamacy of Umar's caliphate), in the same manner that Salafi have re-evaluated various laws in Islam. Mutah of Hajj or hajj at-tamattu or joy of hajj (?) involves some practice between the time of a Umrah and a Hajj. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In either case, both Shi'a and Sunni scholars agree that Muhammad comanded it, and the Sahāba practiced it. It has however been met with disbelief from some Sunni individuals when confronted with evidence that the salaf and early Sunni scholars like Tabari, Ibn Kathir and Imam Muslim belived that Surah 4:24 is about Nikāħu l-Mutˤa. In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابه) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), was an author from Persia. ... Ibn Kathir (Arabic : بن كثير ) was an Islamic scholar born in Busra, Syria in 1301 CE. He was taught by the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyya in Damascus, Syria. ... Abul Husayn Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Qushayri al-Nisaburi (Arabic: أبو الحسين مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيسابوري) (born 204 A.H. - 261 (or 268?) A.H/ 875), Muslim Author of the second most widely recognized collection of Hadith in Sunni Islam. ... See also: Sura (disambiguation). ...

To see the ahadith that Shi'a and Sunni use to suport their arguments, see Hadiths related to Nikāħu l-Mutˤa. Hadith (Arabic: hadÄ«th, Arabic pl. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Sunni view

The overwhelming majority of Sunnis have a very unfavorable view of Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, since they believe that it is haram (forbidden). Some call it "legalized prostitution", a comparison very common in Internet chat communities: Google. This association may be stronger among those who have negative feelings toward Shias in general, and is strongest among those who follow the Salafi school of thought. The prominent Salafi scholar Bin Baaz has introduced a marriage similar to Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, Nikah Misyar, which many Sunnis view as dubious. A Salafi (Arabic سلفي referring to early Muslim), from the Arabic word Salaf سلف (literally meaning predecessors or early generations), is an adherent of a contemporary movement in Sunni Islam that is sometimes called Salafism and sometimes identified with Wahhabism. ... A Salafi (Arabic سلفي referring to early Muslim), from the Arabic word Salaf سلف (literally meaning predecessors or early generations), is an adherent of a contemporary movement in Sunni Islam that is sometimes called Salafism and sometimes identified with Wahhabism. ... Abdul Azeez ibn Abdullaah ibn Baaz (also Shaikh Abdulaziz bin Baz or Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Baz) was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999. ... Misyar Marriage or travellers marriage (Arabic نكاح المسيار) is a marriage without the couple living together in the same house, the husband not being financially responsible for his wife. ...

Shi'a view

Most shia followers understand that calling Nikah Mut'ah prostitution is nothing but slander. They believe that it is no more a prostitution than premanent marriage, the underlying difference between the two is it being in the name of God and under God.

 Muslims in countries that permit Nikāħu l-Mutˤa, such as Iran, have varying views on this form of marriage, depending on how it is used. Some practices are viewed as being more legitimate, while others are viewed as irresponsible. 

See also

• Ahadith related to Nikāħu l-Mutˤa
• Muslim controversies related to Nikāħu l-Mutˤa
• Islamic view of marriage

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article tries to represent both views regarding Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mutah. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

References

General

• usatoday.com
• answering-christianity.com

Shia links

• "Temporary Marriage in Islamic Law" — Sachiko Murata (Al-Serat vol. XIII, no 1)
• A Shi'ite Encyclopedia:
  • "Temporary Marriage in Islam": Part I | Part II | Part III | Part IV | Part V | Part VI | Part VII | VIII
  • Debate on the Legitimacy of Mut'a — taken with some modifications from Temporary Marriage in Islamic Law by Abul Qasim Gourji
• "Mut'ah 'temporary marriage'" — sistani.org
• "Mut'ah, a comprehensive guide" — Answering Ansar
• http://www.mutah.com/

Fatāwa from different marja: A fatwa (Arabic: ) plural fatāwa (فتاوى), is a legal pronouncement in Islam, issued by a religious law specialist on a specific issue. ... A marja, or marja-e-taqleed (Arabic and persian مرجع تقليد), literally source of imitation or source of tradition, is the second highest authority on religion and law in Shia Islam after the prophet and (Shia) Imams. ...

• Sistani
• Khamenei
• Muhammad Shirazi

Sunni links

• Temporary Marriage, by Sheikh Amjad Rasheed (Shafi'i)
• Temporary Marriage & Avoiding Arguments, by Sheikh Faraz Rabbani (Hanafi)
• "Mut'ah marriage and refutation of those Raafidis who permit it" Islam Questions & Answers
• "What is meant my 'Mut'ah nikah'? What is its history and place in (the) modern age?" Understanding Islam
• "Concept of Mut'uh" — Ahmad 'Abdullah Salamah, allaahuakbar.net
• http://www.guidedones.com/metapage/frq/mutah10.htm