The Nihil novi is a common term for Nihil novi nisi commune consensu (latin nothing new without the consensus of all), a 1505 legal act of Poland, also known as nothing about us without us. The phrase nihil novi is also used as short for the phrase, Sub sole nihil novi... Nihil novi act adopted by the For other uses, see Poland (disambiguation). The Republic of Poland, a country in Central Europe, lies between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave... Polish The Sejm building in Warsaw. Sejm or Seym (pronounced: [sεjm]) is the name of the lower house of the Polish parliament. Before the 20th century the term Sejm/Seym, or Diet, referred to the three-chamber Polish parliament, which consisted of the lower house (Izba Poselska), the upper... Diet in Years: 1502 1503 1504 - 1505 - 1506 1507 1508 Decades: 1470s 1480s 1490s - 1500s - 1510s 1520s 1530s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th centuryt Events March 5 - Papal dispensation issued for the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon June 27 - Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement... 1505 transferred all Articles related to Separation of powers Executive Legislature Judiciary A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. Legislatures are known by many names, including: parliament, congress, diet and national assembly. In parliamentary systems of government, the legislature is formally supreme and appoints the executive. In... legislative power from the This article treats the generic title monarch. For the origins of the word king and its English use, see Germanic king. For other meanings of the word, see Monarch (disambiguation) A monarch is a type of ruler or head of state. The word derives from Greek monos archein, meaning one... king to the Diet. This event marked the beginning of the period known as "Nobles' Democracy" or "Nobles' Commonwealth" ( Rzeczpospolita (pronounced: [ʒεʧpɔsˈpɔλita], zhech-poss-POH-lee-tah) is a Polish calque translation of the Latin expression res publica (public affair). It has been used in Poland since at least 16th century, originally to denote any democratic state. Today, however... Rzeczpospolita szlachecka) when the This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of a state and a... state was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility ( This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Szlachta (pronounced: [ʃlaxta]) was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the late Middle Ages through the 18th century and even into the 19th century. Traditionally, szlachta... szlachta). The The Union of Lublin, painted by Jan Matejko The Union of Lublin (Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія; Polish: Unia lubelska) - signed July 1, 1569 in Lublin, united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania... Lublin Union of Years: 1566 1567 1568 - 1569 - 1570 1571 1572 Decades: 1530s 1540s 1550s - 1560s - 1570s 1580s 1590s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events January 11 - First recorded lottery in England. March 13 - Battle of Jarnac - Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the... 1569 constituted the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów Coat of Arms of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, combining Coat of Arms of Poland (eagle) and Coat of Arms of Lithuania The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw... Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in This article is about the continent. For alternative meanings, see: Europe (disambiguation) A comprehensive collection of continental features is found in Europe, albeit on a smaller scale than elsewhere. Mountain ranges, peninsulas, islands and more arid or cold regions can be seen in this satellite composite image of Europe Europe... European Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. Although it is generally applied to governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions including corporate, academic, and religious. Political science is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of... politics and a vital For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). In general, it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. Culture is traditionally the oldest human... cultural entity. By the (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th century the nobles' democracy gradually declined into This article is part of the This article is part of the Anarchism series. Schools of Anarchism This article is part of the Communism series. edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Template:Communism&action=edit) Schools of Communism Marxism Leninism Trotskyism Stalinism Maoism Left communism... anarchy, making the once powerful Commonwealth vulnerable to foreign influence. Eventually the country was The Partitions of Poland (Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Poland (or more correctly the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). They involved Prussia, Russia and Austria dividing up the Polish lands between themselves. The three partitions occurred: February... partitioned by its neighbors and erased from the map in Years: 1792 1793 1794 - 1795 - 1796 1797 1798 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1795 in art 1795 in literature 1795 in music 1795 in science List of state leaders in 1795 List of religious leaders in 1795 Contents // 1 Events... 1795.

Founding of The Elective Monarchy

Jan Matejko (1838-1893) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This photograph of the work is also in the public domain...

Jan Matejko (1838-1893) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This photograph of the work is also in the public domain...

" The Union of Lublin, painted by Jan Matejko The Union of Lublin (Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія; Polish: Unia lubelska) - signed July 1, 1569 in Lublin, united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania... Union of Lublin" of Years: 1566 1567 1568 - 1569 - 1570 1571 1572 Decades: 1530s 1540s 1550s - 1560s - 1570s 1580s 1590s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events January 11 - First recorded lottery in England. March 13 - Battle of Jarnac - Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the... 1569, oil on canvas by Categories: Stub | Polish painters | 1838 births | 1893 deaths ... Jan Matejko, 1869, 298 x 512 cm, National Museum in For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation). Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa, see also other names, in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. It is located on the Vistula river roughly 350 km from both the Baltic Sea... Warsaw.

Death of Sigismund Augustus at Knyszyn by Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert...

Death of Sigismund Augustus at Knyszyn by Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert...

"Death of Zygmunt II August Reign From April 1, 1548 until July 6, 1572 Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Jagiellon Parents Zygmunt I Stary Bona Sforza Consorts Elżbieta Habsburzanka Barbara Radziwiłł Katarzyna Austriaczka Barbara Giżycka Children with... Sigismund II Augustus at Knyszyn is a town in north-eastern Poland. Situated in the Podlasie Voivodship (since 1999), previously in Bialystok Voivodship (1975-1998). Originally, belonged to Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1569 annexed by Polish crown. 1795 to Prussia, 1806 to Russia, 1919 back to Poland. 1939-1941 Soviet Union, 1941-1944... Knyszyn" July 6, 1572, oil on canvas, 1886, National Museum in For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation). Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa, see also other names, in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. It is located on the Vistula river roughly 350 km from both the Baltic Sea... Warsaw.

The death of Zygmunt II August Reign From April 1, 1548 until July 6, 1572 Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Jagiellon Parents Zygmunt I Stary Bona Sforza Consorts Elżbieta Habsburzanka Barbara Radziwiłł Katarzyna Austriaczka Barbara Giżycka Children with... Sigismund II Augustus in Years: 1569 1570 1571 - 1572 - 1573 1574 1575 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1572 in literature 1572 in science Events January 16 - The Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism... 1572 was followed by a three-year An interregnum is a period between kings, or between popes of the Roman Catholic Church. In particular: The 1254-1273 period in the Holy Roman Empire between the end of Hohenstaufen rule and the beginning of Habsburg rule. The 1332-1340 period in Denmark when the country was mortgaged to... interregnum period during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system. The lower nobility was now included in the selection process, and the power of the monarch was further circumscribed in favor of the expanded noble class. Each king had to sign the so called Henrician Articles, also known as Henrykian Articles (Polish Artykuły henrykowskie), contained the most important ideals of governance in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in form of 21 Articles written and voted for by the szlachta in 1573 during the times of interregnum in the town of Kamien near Warsaw... Henrician Articles, which were the basis of the political system of Poland, and External links From Polish online encyclopedia (http://wiem.onet.pl/wiem/0059ad.html) Categories: Poland-related stubs | Polish history ... pacta conventa which were various personal obligations of the chosen king. From that point, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and constantly supervised by a group of A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. The word senate is derived from the Latin word senex (old man), via the Latin word senatus (senate). The Latin word senator has been adopted by English with no change in spelling. Its meaning comes... senators. Once the The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty which reigned in some Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century. Members of the dynasty were grand dukes of Lithuania 1377-1392 and 1440-1572, kings of Poland 1386-1572, kings of Hungary 1440-1444 and 1490-1526, and kings of Bohemia... Jagiellons disappeared from the scene, the fragile equilibrium of the Commonwealth government began to go awry. The constitutional reforms made the monarchy electoral in fact as well as name. As more and more power went to the noble electors, it also eroded from the government's center.

The Republic at Zenith of Power. Golden Liberty. Election in 1573. by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del...

The Republic at Zenith of Power. Golden Liberty. Election in 1573. by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del...

" Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów Coat of Arms of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, combining Coat of Arms of Poland (eagle) and Coat of Arms of Lithuania The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw... The Republic at Zenith of Power. Golden Liberty. Kings election in Years: 1570 1571 1572 - 1573 - 1574 1575 1576 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1573 in literature 1573 in science Events January - articles of Warsaw Confederation signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland. July - Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture... 1573." By Jan Mateko

In its periodic opportunities to fill the throne, the This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Szlachta (pronounced: [ʃlaxta]) was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the late Middle Ages through the 18th century and even into the 19th century. Traditionally, szlachta... szlachta exhibited a preference for foreign candidates who would not found another strong A dynasty is a family or extended family which retains political power across generations, or more generally, any organization which extends dominance in its field even as its particular members change. See also: family dictatorship. A series of dynasties dating back to the Xia ruled China until the Revolution of... dynasty. This policy produced monarchs who were either totally ineffective or in constant debilitating conflict with the nobility. Furthermore, aside from notable exceptions such as the able For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation). Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko, Polish: Siedmiogród) is a historic region that forms the western and the central parts of Romania. Contents // 1 Geography 2 Economy 3 Population 4 Etymology 5... Transylvanian Stefan Batory ( Years: 1573 1574 1575 - 1576 - 1577 1578 1579 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). End of the Fifth... 1576- Years: 1583 1584 1585 - 1586 - 1587 1588 1589 Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events November 19 - Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist is imprisoned. The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne... 1586), the kings of alien origin were inclined to subordinate the interests of the Commonwealth to those of their own country and ruling house.

Henry III (French: Henri III; Polish: Henryk III Walezy; September 19, 1551 - August 2, 1589) was King of Poland (1573-1574) and subsequently King of France (1574-1589). King Henry III Henri was born Edouard-Alexandre at the Royal Château of Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, the son of King... Henryk II Walezy ( Years: 1569 1570 1571 - 1572 - 1573 1574 1575 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1572 in literature 1572 in science Events January 16 - The Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism... 1572– Years: 1570 1571 1572 - 1573 - 1574 1575 1576 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1573 in literature 1573 in science Events January - articles of Warsaw Confederation signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland. July - Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture... 1573)

Henry II Walezy was elected a king of the Commonwealth in 1572, but shortly after, at the death of his brother Charles IX (June 27, 1550 - May 30, 1574) was born Charles-Maximilien, the son of King Henri II of France and Catherine de Medici. - King Charles IX - Born in the royal chateau at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, he was crowned King of France in 1561 in the cathedral at Reims... Charles IX, he fled Poland and returned to France to be crowned as Henry III of France.

This article is about Stefan Bathory, the king of Poland. For more information on his father, also named Stephen (István) see: István Báthory Stefan Batory Reign From December 9, 1575 until December 12, 1586 Elected On December 9, 1575 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation... Stefan Batory ( Years: 1573 1574 1575 - 1576 - 1577 1578 1579 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). End of the Fifth... 1576- Years: 1583 1584 1585 - 1586 - 1587 1588 1589 Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events November 19 - Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist is imprisoned. The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne... 1586)

Poland defeated Russia's Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. He is also known as Ivan the Terrible (Ива́н Гро́зный, Ivan Grozny). This tsar retains his place in... Ivan the Terrible and retrieved most of the lost provinces, including This article is about the region in Europe. For other uses see Livonia (disambiguation). Livonia once was the land of the Finnic Livonians, but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory controlled by the Livonian Order in Balticum on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea... Livland. At the end of his reign, Poland ruled two main The Baltic Sea is in northeastern Europe, bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of east and central Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat and the North Sea by way of the resund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. It is linked to the White... Baltic sea ports: For alternative meanings of Gdańsk and Danzig, see Gdansk (disambiguation) and Danzig (disambiguation) The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is Gdańsk. Gdańsk (Flag) (Coat of Arms) Motto: Nec temere, nec timide (Neither rashly nor timidly... Gdańsk controlling the Vistula river basin Vistula (Polish Wisła), is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 kilometers (678 miles) long and drains about 192,000 square kilometers (74,000 sq. miles), or almost two thirds of Polands surface. The Vistula has its source in the south of... Vistula river trade and The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is Rīga. Riga seen from the left bank of the Daugava Riga (in Latvian language orthography Rīga), the capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast at the mouth... Riga controlling The Daugava or Western Dvina (Russian: За́падная Двина́, Belarusan: Дзьвіна́, Latvian: Daugava, German: Düna, Polish Dźwina) is a river rising in the Valdai Hills flowing through Russia... Dvina trade. Both cities were among the largest in the country.

" This article is about Stefan Bathory, the king of Poland. For more information on his father, also named Stephen (István) see: István Báthory Stefan Batory Reign From December 9, 1575 until December 12, 1586 Elected On December 9, 1575 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation... Batory at Categories: Russia geography stubs | Cities in Russia ... Psków", oil on canvas, 1872, 322 x 512 cm, Categories: Stub | Buildings in Poland | Castles in Poland | Warsaw ... Royal Castle in Warsaw. Siege of the city.

During the The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. The Livonian Confederation was weakened while its Eastern neighbor Muscovy had grown stronger after defeating the Muslim khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in the 1550s. The Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible demanded that Livonian Confederation pay huges taxes (40,000 talers) for the... Livonian War ( Years: 1575 1576 1577 - 1578 - 1579 1580 1581 Decades: 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don John begins to recover control of the... 1578- Years: 1579 1580 1581 - 1582 - 1583 1584 1585 Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events January 15 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland February 24 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain October 4... 1582), between Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. He is also known as Ivan the Terrible (Ива́н Гро́зный, Ivan Grozny). This tsar retains his place in... Ivan the Terrible of [edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Russia&action=edit)] History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Crimean Khanate Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union Russian Federation Рос... Russia and This article is about Stefan Bathory, the king of Poland. For more information on his father, also named Stephen (István) see: István Báthory Stefan Batory Reign From December 9, 1575 until December 12, 1586 Elected On December 9, 1575 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation... Stefan Batory of the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów Coat of Arms of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, combining Coat of Arms of Poland (eagle) and Coat of Arms of Lithuania The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw... Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city was besieged by Polish forces. Poland failed to capture the city, but Batory, with his Chancellor (Latin: cancellarius), an official title used by most of the peoples whose civilization has arisen directly or indirectly out of the Roman empire. At different times and in different countries it has stood and stands for very various duties, and has been, and is, borne by officers of various... chancellor Jan Zamoyski Noble Family Zamoyski Coat of Arms Jelita Parents Stanisław Zamoyski Anna Herburt Consorts Anna Ossolińska Krystyna Radziwiłł Gryzelda Batory Barbara Tarnowska Children with Barbara Tarnowska Tomasz Zamoyski Date of Birth March 19, 1542 Place of Birth Skokówka, Poland Date of Death... Jan Zamojski, led the Polish army in a brilliant decisive campaign and forced Russia to return other territories and gained This article is about the region in Europe. For other uses see Livonia (disambiguation). Livonia once was the land of the Finnic Livonians, but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory controlled by the Livonian Order in Balticum on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea... Livonia and Polatsk (Belarusian: По́лацак, По́лацк; Polish: Połock, also spelt as Polacak; Russian: По́лоцк, also transliterated as Polotsk, Polotzk, Polock) is the most historic city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina... Polock. In 1582 the war ended with Commonwealth vicotry with Peace treaty in Jam Zapolski was signed in January 1582 between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lead by king Stefan Batory and Russia lead by Tazar Ivan the Terrible. The peace treaty finished the Livonian war with ultimate Polish success: Livonia and Polock returned to Poland. See also Timeline of Polish diplomacy... peace treaty in Jam Zapolski.

Stefan Bathory planned a This article is about the religous people known as Christians. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). The term Christian means belonging to Christ, and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means anointed one, which is itself a translation of the... Christian alliance against the This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) People Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Mecca · Medina · Jerusalem Najaf · Karbala · Kufa Kazimain · Mashhad · Samarra Events... Islamic Ottomans. He proposed an anti-Ottoman alliance with Russia, which he considered a necessary step for his anti-Ottoman Crusade Series First Crusade Peoples Crusade German Crusade, 1096 Crusade of 1101 Second Crusade Third Crusade Fourth Crusade Albigensian Crusade Childrens Crusade Fifth Crusade Sixth Crusade Seventh Crusade Shepherds Crusade Eighth Crusade Ninth Crusade Northern Crusades This article is about historical Crusades . For other uses, see Crusade (disambiguation... crusade. However, Russia was on the way to the For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline, see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms). The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the end of 16th and beginning of 17th century. The Time of... Time of Troubles so he could not find a partner there. When Stefan Bathory died, there was a one year interregnum. Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II Maximilian II of the Habsburg dynasty was born in 1527 at Vienna and died in 1576 in Regensburg. Maximilian was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 until his death. His father and... Emperor Mathias's brother Archduke Maximilian III of Austria, also known as Maximilian the Deutschmeister (born October 12, 1558 in Wiener Neustadt; died November 2, 1618 in Vienna) was the third son of Emperor Maximilian II. From 1585 onwards, he was the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and administrator of Prussia. In 1587... Maximilian III tried to claim title of King of Poland, but was defeated at Byczyna and Zygmunt III Waza Sigismund Reign in Poland From September 18, 1587 until April 19, 1632 Reign in Sweden From November 17, 1592 until July 24, 1599 Elected in Poland On September 18, 1587 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation in Poland On December 27, 1587 in the Wawel... Sigismund III Vasa followed Stefan Bathory's reign.

The Vasa Coat of Arms The House of Vasa was the Royal House of Sweden (1523-1654) and of Poland (1587-1668). Kings and Queens of Sweden Gustav I (1523-1560) Eric XIV (1560-1568) John III (1568-1592) Sigismund I (1592-1599) Charles IX (1599-1611) Gustav II Adolph... House of Vasa

Zygmunt III Waza Sigismund Reign in Poland From September 18, 1587 until April 19, 1632 Reign in Sweden From November 17, 1592 until July 24, 1599 Elected in Poland On September 18, 1587 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation in Poland On December 27, 1587 in the Wawel... Zygmunt III Waza ( Years: 1584 1585 1586 - 1587 - 1588 1589 1590 Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is executed. July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina... 1587- Years: 1629 1630 1631 - 1632 - 1633 1634 1635 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1632 in literature 1632 in science See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300... 1632)

Sermon of Skarga by Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old...

Sermon of Skarga by Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old...

"Sermon of Categories: 1536 | 1612 | Polish priests | Polish writers | People stubs ... Skarga" (1536-1612), oil on canvas, 1862, 224 x 397 cm, Categories: Stub | Buildings in Poland | Castles in Poland | Warsaw ... Royal Castle in Warsaw.

The first few years of Sigismund's reign, until Years: 1595 1596 1597 - 1598 - 1599 1600 1601 Decades: 1560s 1570s 1580s - 1590s - 1600s 1610s 1620s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1598 in art 1598 state leaders Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I... 1598 saw For other uses, see Poland (disambiguation). The Republic of Poland, a country in Central Europe, lies between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave... Poland and Sweden (Swedish: Sverige) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. It is bordered by Norway on the west, Finland on the northeast, the Skagerrak and the Kattegat on the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia on the east. Sweden has a relatively low population... Sweden united in a personal union that made the The Baltic Sea is in northeastern Europe, bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of east and central Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat and the North Sea by way of the resund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. It is linked to the White... Baltic sea an internal lake. However, the A rebellion is, in the most general sense, a refusal to accept authority. It may thus be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors from a mild flouting of social norms to a violent organized attempt to destroy established authority. It is often used to refer to armed resistance to... rebellion in Sweden started the chain of events that would involve Commonwealth in more than a century of warfare with Sweden.

In the end, Sigismund III Waza failed to strengthen the Commonwealth nor to solve its internal problems; instead he concentrated on a futile attempt to regain his former Swedish throne.

Polish-Sweden-Muscovy Wars

Sigismund desire to reclaim the throne drove Sigismund into prolonged military adventures waged against his native Sweden under Charles IX, or Karl IX (1550-1611), king of Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustav I of Sweden and Margareta Lejonhufvud. By his fathers will he got, by way of appanage, the Duchy of Sudermannia, which included the provinces of Nericia and Wermelandia; but he did not come... Charlex IX and later also The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia. In 1598 Sigismund tried to defeat Charles with a mixed army from Sweden and Poland but was defeated in the battle of Stångebro. The war continued, punctuated by many ceasefires and broken peace treaties. On occasion, these campaigns brought Poland to a nearly complete conquest of The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia and the Baltic coast during the For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline, see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms). The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the end of 16th and beginning of 17th century. The Time of... Time of Troubles and False Dmitry I (ruled 1605-1606) was one of three pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, who had miraculously escaped the assasination attempt. It is generally believed that the real Dmitry was assasinated in Uglich and Pseudo... False Dimitris, had it not been for the military burden imposed by the ongoing rivalry on multiple borders: the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye Ottoman Coat of Arms Small This image may not have information on its source. It may be usable under fair use but this has yet to be verified. It might be public domain or under a licence compatible with... Turks, the Swedes and the Russians.

The southern wars

Commonwealth-Ottomans relations were never too warm, as the Commonwealth viewed itself as the 'bulwark of the Christendom' and together with Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. Their principal roles were as: Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806, and rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918... Habsburgs and The Republic of Venice was a city-state in Venetia in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. It was known as the Most Serene Republic. It existed from the 9th century until the 18th century (1797). Most Serene Republic of Venice (Coat of Arms) Map goes here Official... Republic of Venice was the thorn in the Ottoman plans of European conquest. Since the second half of the 16th century, Polish-Ottomans relations, never too friendly, were further worsened by the escalation of This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Cossack (Polish Kozak; plural, Kozacy, Russian Kazak (Казак); plural, Kazaki (К... Cossacks- The term Tatar may refer to A member of the Tatars, Crimean Tatars Tatar language, Crimean Tatar language Native people of Crimea, Tatarstan See also: Turkic peoples, Turkic languages. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If... Tatars border warfare, which turned the entire border region between the Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire into a semi-pernament warzone.

In the Years: 1592 1593 1594 - 1595 - 1596 1597 1598 Decades: 1560s 1570s 1580s - 1590s - 1600s 1610s 1620s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1595 state leaders Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time June 9 - Battle of Fontaine-Française. Henry IV... 1595, For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see business magnate Magnate is a title of nobility commonly used in Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and some other medieval empires. In medieval times, a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting revenue of the manors and the associated... magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intervented in the affairs of Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. Map showing Romania without Moldavia in blue and Moldavia (parts inside and outside Romania) in yellow Contents // 1 Geography 2 History 3 Name 4 Population 5 Coat of... Moldavia. This would start a series of conflicts that would soon spread to For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation). Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko, Polish: Siedmiogród) is a historic region that forms the western and the central parts of Romania. Contents // 1 Geography 2 Economy 3 Population 4 Etymology 5... Transylvania, Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. Wallachia (also spelt Walachia; Romanian: Ţara Românească - literally Romanian country; also Vlahia or Valahia; Turkish: Iflak) formed a Romanian principality in eastern Europe from the late Middle Ages until the mid-19th century. The capital city changed over time, from... Wallachia and The Republic of Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the Country of the Magyars or Magyarország. Magyar Köztársaság (Flag) (Coat of Arms) National motto: none Official languages Hungarian... Hungary, when the Commonwealth forces clashed with the forces backed by Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye Ottoman Coat of Arms Small This image may not have information on its source. It may be usable under fair use but this has yet to be verified. It might be public domain or under a licence compatible with... Ottoman Empire and occasionally Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. Their principal roles were as: Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806, and rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918... Habsburgs, all competing for the domination over that region.

With the Commonwealth engaged on its northern and eastern borders with near constant conflicts against Sweden and Muscovy, its armies were spread thin. Finally, the southern wars culminated in the Polish defeat at the Battle of Cecora Conflict Polish-Ottoman Wars Date 17 September-7 October 1620 Place near Cecora and Prut river, Moldova Result Polish defeat Combatants Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Ottoman Empire Commanders Stanisław Żólkiewski Iskander Pasha Strength ~10.000 troops ~13.000-22.000 troops Casualties high ? Battle before... battle of Cecora in 1620. Eventually the Commonwealth was forced to renounce all claims to Moldavia, Transylvania, Wallachia and Hungary.

Religious and social tensions

The population of Poland-Lithuania was neither overwhelmingly The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. Members generally prefer the term Catholic Church, but this term has multiple meanings (see Catholicism); the term Roman Catholic Church is used in this article to avoid... Roman Catholic nor Polish. This circumstance resulted from the federation with Lithuania, where ethnic You may also be looking for the plural of the word pole. The Poles are a western Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with Poland and the Polish language. There are around 38 million Poles in Poland as well as autochthonous Polish minorities in the surrounding countries such as Germany, Lithuania... Poles were a distinct minority. In those days, to be Polish was much less an indication of ethnicity than of rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the Landed property or landed estates is a real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without himself having to do the actual work at the estate. It was a hallmark of feudalism, and freed the owner for other tasks, such as government administration... landed noble class, which included members of Polish and non-Polish origin alike. Generally speaking, the ethnically non-Polish noble families of Lithuania adopted the Polish (polski, język polski) is the official language of Poland. Polish (Polski) Spoken in: Poland, also over 500,000 speakers in Germany, Ukraine, and USA. Region:  - Total speakers: 46 million Ranking: 22 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Balto-Slavic group   Slavic    West... Polish language and Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. Start the Polish culture article (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_culture&action=edit) If you have created this page in the past few minutes and it has not yet appeared, it may not be... culture. As a result, in the eastern territories of the kingdom a Polish or polonized aristocracy dominated over a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonisation efforts to Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and... Ukraine, which heightened tensions between peasants, Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew  · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership  · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite)  · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany  · France  ... Jews and nobles. The tensions were aggravated by the conflicts between Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. For the book written by G. K. Chesterton see Orthodoxy (book). The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho (right, correct) and dox (thought, teaching), is typically used to refer to the correct observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body... Orthodox and The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. Or it may apply to these particular Churches themselves... Greek Catholic churches following the The decision of the (Ruthenian) Church of Rus, the Metropolia of Kiev-Halych and all Rus, to break relations with the Patriarch of Constantinople and place themselves under the (patriarch) Pope of Rome in 1595-1596 is termed the Union of Brest (Belarusian: Берасьц... Union of Brest and by several This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Cossack (Polish Kozak; plural, Kozacy, Russian Kazak (Казак); plural, Kazaki (К... Cossack uprisings. On the West and North, cities had big German minorities, often of The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. Each of the nations in which the Reformed movement was established had originally its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations... reformed belief.

This page is protected from editing until disputes have been resolved on the discussion page. Protection is not an endorsement of the current version. To see other versions, use the page history. Władysław IV Waza Reign in Poland From November 8, 1632 until May 20, 1648... Władysław IV Waza ( Years: 1629 1630 1631 - 1632 - 1633 1634 1635 Decades: 1600s 1610s 1620s - 1630s - 1640s 1650s 1660s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1632 in literature 1632 in science See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300... 1632- Years: 1645 1646 1647 - 1648 - 1649 1650 1651 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1648 in literature 1648 in science Contents // 1 Events 1.1 Ongoing events 2 Births 3 Deaths Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years... 1648)

Wladislaw tried to achieve many military goals, including conquest of Russia, Sweden and Turkey. His reign is that of many small victories, few of them bringing anything worthwile to the Commonwealth. For a time, he was elected a Tsar, (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917... tsar, but never had any control over Russian territories. In the end, like his father, he failed to strenghten the Commonwealth or prevent the crippling events of This article is about the history of Poland. For other meanings of Deluge see Deluge. The occupation of the Republic by Sweden, Muscovy, Brandenburg and Chmielnickis Cossacks The Deluge (Polish Potop) is a name commonly assigned in the history of Poland to a series of wars in the 17th... The Deluge or Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. It was waged between the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the end, the Commonwealth not only lost parts of... Chmielnicki Rebellion, that devastated the Commonwealth in Years: 1645 1646 1647 - 1648 - 1649 1650 1651 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1648 in literature 1648 in science Contents // 1 Events 1.1 Ongoing events 2 Births 3 Deaths Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years... 1648.

Jan II Kazimierz Waza Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika... Jan Kazimierz Vasa ( Years: 1645 1646 1647 - 1648 - 1649 1650 1651 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1648 in literature 1648 in science Contents // 1 Events 1.1 Ongoing events 2 Births 3 Deaths Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years... 1648– Years: 1665 1666 1667 - 1668 - 1669 1670 1671 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1668 in literature 1668 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. February... 1668)

The reign of the last of Vasas in the Commonwealth would be dominated by the culumination in the war with Sweden, groundwork for which was laid down by the two previous Vasa kings of the Commonwealth.

In Years: 1657 1658 1659 - 1660 - 1661 1662 1663 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1660 in literature 1660 in science Events January 1 - colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins... 1660 Jan Kazimierz would be forced to renounce his claims to the Swedish throne and acknowledge Swedish sovereignty over This article is about the region in Europe. For other uses see Livonia (disambiguation). Livonia once was the land of the Finnic Livonians, but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory controlled by the Livonian Order in Balticum on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea... Livonia and city of The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is Rīga. Riga seen from the left bank of the Daugava Riga (in Latvian language orthography Rīga), the capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast at the mouth... Riga. He abdicated on September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). There are 106 days remaining. September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23... 16 September Years: 1665 1666 1667 - 1668 - 1669 1670 1671 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1668 in literature 1668 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. February... 1668 and returned to France where he joined the The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was founded in 1534 by a group of University of Paris graduate students led by Iñigo López de Loyola (Ignatius of Loyola). Contents // 1 Foundation 2 Early works 3... Jesuit order and became an ordinary For other uses, see Monk (disambiguation). A Roman Catholic monk A monk is a person who practices monasticism, adopting a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle, usually in community with others following the same path. The word comes from the Greek monachos (μοναχός), commonly translated... monk. He died in Years: 1669 1670 1671 - 1672 - 1673 1674 1675 Decades: 1640s 1650s 1660s - 1670s - 1680s 1690s 1700s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1672 in literature 1672 in science Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year... 1672.

Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. It was waged between the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the end, the Commonwealth not only lost parts of... Chmielnicki Uprising, Years: 1645 1646 1647 - 1648 - 1649 1650 1651 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1648 in literature 1648 in science Contents // 1 Events 1.1 Ongoing events 2 Births 3 Deaths Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years... 1648- Years: 1651 1652 1653 - 1654 - 1655 1656 1657 Decades: 1620s 1630s 1640s - 1650s - 1660s 1670s 1680s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1654 in art 1654 in literature 1654 in science Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. June 3 - Louis... 1654

Download high resolution version (537x800, 167 KB)Bohdan Chmielnicki with Tuhaj Bej at Lwow painted by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is...

Download high resolution version (537x800, 167 KB)Bohdan Chmielnicki with Tuhaj Bej at Lwow painted by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is...

" Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as... Bohdan Chmielnicki with Tuhaj-Bej at Lwów", oil on canvas, 1885, National Museum in For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation). Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa, see also other names, in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. It is located on the Vistula river roughly 350 km from both the Baltic Sea... Warsaw. Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. It was waged between the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the end, the Commonwealth not only lost parts of... Chmielnicki Uprising 1648-1654

This largest of all Cossacks rebellions, led by Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as... Bohdan Khmelnytsky, proved disastrous for the Commonwealth. In the end, Commonwealth not only lost parts of its territory to The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia, but was weakened at the moment of invasion by Sweden.

This article is about the history of Poland. For other meanings of Deluge see Deluge. The occupation of the Republic by Sweden, Muscovy, Brandenburg and Chmielnickis Cossacks The Deluge (Polish Potop) is a name commonly assigned in the history of Poland to a series of wars in the 17th... The Deluge, ( Years: 1645 1646 1647 - 1648 - 1649 1650 1651 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1648 in literature 1648 in science Contents // 1 Events 1.1 Ongoing events 2 Births 3 Deaths Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years... 1648- Years: 1664 1665 1666 - 1667 - 1668 1669 1670 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1667 in literature 1667 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine... 1667)

Although Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów Coat of Arms of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, combining Coat of Arms of Poland (eagle) and Coat of Arms of Lithuania The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw... Poland-Lithuania escaped the ravages of the Thirty Years' War, which ended in Years: 1645 1646 1647 - 1648 - 1649 1650 1651 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1648 in literature 1648 in science Contents // 1 Events 1.1 Ongoing events 2 Births 3 Deaths Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years... 1648, the ensuing two decades subjected the country to one of its severest trials. This colorful but ruinous interval, the stuff of legend and the popular historical novels of The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. It is generally regarded as the supreme commendation in the world today. The prizes were instituted by the final will... Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz Henryk Sienkiewicz (pronounce: [γεnrik ɕenkieviʧ]) (May 5, 1846 - November 15, 1916) was a Polish novelist, one of the outstanding writers of the second half of the 19th century. Serializing his novels in newspapers, he became immensely popular and beloved in his time and... Henryk Sienkiewicz, became known as the potop, or deluge, for the magnitude and suddenness of its hardships. The emergency began with an uprising of Ukrainian This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Cossack (Polish Kozak; plural, Kozacy, Russian Kazak (Казак); plural, Kazaki (К... Cossacks that culminated in a reassertion of an independent Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and... Ukraine centered in Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in Ukrainian; Киев, Kiev, in Russian) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. As of 2003, Kiev officially had 2,642,486 inhabitants, although the large number... Kyiv, in spite of Warsaw's efforts to subdue it by force. After the Ukrainians concluded the Pereyaslav Rada The Treaty of Pereyaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereyaslav during the meeting known as Pereyaslavska Uhoda (Pereyaslav Treaty). The treaty provided for the protection of the Ukrainian Cossack state during the Bohdan Khmelnytsky rebellion, by the Tsar of Muscovy. Participants in the preparation... Treaty of Pereyaslav with The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia, prolonged and increasing Russian intervention began in the Ukrainian and Belarusian territories. Taking advantage of Poland's preoccupation and weakness, Charles X or Karl X Gustav (1622-Sweden, son of John Casimir, Margrave of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, and Catherine, sister of Gustavus Adolphus, was born at the Castle of Nyköping on November 8, 1622. He reigned as king of Sweden from 1654_1660. He was married to Hedwig Eleonora of... Charles X of Sweden rapidly overran much of the remaining territory of the Commonwealth in the same year. Pushed to the brink of dissolution, Poland-Lithuania rallied to recover most of its losses from the Swedes. In exchange for breaking the alliance with Sweden, the ruler of The Prussian Tribute, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1882, 388 x 875 cm, National Museum in Kraków. Albrecht Hohenzollern receives the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from the Polish King, Sigismundus I the Elder in 1525. Ducal Prussia was between (1525–1657) a fief of Poland... Ducal Prussia was released from his vassalage and became a de facto independent sovereign, while much of the Polish Protestant nobility went over to the side of the Swedes. Swedish brutality, and especially the ineffectual siege of See also The Black Madonna of Czestochowa External links http://www.jasnagora.pl/english/ Categories: Poland-related stubs | Czestochowa | Churches in Poland | Catholic pilgrimage sites ... Jasna Gora Buddhist monastery near Tibet A monastery is the habitation of monks. Originally: a hermits cell. Christian monasteries are also called abbey, priory, charterhouse, friary, and preceptory The habitation of nuns is also called a convent. The communal life of a monastery is called cenobitic, as opposed to the anachoretic... monastery in The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is Częstochowa. Częstochowa (pronounce: [ʧε̃stɔ:xɔva]) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Silesian... Czestochowa in winter of Years: 1652 1653 1654 - 1655 - 1656 1657 1658 Decades: 1620s 1630s 1640s - 1650s - 1660s 1670s 1680s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1655 in literature 1655 in science Events New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces. March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian... 1655- Years: 1653 1654 1655 - 1656 - 1657 1658 1659 Decades: 1620s 1630s 1640s - 1650s - 1660s 1670s 1680s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1656 in literature 1656 in science Events Masuria is devastated during the Deluge when it was raided by Tartars and Poles End of the war started in... 1656, raised widespread revolts against Charles, whom a part of Polish nobles had recognized as their ruler in the meantime. Under hetman Stefan Czarniecki Noble Family Czarniecki Coat of Arms Łodzia Parents  ? Consorts  ? Children  ? Date of Birth 1599 Place of Birth Czarnce, Poland Date of Death July 18, 1665 Place of Death  ? Stefan Czarniecki, Stephen Czarniecki (1599-July 18, 1665) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth general and nobleman (szlachcic... Stefan Czarniecki, the Poles and Lithuanians have driven the Swedes from their territory by Years: 1654 1655 1656 - 1657 - 1658 1659 1660 Decades: 1620s 1630s 1640s - 1650s - 1660s 1670s 1680s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1657 in literature 1657 in science Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Jamaica. April... 1657.

Further complicated by dissenting nobles and wars with the Ottoman Turks, the thirteen-year struggle over control of Ukraine ended in the Treaty of Andrusovo, 1667 (Polish Rozejm w Andruszowie, Russian Андрусовское перемирие, Ukrainian Андрусівське перемир... Truce of Andrusovo in Years: 1664 1665 1666 - 1667 - 1668 1669 1670 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1667 in literature 1667 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine... 1667. Although The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia had been defeated by a new Polish-Ukrainian alliance in Years: 1659 1660 1661 - 1662 - 1663 1664 1665 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1662 in literature 1662 in science Events March 18 – Short-timed experiment of the first public buses holding 8 passengers begins in Paris May 3/May... 1662, it gained eastern Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and... Ukraine in the peace treaty.

Despite the improbable survival of the Commonwealth in the face of the potop, one of the most dramatic instances of the Poles' knack for prevailing in adversity, the episode inflicted irremediable damage and contributed heavily to the ultimate demise of the state. When Jan II Kaziemierz abdicated in Years: 1665 1666 1667 - 1668 - 1669 1670 1671 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1668 in literature 1668 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. February... 1668, the population of the Commonwealth had been nearly halved by war and disease. War had destroyed the economic base of the cities and raised a religious fervor that ended Poland's policy of religious tolerance. Henceforth, the Commonwealth would be on the strategic defensive facing hostile neighbors. Never again would Poland compete with Russia as a military equal.

Commonwealth after the Deluge

The Treaty of Oliwa. The Treaty of Oliwa, or Peace of Oliwa, was a treaty signed between Sweden and Poland, at Oliwa, near Gdansk in Poland, on April 23, 1660. In the treaty John II of Poland renounced his claims to the Swedish Crown, which his father Sigismund III had lost... Treaty of Oliwa in 1660 Jan II Kazimierz Waza Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika... John II of Poland finally renounced his claims to the Swedish For usages of The Crown in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, see Crown of the Polish Kingdom. For the venue in Cincinnati, Ohio, see U.S. Bank Arena. For other general usages, see Crown. The Crown is a term which is used to separate the government authority and property of the... Crown, which ended the feud between Sweden and the Commonwealth, ending the sting of wars between those countries ( The Battle of Stångebro took place at Linköping, Sweden on September 25, 1598, and effectively ended the personal union between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that had only existed since 1592. In the battle, an army of 12,000 commanded by Duke Charles defeated an army of... War against Sigismund (1598-1599), The Polish-Swedish Wars were two wars fought between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden between 1600 and 1629. The first stage was the Polish-Sweden War of 1600-1611 and the second stage was the Polish-Sweden War of 1617-1629. It was followed by the Northern Wars in 1655... Polish-Swedish War (1600-1629) and the King Charles X of Sweden The Northern Wars (1655-1661) is a name sometimes used for the series of conflicts between Sweden and its adversaries Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Deluge, 1655-1660), Russia (1656-1661), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657-1660), the Holy Roman Empire (1657-60) and Denmark (1657-1658, 1658... Northern Wars (1655-1660)).

After Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667 and The Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 (Polish Pokój wieczysty or Pokój Grzymułtowskiego, Russian Вечный мир) was a treaty between Russia and Poland, signed by Polish envoys: voivod of Poznań Krzysztof Grzymułtowski and chancellor of Lithuania Marcjan... Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686, Commonwealth lost Left-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Лівобережна Україна Russian: Левобережная Украина, Polish: Lewobrzeżna Ukraina ): historic name of... left-bank Ukraine to The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: &