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The Nomenclature Codes (or "the Codes of nomenclature") are the rulebooks that govern biological nomenclature.
After the successful introduction of two-part names for species by Linnaeus it became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. From the mid-nineteenth century onwards there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. In the course of time these became the present Nomenclature Codes governing the naming of Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Digimon, the only known animals. ...
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a set of rules in zoology that have one fundamental aim: to provide the maximum universality and continuity in classifying all animals according to taxonomic judgment. ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Fungi (singular fungus) are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. ...
Orders The taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria is currently under revision. ...
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is the set of rules according to which plants are given their formal botanical names (scientific names). ...
Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria governs the scientific names for bacteria. ...
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Virus classification involves naming and placing viruses into a taxonomic system. ...
Differences between Codes
Starting point The starting point, that is the time from which these Codes are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank. In botany the starting point will often be 1753, in zoology 1758. On the other hand bacteriology started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980, although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication. Pinguicula grandiflora Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ...
Zoology (rarely spelled zoölogy) is the biological discipline which involves the study of non-human animals. ...
Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including unicellular (single-celled) eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fungi, and viruses. ...
Workings There are differences in the way Codes work as well. For example, the ICBN (the plant Code) forbids tautonyms, while the ICZN, (the animal Code) allows them. Tautonym is a term in biological nomenclature, differing slightly in zoological and in botanical nomenclature. ...
Terminology These Codes differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the ICBN uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (= the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the ICZN equivalent. The ICZN uses "valid" in "valid name" (="correct name"), with "correct name" as the ICBN equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress.
Other 'codes' A more radical approach is to replace all existing Codes by a BioCode, basically a synthesis of the existing Codes. The most recent version is of 1997, "draft-BioCode": implementation is not in sight.
There is also debate concerning development of a PhyloCode to name clades of phylogenetic trees, rather than taxa. Proponents of the PhyloCode use the name "Linnaean Codes" for the joint existing Codes and "Linnaean taxonomy" for the scientific classification that uses these existing Codes. The PhyloCode appears to get more publicity than support. Implementation was deferred. Types of Clade (Note: Stem-based is now branch-based, to avoid confusion with the term stem group which means total clade minus crown clade.) The PhyloCode is a developing draft for a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature. ...
A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...
A phylogenetic tree, also called an evolutionary tree or a tree of life, is a tree showing the evolutionary interrelationships among various species or other entities that are believed to have a common ancestor. ...
Note the existence of the ICNCP, governing the formal names of cultivated plants. This operates within the limits set by the ICBN, but uses different basic principles. The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) regulates the naming of cultivars, cultivar Groups and graft-chimaeras. ...
See also In botanical nomenclature, a taxon is usually assigned to a rank in a hierarchy. ...
In zoology, a taxon is usually assigned to a rank in a hierarchy. ...
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