The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar/Nyoongar/Nyoongah/Nyungah),^[1] are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. Their country extend from Jurien Bay in the north, to the southern coast, and east to Ravensthorpe and Southern Cross. Noongar is also the name for their common language. Their name, in the various original dialects is thought to mean "people". In the south the spelling Noongar is preferred, reflecting a broader accent. Australian Aborigines are the indigenous peoples of Australia. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06)  - Product ($m)  $107,910 (4th)  - Product per capita  $53,134/person... Location of Geraldton, Western Australia Geraldton ( ) is a city and port in Western Australia located 424 km north of Perth. ... Esperance is a town in Western Australia, located on the south coast around half-way between Albany and the South Australian border. ... Jurien, also called Jurien Bay, is a small coastal town in Western Australia, located 266 km north of Perth facing the Indian Ocean. ... Ravensthorpe is located 550km southwest of Perth, 40 km inland from the south coast of Western Australia. ... Southern Cross townsite. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος) is a variant, or variety, of a language spoken in a certain geographical area. ...

Prior to European settlement the Noongar people, 13 dialectal groups, shared a common language and culture. Newcomers noted that the Noongar people could be identified by two common factors: A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος) is a variant, or variety, of a language spoken in a certain geographical area. ...

• they used a word similar to "Noongar" to describe themselves;
• unlike most indigenous Australian peoples, they did not circumcise their male children.

It includes five cultural groups This article is about male circumcision. ...

1. Perth Type: Matrilineal moieties and totemic clans. Patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Amangu, Yued, Wadjuk, Binjareb, Wardandi, Ganeang and Wilmen.
2. Nyakinyaki Type: Alternate generational levels similar to Western Desert type, with patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Balardong and Nyakinyaki.
3. Bibelmen type: Patrilieal moieties and patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Bibulmen and Mineng.
4. Wudjari type: similar to Nyakinyaki except they have named patrilineal totemic local descent groups.
5. Nyunga type: similar to Wangai with two endogamous named divisions (Bee-eater and King fisher), in which marriage took place within one's own division but children were in the opposite, modified from the Western Desert system. Includes Nyunga.

Since colonisation, Noongar have maintained identification with regional groupings and awareness of kinship within the community. Noongar people and their culture have been substantially affected by the colonisation and development of Western Australia. For the historic phenomenon of colonization and imperialism, see main article colonialism (and also decolonization). ...

Noongar groups according to Norman Tindale's map (1930)

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (960 × 720 pixel, file size: 85 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author is myself, I release the map to the public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (960 × 720 pixel, file size: 85 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author is myself, I release the map to the public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this... Norman Barnett Tindale (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and entomologist. ...

History

(see Aboriginal History of Western Australia) The Aboriginal History of Western Australia is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of the western third of the Australian continent, from their own perspective. ...

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Noongar population has been estimated, variously, as between 6,000 and some tens of thousands. Colonisation by the British resulted in both violence and new diseases, taking a heavy toll on the population; ^[2] nowadays, however, according to the Noongar themselves, they number today more than 28,000. The 2001 census figures (ABS) showed that 21,000 people identified themselves as indigenous in the southwest of Western Australia. In 2006, the community claimed to comprise of over 28 000 people.^[3] Australian Bureau of Statistics logo The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the Australian government agency that collects and publishes statistical information about Australia. ...

Traditional Noongar made a living by hunting and trapping a variety of game, including kangaroos, possums and wallabies; by fishing using spears and fish traps; as well as by gathering an extensive range of edible wild plants including wattle seeds. Noongar people utilised quartz instead of flint for spear and knife edges and developed a now-lost art of working quartz crystals. For other uses, see Possum (disambiguation). ... Bush Tucker is a colloquial Australian term for any food native to Australia and eaten before European colonisation. ... For other uses, see Acacia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Quartz (disambiguation). ... This article is about the sedimentary rock. ...

The Noongar considered themselves of superior culture, especially in comparison with the invading British. Reflecting this attitude, they called the newcomers Djanga (or djanak), meaning "white devils"^[4]. From early on, the Noongar were wary in their dealings with the Europeans, having had unfortunate contact with sealers kidnapping and marooning Aboriginal women on the south coast. The Noongar were horrified by what they perceived as the waste and slaughter whites brought to the lands that were their home. The Noongar lived in large extended family groups, and historically their way of life included a respect and reverence for the land that fed them. Djanga (or djanak), supposedly meaning white devils[1], was the initial name given to Europeans (now more commonly called wetjala), by indigenous Noongar Australian Aboriginal people of the south west corner of Western Australia. ...

Carrolup River Native Settlement (c, 1951) near Katanning.

Yagan arose as one of a number of leaders of the Noongar at the time when British settlers first arrived in the Swan River area in 1829 and Captain James Stirling declared that the local tribes were British subjects. Although at first the Noongar traded amicably with the settlers, rifts and misunderstandings developed as land seizures went on, and attacks and reprisal attacks soon escalated. An example of such misunderstandings was the Noongar land-management practice of setting fires in early summer, mistakenly seen as an act of hostility by the settlers. Conversely, the Noongar saw the settlers' livestock as fair game to replace the dwindling stocks of native animals shot indiscriminately by settlers. Yagan participated in a number of food raids and in killing settlers in retaliation for the deaths of Noongar at white hands - notably, he warned nearby whites repeatedly that one white life would be taken for every Noongar killed by a white. He was shot by a shepherd boy and is now considered by many to have been one of the first indigenous resistance fighters.^[5] Image File history File links Carrolup_River_Native_Settlement. ... Image File history File links Carrolup_River_Native_Settlement. ... Katanning is a town located 277 km south east of Perth, Western Australia. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Admiral Sir James Stirling (January 28, 1791–April 23, 1865) was the first Governor of Western Australia (1828–38) and on his own initiative signed Britains first limited treaty with Japan in 1854. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ...

From August 1838 ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to Rottnest Island (known as Wadjemup to the Noongar, possibly meaning "place across the water"^[6]). After a short period when both settlers and prisoners occupied the Island, the Colonial Secretary announced in June 1839 that the Island would become a penal establishment for Aboriginal people, and between 1838 and 1931, Rottnest Island was used as a prison to transfer Aboriginal prisoners "overseas". In "pacifying" an Aboriginal population, men were rounded up and chained for offenses ranging from spearing livestock, burning the bush or digging vegetables on what had been their own land. It has been estimated that there may be as many as 369 Aboriginal graves on the Island, of which five were for prisoners who were hanged. Except for a short period between 1849 and 1855 during which the prison was closed, some 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys, many of them Noongars, but also many others from all parts of the State, were imprisoned ^[7]. | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Rottnest Island from space The Basin and Bathurst Lighthouse Rottnest Island ( ) is located 19 km off the coast of Western Australia, near Fremantle. ... The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British colonies. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The word pacification is most often used as a euphemism for counter-insurgency operations by a dominant military force. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

From 1890 to 1958, the lives and lifestyles of Noongar people were subject to the Native Welfare Act. Two state-run "concentration" camps, Moore River Native Settlement and Carrolup (later known as Marribank), became the home of up to one third of the population. It is estimated that 10 to 25% of Noongar children were forcibly “adopted” during these years, in part of what has become known as the Stolen Generations^[8]. The Moore River Native Settlement was the name of the now defunct Aboriginal settlement located 135 km north of Perth and 10 km west of Mogumber in Western Australia, near the headwaters of the Moore River. ... Inmates of Carrolup River Native Settlement in 1951 Marribank also known as Carrolup was the site of one of two large concentration camps for Indigenous Australians established by the office of the Protector of Aborigines, of the Western Australian State Government. ... The Stolen Generation is a term used to describe the Australian Aboriginal children, usually of mixed descent, who were removed from their families by Australian government agencies and church missions, under various state acts of parliament, denying the rights of parents and making all Aboriginal cildren wards of the state...

Language

The FATSIL (Federation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages) website states that out of thirteen dialects spoken by the Noongar people at the time of European settlement, only five still remain.^[9] The word “Noongar” can be roughly translated into English as “human being". Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06)  - Product ($m)  $107,910 (4th)  - Product per capita  $53,134/person... An extinct language is a language which no longer has any native speakers, in contrast to a dead language, which is is a language which has stopped changing in grammar, vocabulary, and the complete meaning of a sentence. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... The Australian Aboriginal languages comprise several language families and isolates native to Australia and a few nearby islands, but by convention excluding Tasmania. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...

A number of small wordlists were recorded in the early days of the Swan River Colony, for example Robert Lyon's 1833 publication A Glance at the Manners and Language of Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia. Serious documentation of Noongar language began in 1842 with the publication of A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines by George Fletcher Moore, later republished in 1884 as part of Moore's Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia. This work included a substantial wordlist of Noongar. The first modern linguistic research on Noongar was carried out by Gerhardt Laves on the variety known as “Goreng", near Albany in 1930, but this material was lost for many years and has only recently been recovered. Beginning in the 1930s and then more intensively in the 1960s Wilfrid Douglas learned and studied Noongar, eventually producing a grammar, dictionary, and other materials. More recently Noongar people have taken a major role in this work as researchers, for example Rose Whitehurst who compiled the Noongar Dictionary in her work for the Noongar Language and Culture Centre. Swan River Colony was a British settlement established at the Swan River on the west coast of Australia in 1829. ... Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789, date of death unknown) was an early Western Australian settler who became one of the first outspoken advocates of Australian Aboriginal rights and welfare in the colony. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia is a book by George Fletcher Moore. ... George Fletcher Moore (10 December 1798–30 December 1886) was a prominent early settler in colonial Western Australia, and one [of] the key figures in early Western Australias ruling elite (Cameron, 2000). ... Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia and also A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines, often shortened to Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia or even just Diary of Ten Years, is the title... Gerhardt Laves (July 15, 1906 - March 14, 1993) was a postgraduate student at the University of Chicago who spent 1929 - 1931 doing fieldwork on Australian Aboriginal languages. ... Albany, (IPA: }, is the largest regional city in WA situated on the south coast of Western Australia south-southeast of Perth. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Wilfrid H. Douglas (1918 - March 22, 2004) was a missionary, linguist and translator, and carried out important early work on many indigenous Australian languages. ...

Today the Noongar language is regarded as endangered, with few fluent speakers, although there has been a revival of interest in recent years. The Noongar Language and Culture Centre was set up by concerned individuals and has now grown to include offices in Bunbury, Northam and Perth. However, the language generally referred to as “Noongar” today, bears questionable resemblance to what was spoken by indigenous Australians before white settlement, and the original "Nyungar" language is listed by ISO 639-3 (code "nys") as extinct. Ethnologue treats Nyungar and Neo-Nyungar (a term coined by Wilf Douglas^[10] to refer to Nyungar people's English) under the same heading,^[11][12] suggesting that any Nyungar that is spoken today consists of isolated words mixed in with English, and thus no longer constitutes a full-fledged language. For comparison, the opening remarks of a research paper^[13] were presented in both Noongar and English by self-described "Nyungar at research" Leonard Collard of the Kurongkul Katitijin School of Indigenous Australian Studies at Edith Cowan University in Perth. ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles in their native language. ... Edith Cowan University (ECU) is located in Perth, Western Australia, (). It is named after Edith Dircksey Cowan, who was the first woman to be elected to an Australian Parliament. ... Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ...

Visitors to Western Australia invariably notice the many placenames ending in -up, such as Joondalup, Nannup and Manjimup. This is because in the Noongar language, -up means "place of". For example the name Ongerup means "place of the male kangaroo".^[14] . Joondalup is a suburban centre 26 km north of Perths centre, and a Local Government Area of Western Australia. ... Nannup is a town and shire located in the South West region of Western Australia, the town is 288 km south of the state capital Perth. ... Entrance to Manjimup, late afternoon. ... Ongerup is a town located 410 km south east of Perth and 54 km east of Gnowangerup in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. ...

Many words vary in a regular way from dialect to dialect, depending on the area. For example: the words for bandicoot include quernt (south) and quenda (west); the word for water may be kep (south) or kapi (west).

Noongar words which have been adopted into West Australian English, or more widely in English, include the given name Kylie ("boomerang"), the marsupial quokka, gilgie (or jilgie) a freshwater crayfish similar to yabbies, and gidgie (or gidgee), meaning "spear". West Australian English, or Western Australian English, is the collective name given to the variety or varieties of English spoken in the Australian state of Western Australia (WA). ... These words of Australian Aboriginal origin include some which are almost universal in the English-speaking world, such as kangaroo and boomerang. ... Kylie can refer to: Kylie means Boomerang in some of the languages of the Aboriginals of Australia. ... Binomial name (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) Quokka, Melbourne Zoo The Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) is a small macropod, about the size of a large domestic cat. ... Binomial name J. E. Gray, 1845 Cherax quinquecarinatus is a small freshwater crayfish endemic to the south-west corner of Australia. ... Families Astacoidea   Astacidae   Cambaridae Parastacoidea   Parastacidae Crayfish, often referred to as crawfish, or crawdads, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. ... The word crayfish or crawfish can mean:- Sea crayfish, also called spiny lobster. ...

Culture

Noongar people live in many country towns throughout the south west as well as in the major population centres of Perth, Bunbury, Geraldton, Esperance and Albany. Many country Noongar people have developed long standing relationships with wadjila (white fella[man]) farmers and continue to hunt kangaroo and gather bush tucker (food) as well as to teach their children stories about the land. In a few areas in the south west visitors can go on bushtucker walks, trying foods such as: Kangaroo, emu, quandong jam or relish, bush tomatoes, witchetty grub paté & bush honey. Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ... This article is about the city of Bunbury. ... Albany, (IPA: }, is the largest regional city in WA situated on the south coast of Western Australia south-southeast of Perth. ... Species Macropus rufus Macropus giganteus Macropus fuliginosus Macropus antilopinus A kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning large foot). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, the Red Kangaroo, the Antilopine Kangaroo, and the Eastern and Western Grey Kangaroo... For other uses, see EMU. Binomial name (Latham, 1790) The Emu has been recorded in the areas shown in orange. ... Binomial name Santalum acuminatum A.DC. Quandong (alternative spelling Quongdong, also called wild peach or desert peach) is the name given to three kinds of Australian wild bush plants (or bushtucker), of which two belong to the sandalwood genus (Santalum): Desert quandong, sweet quandong, or native peach (Santalum acuminatum). ... Some witchetty grubs, ready to be eaten. ...

In Perth, the Noongar believe that the Darling Scarp is said to represent the body of a Wagyl, a snakelike being from Dreamtime that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes, it is thought that the Wagyl created the Swan River. Darling Scarp, Perth, and Swan Coastal Plain. ... The Wagyl or Rainbow Serpent The Wagyl (alternative spelling Waugal or Waagal) is, according to Noongar culture, a snakelike Dreamtime creature responsible for the creation of the Swan and Canning Rivers and other waterways and landforms around present day Perth and the south-west of Western Australia A superior being... opens chapter nine of The Dreaming Universe (1994) entitled The Dreamtime with a quote from The Last Wave, a film by Peter Weir: Aboriginals believe in two forms of time. ... Landsat 7 imagery of the Swan River and surrounds The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ...

The Swan River

Swan River, with Canning River in light blue

Also in Perth, Mount Eliza was an important site for the Noongar. It was a hunting site where kangaroos were herded and driven over the edge to provide meat for gathering clans. In this context, the “clan” is a local descent group - larger than a family but based on family links through a common ancestry. At the base of Mount Eliza is a sacred site where the Wagyl is said to have rested during its journeys. This site is also the location of the former Swan Brewery which has been a source of contention between local Noongar groups, who would like to see the land, which was reclaimed from the river in the late 19th century, hence never previously existed, "restored" to them; and the owners who wished to develop the site. A Noongar protest camp existed here for many years in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Download high resolution version (1440x552, 166 KB)This is an image I created myself using an Olympus C8080W digital camera and stitching together multiple photographs in Photoshop. ... Download high resolution version (1440x552, 166 KB)This is an image I created myself using an Olympus C8080W digital camera and stitching together multiple photographs in Photoshop. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (958x960, 46 KB)This image is a map of the area around Perth, Western Australia, showing the location of the Swan River, Western Australia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (958x960, 46 KB)This image is a map of the area around Perth, Western Australia, showing the location of the Swan River, Western Australia. ... Passengers leaving the Silver Star river steamer ferry at Coffee Point (site of the South of Perth Yacht Club), with the old Canning Bridge in the background. ... Mount Eliza is a hill which overlooks the city of Perth, Western Australia and forms part of Kings Park. ... The old Swan brewery buildings viewed from the Narrows The Swan Brewery (, ) was founded in the centre of Perth, Australia in 1837. ...

Noongar culture is particularly strong with the written word. The plays of Jack Davis are on the school syllabus in several Australian states. Kim Scott won the 2000 Miles Franklin Award for his novel “Benang'. Jack Davis (1917 - March 17, 2000), was a notable Australian 20th Century playwright and poet, also an Indigenous rights campaigner. ... Kim Scott (on the left) with Hazel Brown on the cover of their book Kayang and me Kim Scott (born 1957) is an Australian writer of an Aboriginal ancestry. ... The annual Miles Franklin Literary Award is one of the most illustrious events on the Australian literary calendar. ...

Yirra Yaakin ^[15] describes itself as the response to the Aboriginal Community’s need for positive self-enhancement through artistic expression. It is a theatre company which strives for community development and which also has a drive to create "exciting, authentic and culturally appropriate Indigenous theatre". Yirra Yaakin Theatre, 65 Murray Street. ...

Many local governments in the south west have developed “compacts” or “commitments” with their local Noongar communities to ensure that sites of significance are protected and that the culture is respected. Elders are increasingly asked on formal occasions to provide a "Welcome to Country" and the first steps of teaching the Noongar language in the general curriculum have been made.

In recent years there has been considerable interest in Nyoongar visual arts. In 2006, Nyoongar culture was showcased as part of the Perth International Arts Festival. A highlight of the Festival was the unveiling of the monumental 'Ngallak Koort Boodja - Our Heart Land Canvas'. The 8 metre canvas was commissioned for the festival by representatives of the united Elders and families from across the Nyoongar nation. It was painted by leading Nyoongar artists Shane Pickett, Lance Chadd, Yvonne Kickett, Alice Warrell and Sharyn Egan. The UWA Perth International Arts Festival is a cultural festival held in Western Australia. ... SHANE PICKETT Born 1957, Quairading, WA Lives and works in Perth, WA Born in Quairading (Balladong Country) in the south-west of Western Australia, Shane Pickett is one of the foremost Nyoongar artists working in Australia today. ...

The Noongar Ecology

Noongar culture occupied was dependent upon and helped maintain the Mediterranean climate lands of the South Weste of Western Australia, and made sustainable use of 7 biogeographic regions of Western Australia, from Northwest to South East namely  Areas with Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide. ...

• Geraldton Sandplains - Amangu and Yued
• Swan Coastal Plain - Yued, Whadjuk, Binjareb and Wardandi
• Avon Wheatbelt - Balardong, Nyakinyaki, Wilman
• Jarrah Forest - Whadjuk, Binjareb, Balardong, Wilman, Ganeang
• Warren - Bibulmun, Mineng
• Mallee - Wilmen, Goreng and Wudjari
• Esperance Plains - Njunga

These 7 regions have been acknowkedged as a biodiversity hot-spot^[16], having a generally greater number of endemic species than most other regions in Australia. The ecological damage done to this region, through clearing, introduced species, and by feral animals and non-endemic plants is also severe, and has resulted in a high proportion of plants and animals being included in the categories of rare, threatened and endangered. In modern times many Aboriginal men were employed intermittently as rabbiters, and rabbit came to play an important part in Noongar diets in the early 20th century. The Noongar territory also happens to conform closely with the SW Indian Ocean Drainage Region, and the use of these water resources played a very important seasonal part in their culture. The IBRA regions, with Geraldton Sandplains in red Geraldton Sandplains is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) region in Western Australia. ... Swan Coastal Plain Swan Coast Plain from Darling Scarp The geographic feature that lies directly west of the Darling Scarp, and which contains the Swan River as it travels west to the Indian Ocean. ... The IBRA regions, with Avon Wheatbelt in red Avon Wheatbelt is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) region in Western Australia. ... The IBRA regions, with Jarrah Forest in red Jarrah Forest is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) region in Western Australia. ... // Look up warren in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term mallee has several separate but inter-related meanings. ... The IBRA regions, with Esperance Plains in red Esperance Plains, also known as Eyre Botanical District, is a biogeographic region in southern Western Australia. ... This article is about the ecological meaning of endemic. See also endemic (epidemiology). ...

The Noongar thus have a close connection with the earth and as a consequence they divided the year into six distinct seasons that corresponded with moving to different habitats and feeding patterns based on seasonal foods.

Birak (December/January)

Dry and hot. Noongar burned sections of scrubland to force animals into the open for easier hunt.

Bunuru (February/March)

Hottest part of the year, with sparse rainfall throughout. Noongar moved to estuaries for fishing.

Djeran (April/May)

Cooler weather begins. Fishing continued and bulbs and seeds were collected for food.

Makuru (June/July)

Cold fronts that have until now brushed the lower south west coast begin to cross further north. This is usually the wettest part of the year. Noongar moved inland to hunt once rains had replenished inland water resources.

Djilba (August/September)

Often the coldest part of the year, with clear, cold nights and days, or warmer, rainy and windy periods. As the nights begin to warm up there are more clear, sunny days. Roots were collected and emus, possums and kangaroo were hunted.

Kambarang (October/November)

A definite warming trend is accompanied by longer dry periods and fewer cold fronts crossing the coast. The height of the wildflower season. Noongar moved towards the coast where frogs, tortoises and freshwater crayfish were caught.

Native Title

On 19 September 2006 the Federal Court of Australia brought down a judgment which recognised Native Title in an area over the city of Perth and its surrounds, known as Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243.[1]. An appeal was subsequently lodged and was heard in April 2007. The remainder of the larger “Single Noongar Claim” area, covering 193,956km² of the south-west of Western Australia, remains outstanding, and will hinge on the outcome of this appeal process. In the interim, the Noongar people continue to be involved in Native Title negotiations with the Government of Western Australia, and are represented by the South-West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council. In Melbourne, the Federal Court is housed with other federal courts such as the High Court and the Federal Magistrates Court in the Federal Court Building on the corner of La Trobe Street and William Street The Federal Court of Australia is the Australian court in which most civil disputes... Native title is a concept in the law of Australia that recognises the continued ownership of land by local Indigenous Australians. ... Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ... In law, an appeal is a process for making a formal challenge to an official decision. ... The formation of the Government of Western Australia is prescribed in its Constitution, which dates from 1890, although it has been amended many times since then. ...

Justice Wilcox's judgment is noteworthy for several reasons. It highlights Perth's wealth of post-European settlement writings which provide an insight into Aboriginal life, including laws and customs, around the time of settlement in 1829 and also into the beginning of the last century. These documents enabled Justice Wilcox to find that laws and customs governing land throughout the whole Single Noongar Claim (taking in Perth, and many other towns in the greater South West) were those of a single community. The claimants shared a language and had extensive interaction with others in the claim area.

Importantly, Justice Wilcox found the Noongar community constituted a united society which had continued to exist despite the disruption resulting from mixed marriage and people being forced off their land and dispersed to other areas as a result of white settlement and later Government policies. If it survives the forthcoming appeal, the decision is likely to have major implications for other native title cases across Australia, and Noongar claimants may seek compensation from the government for vacant and unallocated crown land within the claim area which was alienated after 1975. In the Roman Catholic Church, a mixed marriage is a marriage between a Catholic and a non-Catholic. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In April 2008 the Full Bench of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments against Justice Wilcox's judgment.

Economics

Since the Noongar are largely urbanised or concentrated in major regional towns studies have shown that the direct economic impact of the Noongar community on the WA economy was estimated to range between $500 million and $700 million per year.^[17]

Current issues

As a consequence of the Stolen Generation and problems integrating with modern westernised society many difficult issues face the present day Noongar. For example the Noongar Men of the SouthWest gathering in 1996 outlined the following major community problems: Portrayal of The taking of the children on the Great Australian Clock, Queen Victoria Building, Sydney The Stolen Generation (or Stolen Generations) is a term used to describe the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, usually of mixed descent who were removed from their families, under the rationale of... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ...

• Alcohol & Drugs
• Diet & Nutrition
• Language & Culture
• Domestic violence
• Father and Son relationships

Many of these issues are not unique to the Noongar, but in many cases they are unable to receive the appropriate government agency care. The report that was produced after this gathering also stated that Noongar men die 20 years sooner than non-Aboriginal men, and go to hospital 3 times more often.

The Noongar still have large extended families and many families find difficulties trying to fit into the available structures of sheltered housing in Western Australia - Paper on Housing. The West Australian government has dedicated several areas for the purpose of building communities specifically for the Noongar people, such as the Swan Valley Nyungah Community. Sheltered housing is a term covering a wide range of rented housing for older and/or disabled or other vulnerable people. ... The Swan Valley Nyungah Community is a commune of Australian Aboriginal persons located near Eden Hill, Western Australia. ...

The Noongar themselves are tackling their own issues, for example, the Noongar Patrol, which is an Aboriginal Advancement Council initiative. It was set up to deter Aboriginal young people from offending behaviour and reduce the likelihood of their contact with the Criminal Justice System. Most people in Perth would associate this with patrols run in the entertainment hotspot Northbridge. The Patrol uses mediation and negotiation with indigenous youth in an attempt to curb anti-social and offending behaviour of young people who come into the city at night.

See also

• Noongar classification relating to kinship and intermarriage among the Noongar.
• Whadjuk
• Pindjarup
• Mokare
• Mount Henry Peninsula
• Indigenous Australians
• Indigenous Australian seasons

Noongar classification refers to the classification system in tribal law by which the Noongar, an indigenous Australian people, enforced restrictions on intermarriage. ... Kinship is the most basic principle of organizing individuals into social groups, roles, and categories. ... Intermarriage normally refers to marriage between people belonging to different religions, tribes, nationalities or ethnic backgrounds. ... Whadjuk, also called Wadjuk, Whajook and Wadjug, is the name according to Norman Tindale for the Aboriginal group inhabiting the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion. ... The Pindjarup or Pinjareb is the name of the Indigenous Australian group of Nyungar speakers, living in the region of South West Western Australia between Port Kennedy on the coast, north of Mandurah to Australind on the Leschenault Inlet, and between a point between Byford and Armadale on the Darling... Statue of Mokare, Albany, Western Australia Mokare (c. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Language(s) Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religion(s) Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group... Indigenous Australians had distinct ways of dividing the year up. ...

References

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Published sources

• Green, Neville, Broken spears: Aborigines and Europeans in the Southwest of Australia, Perth: Focus Focus Education Services, 1984. ISBN 0-9591828-1-0
• Haebich, Anna, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the South West of Western Australia 1900 - 1940, Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1992. ISBN 1875560149.
• Douglas, Wilfrid H. The Aboriginal Languages of the South-West of Australia, Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1976. ISBN 0-85575-050-2
• Tindale, N.B., Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names, 1974.

External links

• AusAnthrop - Resources for Research
• South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council website.
• Web-site on the Indigenous People of Australia.
• Culture, Race and Identity: Australian Aboriginal Writing(pdf)
• Designing a Virtual Reality Nyungar Dreamtime Landscape Narrative (pdf)
• Noongar (Nyungar) Language Resources
• Orthography used in the Noongar Dictionary
• Bennell v State of Western Australia (re Noongar land claim)
• West Australian Government history of Noongar in the South West)