Norberto Bobbio (October 18, 1909 – January 9, 2004) was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and an historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa. Bobbio was a liberal socialist in the tradition of Piero Gobetti, Carlo Rosselli, Guido Calogero, and Aldo Capitini. He was also strongly influenced by Hans Kelsen and Vilfredo Pareto. October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Italian Republic or Italy (Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. ... Location Region Piedmont Province Torino Area   – Total   – Water 130 km² (50 mi²) ##.# km² (#.# mi²) #.##% Population   – Total (2002)   – Density 857,433 6,596/km² Time zone CET: UTC+1 Latitude Longitude   45°04N 7°40E (##.#######, -##.#######)1. ... La Stampa is one of the best-known and most widely sold Italian daily newspapers, published in Turin and distributed in Italy and in other nations in Europe. ... Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Piero Gobetti (1901-1926) was a young journalist, intellectual and radical liberal. ... Hans Kelsen (born October 11, 1881, Prague, died April 19, 1973) was an Austrian and American jurist of Jewish descent. ... Vilfredo Pareto (July 15, 1848 - August 19, 1923) made several important contributions to economics, sociology and moral philosophy, especially in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals choices. ...

Life and views

Bobbio was born into which his Guardian obituary described as "...a relatively wealthy, middle-class Turin family" whose sympathies Bobbio would later characterize as "'filo-fascist', regarding fascism as a necessary evil against the supposedly greater danger of Bolshevism".
At the high school he met Vittorio Foa, Leone Ginzburg and Cesare Pavese. At the university he became friend of Alessandro Galante Garrone.
In 1942, under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and during World War II, Bobbio joined the then-illegal radical liberal party Partito d'Azione ("Party of Action") and was briefly imprisoned 1943 and 1944. He ran unsuccessfully in the 1946 constituent assembly elections. With the party's failure in a post-war Italy dominated by the Christian Democrats, Bobbio left electoral politics and focused back in academia. The Guardian was also the name of a U.S. television series. ... Cesare Pavese (September 9, 1908 _ August 27, 1950) was an Italian poet and novelist. ... 1942 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992_94. ...

A strong advocate of the rule of law, the separation of powers, and the limitation of powers, he was a socialist, but opposed to what he perceived as the anti-democratic elements in most Marxism. He was a strong partisan of the "Historic Compromise" between the Italian Communist Party and the Christian Democrats, and a fierce critic of Silvio Berlusconi. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... The Fourth Estate The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... Portrait of Silvio Berlusconi Silvio Berlusconi (born September 29, 1936) is currently (as of 2005) the Prime Minister of Italy. ...

He died in Turin, the same city in which he was born and lived most of his life. Location Region Piedmont Province Torino Area   – Total   – Water 130 km² (50 mi²) ##.# km² (#.# mi²) #.##% Population   – Total (2002)   – Density 857,433 6,596/km² Time zone CET: UTC+1 Latitude Longitude   45°04N 7°40E (##.#######, -##.#######)1. ...

Academic career and honors

Bobbio studied Philosophy of Law with Gioele Solari; he later taught this curriculum in Camerino, Siena, Padua, and ultimately back in Turin as Solari's successor in 1948; from 1972 to 1984, he had a chair in the newly created faculty of political science in Turin. He was a National Associate of the Lincean Academy and longtime director (together with Nicola Abbagnano) of the Rivista di Filosofia (magazine for Philosophy). He became a Corresponding Associate of the British Academy in 1966; in 1979 he was nominated as Senator-for-life by Italian President Sandro Pertini. He received diplomas honoris causa from the Universities of Paris, Buenos Aires, Madrid, Bologna, and Chambéry. This page is not about the form of limonite clay called sienna. ... Location within Italy Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua The city of Padua (Lat. ... Location Region Piedmont Province Torino Area   – Total   – Water 130 km² (50 mi²) ##.# km² (#.# mi²) #.##% Population   – Total (2002)   – Density 857,433 6,596/km² Time zone CET: UTC+1 Latitude Longitude   45°04N 7°40E (##.#######, -##.#######)1. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nicola Abbagnano (1901–1990) was an Italian existential philosopher. ... -1... 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Alessandro (Sandro) Pertini (September 25, 1896 - February 24, 1990) was an Italian politician. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... The Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) is the biggest university in Argentina, founded on August 12, 1821 in the city of Buenos Aires. ... The University of Bologna (Università di Bologna, UNIBO) is a university in Bologna, Italy. ...

Major Works

• L'indirizzo fenomenologico nella filosofia sociale e giuridica (Phenomenological Turn in Social and Legal Philosophy, Torino, 1934
• Scienza e tecnica del diritto (The Science and Technical Aspects of Law), Torino, 1934
• L'analogia nella logica del diritto (The Use of Analogy in Legal Logic), Torino, 1938
• La consuetudine come fatto normativo (Custom as a Normative Fact), Padova, 1942
• La filosofia del decadentismo (The Philosophy of Decadence), Torino, 1945
• Teoria della scienza giuridica (Theory of Legal Science), Torino, 1950
• Politica e cultura (Politics and Culture), Torino, 1955
• Studi sulla teoria generale del diritto (Essays in the General Theory of Law), Torino, 1955
• Teoria della norma giuridica (A Theory of Judicial Norms), Torino, 1958
• Teoria dell'ordinamento giuridico (A Theory of Legal Order), Torino, 1960
• Il positivismo giuridico (Legal Positivism), Torino, 1961
• Locke e il diritto naturale (Locke and Natural Law), Torino, 1963
• Italia civile (Civil Italy), Torino, 1964
• Giusnaturalismo e positivismo giuridico (Natural Law and Legal Postivism, Milano, 1965
• Da Hobbes a Marx (From Hobbes to Marx), Napoli, 1965
• Profilo ideologico del Novecento italiano (An Ideological Profile of Nineteenth Century Italy), Torino, 1960, 1990 (new edition)
• Saggi sulla scienza politica in Italia (Tests of Political Science in Italy), Torino, 1969
• Diritto e Stato nel pensiero di E. Kant (Law and State in the Thought of Immanuel Kant, Torino, 1969
• Ideological Profile Of Italy In The Twentieth Century (1969) ¹
• Una filosofia militante: studi su Carlo Cattaneo (A Militant Philosopher: Essays on Carlo Cattaeno), Torino, 1971
• Quale socialismo (Which Socialism), Torino, 1977
• I problemi della guerra e le vie della pace (The Problem of War and the Roads to Peace), Bologna, 1979
• Studi hegeliani (Hegelian Essays), Torino, 1981
• Il futuro della democrazia (The Future of Democracy: A Defence Of The Rules Of The Game), Torino, 1984
• Maestri e compagni (Teachers and Companions), Firenze, 1984
• State, Government And Society (English-language publication 1985)
• Il terzo assente, (The Absent Third) Torino, 1988
• Thomas Hobbes, Torino, 1989
• L'età dei diritti (The Rule of Law), Torino, 1989
• The Age Of Rights (English-language publication 1990)
• A Just War? (1991), a defense of the Gulf War, about which he later changed his mind. ¹
• Destra e sinistra (Right and Left), Roma, 1994
• In Praise Of Meekness (1994) ¹
• De senectute (Of Old Age; the Latin title is an allusion to Cicero's Cato Maior de Senectute, Torino, 1996
• Autobiografia (Autobiography), Roma, Bari, 1999
• Dialogo intorno alla repubblica (Dialogue about the Republic), Bari, 2001

¹ These works, unmentioned in the translated Italian-language article on Bobbio, are mentioned the Guardian obituary. Phenomenology is a current in philosophy that takes intuitive experience of phenomena (what presents itself to us in conscious experience) as its starting point and tries to extract the essential features of experiences and the essence of what we experience. ... John Locke John Locke (August 29, 1632–October 28, 1704) was a 17th century philosopher concerned primarily with society and epistemology. ... In law, natural law is the doctrine that just laws are immanent in nature (that can be claimed as discovered but not created by such things as a bill of rights) and/or that they can emerge by natural process of resolving conflicts (as embodied by common law). ... This article is about the philosopher Thomas Hobbes. ... Karl Marx Karl Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was an influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 – February 12, 1804) was a Prussian philosopher, generally regarded as one of Europes most influential thinkers and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... See also: 2003 invasion of Iraq and Gulf War (disambiguation) C Company, 1st Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK Armoured Division The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms that refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially but not exclusively in the American sense of the word... Latin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... For other uses see Cicero (disambiguation) Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist. ...

External Links

• The Works of Norberto Bobbio (http://www.erasmo.it/gobetti/), a multilingual site

References

• This article began as a translation of the corresponding article in the Italian-language Wikipedia, retrieved January 31, 2005.

Additional information from: January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

• Bellamy, Richard, "Norberto Bobbio" (http://education.guardian.co.uk/obituary/story/0,12212,1122036,00.html), obituary in The Guardian, January 13, 2004
• Johnson, Alan "Norberto Bobbio, 1909-2004" (http://www.workersliberty.org/node/view/1613), obituary from Workers' Liberty as retrieved on Jan 23, 2005