The Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in both cross-country skiing and ski jumping. A winter sport is a sport commonly played during winter. ... Cross-country skiing (also known as XC skiing) is a winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields, primarily Northern Europe and Canada. ... Ski jumping is a winter sport in which skiers go down a hill with a take-off ramp (the jump), attempting to go as far as possible. ...

History

While Norwegian soldiers are known to have been competing in nordic skiing since the 18th century, the first major competition in nordic combined was held in 1892 in Oslo at the first Holmenkollen Ski Festival, an event still held annually. In Norway, popularity of the Holmenkollrenn, and Nordic combined in general, was great, and in fact separate ski jumping events weren't held at Holmenkollen until 1933. It is still held in all Winter olympics. There is currently no women's competition in the Olympic games. Nordic skiing is a term that includes the Olympic winter sports: Cross country skiing Ski jumping Nordic combined See also: Telemark skiing ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... County Oslo NO-03 District Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... Ski jumping is a winter sport in which skiers go down a hill with a take-off ramp (the jump), attempting to go as far as possible. ... A runner carries the Olympic torch The Winter Olympic Games, Winter Olympics for short but more correctly The Olympic Winter Games, are the cold-weather counterpart to the Summer Olympic Games. ...

The sport was included at the 1924 Winter Olympics, and has been on the programme ever since. World Championships have been held since 1925. The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Traditionally, Norway has always delivered top athletes in the sport, but Finland, Germany, Austria and Japan are also among the top nations in the Nordic combined. As of 2006, top athletes in the sport include current World Champion Hannu Manninen, Ronny Ackermann and Felix Gottwald. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hannu Manninen, born (April 17, 1978). ... Ronny Ackermann (born May 16, 1977 in Bad Salzungen, Thuringia) is a successful German nordic combined skier. ... Felix Gottwald (b. ...

Competition

Until the 1950s, the cross-country race was held first, followed by the ski jumping race. This was reversed as the difference in the cross-country race tended to be too big to overcome in ski jumping. The 1950s were a decade that spanned the years 1950 through 1959. ...

There are currently four kinds of Nordic combined events. The most common is the individual race, also known as the Individual Gundersen. This event encompasses two jumps from a ski jumping hill, and 15 km cross country skiing. Points are scored in ski jumping for distance and style. The distance points being 2 points per meter (1.2 for hills with a K-point of 100 m or farther), and the style points range between 3 and 30 per jump. In the cross-country race, 15 points difference in the ski jump equal one minute. The racers with most ski jumping points will start first, followed by the next best jumper after as much time as there was difference in their jumping scores. This means that the first skier to cross the finish line is also the winner of the event. This method of competition, also known as the Gundersen method, was introduced in the late 1980s. Before, athletes would start the final race in intervals, and the gold medal would be decided on points. MacGyver - 1980s hero The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ...

The sprint event is basically the same, but only one jump is performed, and the cross-country distance is 7.5 km. Recently, a newer form called "Hurricane sprint" has been introduced, which is similar to the sprint using the Gundersen method, but based on extra distance rather than extra time. The distance is still 7.5 km, but only the best contestant from the ski jumping will run that distance and all others start a given distance behind, based on their scores from the ski jumping. As the estimated official speed of a cross-country skier is 6 m/s, this means that the contestants start 24 m behind the leader for every point they are behind (to match roughly with the time penalties from the Gundersen method). This form is still being under evaluation.

In the mass start event, the cross country race is held first. The winner of that event receives 120 points, the others get 15 points subtracted for each minute behind the leader. In the ski jump, no style points are awarded, although jumpers receive fewer points for falling or failing to make a Telemark landing. Ski jumping is a winter sport in which skiers go down a hill with a take-off ramp (the jump), attempting to go as far as possible. ...

The team event is again similar to the individual event, but contested by teams of four athletes. Each takes 2 jumps from the ski jump hill, with all jumps counting towards the team total. Forty points difference equals a one minute advantage in the second event, the 4 x 5 m cross-country relay.

Ski jump

Bindings

The binding must be mounted parallel to the run-direction. The binding must be placed in such a way that a maximum 57% of the entire ski length is used as the front part.

Boots

High-backed, flexible yet firm boots with a low cut at the front. They are designed to allow the skier to lean forward during flight.

Connection Cord

Part of the binding; a cord that attaches the ski to the boot and prevents the wobbling of skis during flight.

Ski Jumping Suit

All portions of the ski jumping suit must be made of the same material and must show a certain air permeability. The size of the suit must conform to the body shape in an upright position with certain tolerances.

Jumping Skis

Jumping skis are manufactured especially for use on ski jumping hills. Skis with a length of a maximum 146% of the total body height of the competitor may be used. The curvature and shape of the skis is restricted by certain geometric features.

Cross-country

Bindings

Bindings secure only the toe of the boot to the ski.

Boots

The skating shoe is fixed to the ski with a binding, holding the toe firm. The rear of the boot is built up to shore up the ankle, which is constantly under pressure in skating technique.

Poles

Long and straight, often reaching up as high as a competitor's chin, with a specially shaped basket designed to allow skiers to push hard and evacuate snow.

Skis

Narrower and lighter than those used in Alpine skiing. They have long, curved ends and rise up slightly in the middle. They can be up to 2m long.

Suit

Uses stretch fabric hugging the body, similar to a runner’s training clothing. Woollies and thick socks are definitely no longer fashionable.

Wax

Glide wax is crucial and determined by snow and weather conditions.

External links

• FIS, past and present international results
• News, information and results
• Holmenkollen Ski Festival official website