Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion (volume and/or length of a material tends to increase). In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces across a bar, specimen etc.
Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Beams subjected to bending moments may include tensile stress as well compressive stress and/or shear stress.
Tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the limit state of stress.
Stress strain diagrams are usually presented as engineering stress, even though the sample may undergo a substantial change in cross-sectional area during testing.
Being a vector, the stress has two components, one in the plane of the area, A, the shear stress, and one perpendicular, the normalstress.
Plot the state of stress on the x-plane as the point A whose abscissa is the magnitude of the normalstress (tension is positive), and whose ordinate is the shear stress (counter-clockwise shear is negative).
Mathematically, the state of stress at a point in an elastic body is determined by six independent stress components and is specified by a second-order symmetric Cartesian tensor, also known as the stress tensor.
You assume the sign of a stress component is positive when its direction and the normal vector of the surface, on which the component of the stress tensor is acting, are of the same sign.
This is a vector representation of the symmetric stress tensor.
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