NationMaster - Encyclopedia: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation¹ for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. Its headquarters are located in Brussels^[1], Belgium. Its other official name is the French equivalent, l'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN). Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... Missing image The of the The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation consists of a blue flag with the white emblem of a compass rose with four white lines spreading out from it. ... Map of member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French Community of... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (right) and Jan Peter Balkenende Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (left) and Colin Powell Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (legally Jakob Gijsbert de Hoop Scheffer) (born April 3, 1948) is a Dutch politician who is the 11th NATO Secretary General. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... From the White House [1]. Public domain. ... From the White House [1]. Public domain. ... The National Association of Theatre Owners (NATO) is a trade organization based in the United States whose members are the owners of movie theaters. ... An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character. ... Collective Security is a system for aspiring for peace in which participants agree that any breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states, and will result in a collective response. ... The North Atlantic Treaty is the treaty that brought NATO into existence, signed in Washington, DC on April 4, 1949. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French Community of...

Purpose

The Treaty cautiously avoids reference both to the identification of an enemy and to any concrete measures of common defence. Nevertheless, it was intended so that if the USSR and its allies launched an attack against any of the NATO members, it would be treated as if it was an attack on all member states. This marked a significant change for the United States, which traditionally harboured strong isolationist groups across parties in Congress. However, the feared invasion of Western Europe never came. Instead, the provision was invoked for the first time in the treaty's history on 12 September 2001, in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States the day before. The United Nations Charter is the constitution of the United Nations. ... September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... The resulting explosion after the crash of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower. ...

NATO Summit 2006 will take place in Latvia. The Summit meeting of NATO Heads of State and Government will be held in Latvia on 28-29 November 2006. ...

History

Image File history File linksMetadata NATO_March_29_2004. ... Image File history File linksMetadata NATO_March_29_2004. ...

Beginnings

The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement. This treaty established a military alliance, later to become the Western European Union. However, American participation was thought necessary in order to counter the military power of the Soviet Union, and therefore talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Western European Union. ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in Leap years). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Membership 10 member states 6 associate member states 5 observer countries 7 associate partner countries Formation - Signed Treaty of Brussels - 17 March 1948 Not to be confused with the European Union (EU), the Western European Union (WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization, established on the basis...

These talks resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, DC on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Three years later, on 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined. The North Atlantic Treaty is the treaty that brought NATO into existence, signed in Washington, DC on April 4, 1949. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The incorporation of West Germany into the organisation on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time. ^[2] Indeed, one of its immediate results was the creation of the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as a formal response to this event, firmly establishing the two opposing sides of the Cold War. May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Halvard Mathey Lange (1902 - 1970) was a Norwegian diplomat. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. ... The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ...

Early Cold War - Crisis with France

The unity of NATO was breached early on in its history, with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle's presidency of France from 1958 onwards. De Gaulle protested the United States' hegemonical role in the organization and protested what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and Great Britain. In a memorandum he sent on 17 September 1958 to President Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, he argued for the creation of a tripartite Directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom, and also for the expansion of NATO's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France. Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ) (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970), in France commonly referred to as le gÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ... British Prime Minister Tony Blair (left) hosted by the President of the United States, George W. Bush at Camp David in March 2003, in the build-up to the invasion of Iraq by their countries. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969, popularly known as Ike) was an American soldier and politician. ... The Right Honourable Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894â€“29 December 1986), nicknamed Supermac and Mac the Knife, was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. ...

Considering the response he was given unsatisfactory, De Gaulle started pursuing an independent defense for his country. France's Mediterranean fleet was withdrawn from NATO command in 11 March 1959. An independent nuclear programme was also pursued: In June 1959, De Gaulle banned the stationing of foreign nuclear weapons on French soil, which caused United States to transfer 200 military aeroplanes out of France; in 13 February 1960 France tested its first nuclear bomb -- a move much criticized among its NATO allies. 11 March is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defense by also removing the Atlantic and Channel fleets of France from NATO command. Finally on 1966 all French armed forces were removed from NATO’s integrated military command and all non-French NATO troops were forced to leave France. This precipitated the relocation of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) from Paris to Brussels by 16 October 1967. France rejoined NATO's military command in 1993. U.S.A.F. spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis refers to the tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) is the central command of NATO military forces. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, with the skyscrapers of La DÃ©fense business district 3 miles behind. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French Community of... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in Leap years). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Détente

During most of the duration of the Cold War, NATO maintained a holding pattern with no actual military engagement as an organisation. On 1 July 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opened for signature: NATO argued that its nuclear weapons sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and they were not challenged. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATOs policy of nuclear deterrence, which involves member countries without nuclear weapons of their own in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO, and in particular provides for the armed forces of these countries to be involved in delivering these...

On 30 May 1978, NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue détente. This was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive capabilities without spurring a further arms race. May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... DÃ©tente is French for relaxation. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... An arms race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ...

However, on 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of US Cruise and Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position in regard to nuclear disarmament. This policy was called the Dual Track policy. Similarly, in 1983–84, responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact SS-20 medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles able to reach Moscow within minutes. This action led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe. December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... A Tomahawk cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided missile which uses a lifting wing and most often a jet propulsion system to allow sustained flight. ... The Pershing II Missile during a test flight The MGM-31 Pershing was a solid-fueled two-stage inertially guided medium range ballistic missile used by the U.S. Armys Missile Command. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The RT-21M Pioneer was a medium-range ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead deployed by the Soviet Union from 1976 to 1988. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The membership of the organisation in this time period likewise remained largely static, with NATO only gaining one new member in 30 May 1982, when newly democratic Spain joined the alliance, following a referendum. Greece also in 1974 withdrew its forces from NATO’s military command structure, as a result of Greco-Turkish tensions following the 1974 Cyprus dispute; Greek forces were however readmitted in 1980. May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...

In November 1983, a NATO manoeuvre code-named Able Archer 83, which simulated a NATO nuclear release, caused panic in the Kremlin. Soviet leadership, led by ailing General Secretary Yuri Andropov became concerned that US President Ronald Reagan may have been intending to launch a genuine first strike. In response, Soviet nuclear forces were readied and air units in Eastern Germany and Poland were placed on alert. Though at the time written off by US intelligence as a propaganda effort, many historians now believe Soviet fear of a NATO first strike was genuine. 1983 (MCMLXXXIII in Roman) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ABLE ARCHER 83 was a NATO command post exercise (or war game) conducted from November 2â€”11, 1983, which spanned the continent of Europe and simulated a coordinated nuclear release. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¿Ð¾Ð²), (15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... In nuclear strategy, first strike capability is a countrys ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation. ...

Post-Cold War

The end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991, removed the de facto main adversary of NATO. This caused a strategic reevalution of NATO's purpose, nature and tasks. In practice this ended up entailing a gradual (and still ongoing) expansion of NATO to Eastern Europe, as well as the extension of its activities to areas not formerly concerning it. The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons will not be stationed in the east. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) refers to the reunification of Germany from its constituent parts of East Germany and West Germany under a single government on October 3, 1990. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area - Total - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 kmÂ² Negligible Creation -Abolition 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German Mark Time zone â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet... The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany is the final peace treaty negotiated between the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe - France, the United Kingdom, the United States and...

On 28 February 1994, NATO also takes its first military action, shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating a UN no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO air strikes the following year help bring the war in Bosnia to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement. February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... A No-Fly Zone is a territory over which aircraft generally or certain unauthorized aircraft are not permitted to fly. ... The Yugoslav wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia that took place between 1991 and 2001. ... General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i. ...

Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours are set up, like the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 8 July 1997, three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO, which finally happened in 1999. Partnership for Peace is a NATO project aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union. ... The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European periphery. ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 24 March 1999, NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War, where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Conflict ended on 11 June 1999, when Yugoslavian leader Slobodan Milošević agreed to NATO’s demands by accepting UN resolution 1244. NATO then helped establish the KFOR, a NATO-led force under a United Nations mandate that operates the military peacekeeping mission in Kosovo. March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Motto: none Anthem: Hej Sloveni Capital Belgrade (Executive and Legislative) Podgorica (Judicial) Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government â€¢ President Svetozar MaroviÄ‡ Independence From Yugoslavia April 28, 1992 Area - Total - Water (%) 102,350 kmÂ² (105th) 39,518 sq mi 0. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Slobodan MiloÅ¡eviÄ‡ Slobodan MiloÅ¡eviÄ‡ ({{Serbian Cyrillic: Ð¡Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð½ ÐœÐ¸Ð»Ð¾ÑˆÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ›}}, pronounced []); (20 August 1941 â€“ 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. ... Pocket badge of the KFOR Ukrainian soldier on foot patrolling in Serbian village near Brezovica KFOR vehicle of the French Army The Kosovo Force (KFOR) is a NATO-led international force responsible for establishing and maintaining security in Kosovo. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Debate concerning NATO's role and the concerns of the wider international community continued throughout its expanded military activities: The United States opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the ongoing action against Yugoslavia, while France and other NATO countries claimed the alliance needed UN approval. American officials said that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia. In April 1999, at the Washington summit, a German proposal that NATO adopts a no-first-use nuclear strategy is rejected. Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages, in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Nickname: the District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Official website: http://www. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons. ...

After the September 11th attacks

The expansion of the activities and geographical reach of NATO grew even further as an outcome of the September 11th attacks. These caused as a response the provisional invocation (on September 12) of the collective security of NATO's charter — Article 5 which states that any attack on a member state will be considered an attack against the entire group of members. The invocation is confirmed on 5 October 2001 when NATO determines that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. [1] The resulting explosion after the crash of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower. ... Download high resolution version (1200x781, 226 KB)Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld listens to a presentation at the NATO Defense Ministerial Conference in Nice, France, on February 10, 2005. ... Download high resolution version (1200x781, 226 KB)Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld listens to a presentation at the NATO Defense Ministerial Conference in Nice, France, on February 10, 2005. ... The resulting explosion after the crash of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower. ... September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in Leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Despite this early show of solidarity, NATO would face a crisis little more than a year later, when on 10 February 2003, France and Belgium vetoed the procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq. Germany did not use its right to break the procedure but said it supported the veto. February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On the issue of Afghanistan on the other hand, the alliance showed greater unity: On 16 April 2003 NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all 19 NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO takes place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO’s history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. Canada had originally been slated to take over ISAF by itself on that date. April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... French Army forces, 4Ã¨mes chasseurs (27th mountain infantry brigade), in Afghanistan in 2004, passing a woman in a burka. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

New NATO structures are also formed while old ones are abolished: The NATO Response Force (NRF) is launched at the 2002 Prague Summit on 21 November. On 19 June 2003, a major restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command, Allied Command Transformation (ACT), was established in Norfolk, Virginia, USA, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became the Headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO). ACT is responsible for driving transformation (future capabilities) in NATO, whilst ACO is responsible for current operations. The NATO Response Force (NRF) is a coherent, high readiness, joint, multinational force package of approximately 17,000 troops that is technologically advanced, flexible, deployable, interoperable and sustainable. Its role is to act as a stand alone military force that can be rapidly deployed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This Wikipedia article uses European spelling because of NATOs historical use of this style as a standard. ... Nickname: Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... SHAPE Emblem Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) is the central command of NATO military forces. ...

Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Eastern European countries to NATO: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague Summit, and joined NATO on 29 March 2004. A number of other countries have also expressed a wish to join the alliance, including Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, and Croatia. March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (Macedonian: Ð¡Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð° Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð¡Ð¼Ñ€Ñ‚) (English: Liberty or death) Anthem: Macedonian: Ð”ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ ÐÐ°Ð´ ÐœÐ°ÐºÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° (Transliteration: Denes Nad Makedonija) (Translation: Today Over Macedonia) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian1 Government President Prime Minister Parliamentary republic Branko Crvenkovski Vlado BuÄkovski Independence Declared From Yugoslavia September 8, 1991 Area - Total - Water (%) 25,333 kmÂ² (146th...

Membership

onmouseover="pv(event, 273)" onmouseout="unpv(273)" style="">12 March 1999: Image File history File links Map_of_NATO_countries2. ... Image File history File links Map_of_NATO_countries2. ... Download high resolution version (1210x1298, 68 KB)Expansion of NATO in Europe. ... Download high resolution version (1210x1298, 68 KB)Expansion of NATO in Europe. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Canada. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Denmark. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iceland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Luxembourg. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area - Total - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 kmÂ² Negligible Creation -Abolition 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German Mark Time zone â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in Leap years). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

29 March 2004: Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

France withdrew from the integrated military command in 1966. Since then it has remained solely a member of NATO's political structure. Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Estonia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Latvia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lithuania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovenia. ...

Iceland, the sole NATO member that does not have its own military force (the Icelandic Defense Force being the US Military contingent permanently stationed in Iceland), joined on the condition that they would not be expected to establish one. The Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) is the military body responsible for protecting Iceland, headquartered at KeflavÃk, and manned by United States military personnel. ...

Greece withdrew its forces from NATO’s military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco-Turkish tensions following the 1974 Cyprus dispute. // Headline text Relations between Greece and Turkey have been marked by alternating periods of mutual hostility and reconciliation ever since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. ... The Cyprus Dispute is the conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and also Republic of Cyprus and Turkey over Cyprus, an island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. ...

Cooperation with non-member states

Euro-Atlantic Partnership

A double framework has been established to help further co-operation between the 26 NATO members and 20 "partner countries". Partnership for Peace is a NATO project aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union. ... The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European periphery. ...

The 20 partner countries are the following: May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... 1997 (MCMXCVII in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the independent nations which split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Armenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Azerbaijan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belarus. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Georgia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Moldova. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tajikistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkmenistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Croatia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Macedonia. ... Motto: (Macedonian: Ð¡Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð° Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð¡Ð¼Ñ€Ñ‚) (English: Liberty or death) Anthem: Macedonian: Ð”ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ ÐÐ°Ð´ ÐœÐ°ÐºÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° (Transliteration: Denes Nad Makedonija) (Translation: Today Over Macedonia) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian1 Government President Prime Minister Parliamentary republic Branko Crvenkovski Vlado BuÄkovski Independence Declared From Yugoslavia September 8, 1991 Area - Total - Water (%) 25,333 kmÂ² (146th... Image File history File links Flag_of_Albania. ...

Mediterranean Dialogue

The Mediterranean Dialogue, first launched in 1994 is a forum of cooperation between NATO and seven countries of the Mediterranean:

Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Morocco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tunisia. ...

NATO-Russian Federation Council

NATO and Russian Federation made a reciprocal commitment in 1997 "to work together to build a stable, secure and undivided continent on the basis of partnership and common interest." To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In May 2002, this commitment was strengthened with the establishment of the NATO-Russia Council, which brings together the NATO members and Russia. The purpose of this council is to identify and pursue opportunities for joint action with the 27 participants as equal partners.

Australia

In April 2005, Australia signed a security agreement with NATO on enhancing intelligence cooperation in the fight against terrorism. Australia also posted a defense attache to NATO's headquarters. [2] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Structures

Political structure

Like any alliance, NATO is ultimately governed by its 26 member states. However, the North Atlantic Treaty, and other agreements, outline how decisions are to be made within NATO. Each of the 26 members sends a delegation or mission to NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador (and holding that diplomatic rank). Image File history File linksMetadata Bush_dehoopscheffer. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Bush_dehoopscheffer. ... The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the chair of the North Atlantic Council, the supreme decision-making organisation of the defence alliance. ... Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (right) and Jan Peter Balkenende Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (left) and Colin Powell Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (legally Jakob Gijsbert de Hoop Scheffer) (born April 3, 1948) is a Dutch politician who is the 11th NATO Secretary General. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French Community of... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. ...

Together the Permanent Members form the North Atlantic Council (NAC), a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective political authority and powers of decision in NATO. From time to time the Council also meets at higher levels involving Foreign Ministers, Defence Ministers or Heads of Government and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding NATO’s policies are generally taken. However, it is worth noting that the Council has the same authority and powers of decision-making, and its decisions have the same status and validity, at whatever level it meets. North Atlantic Council is the most senior political governing body of NATO. The NAC can be held at the Permanent Representative Level (PermReps), or can be comprised of member states Ministers of State, Defense, or Heads of State. ... A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a cabinet minister who helps form the governmental foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ... A defence minister (Commonwealth English) or defense minister (American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ... The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. ...

The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General of NATO and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord. There is no voting or decision by majority. Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions. The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the chair of the North Atlantic Council, the supreme decision-making organisation of the defence alliance. ...

Like the council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of defence, the most senior military officer in each nation's armed forces.

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as 13 associate members.^[3] The NATO Parliamentary Assembly, or NATO-PA, formerly the North Atlantic Assembly, is an inter-parliamentary organization of legislators. ...

Military structure

NATO’s military operations are directed by two Strategic Commanders, both senior U.S. officers assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x1123, 565 KB) Summary NATO E-3 AWACS flying with three American Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft SOURCE This image is a work of a U.S. Air Force Airman or employee, taken or made during the course... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x1123, 565 KB) Summary NATO E-3 AWACS flying with three American Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft SOURCE This image is a work of a U.S. Air Force Airman or employee, taken or made during the course... F-16 Fighting Falcon over Iraq The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a modern multi-role jet fighter aircraft designed in the United States. ...

Before 2003 the Strategic Commanders were the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) but the current arrangement is to separate command responsibility between Allied Command Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces, and Allied Command Operations, responsible for NATO operations world wide. The NATO structure is divided into two commands, one for operations and one for transformation. ... The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic was one of two supreme commanders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. ... This Wikipedia article uses European spelling because of NATOs historical use of this style as a standard. ... SHAPE Emblem Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) is the central command of NATO military forces. ...

The commander of Allied Command Operations retained the title "Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)", and is based in the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons. This is about 80 km (50 miles) south of NATO’s political headquarters in Brussels. Allied Command Transformation (ACT) is based in the former Allied Command Atlantic headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. The central square and town hall of Mons Mons (Dutch: Bergen) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut, of which it is the capital. ... Nickname: Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ...

NATO operates a fleet of E-3A Sentry AWACS airborne radar aircraft based out of Geilenkirchen Air Base in Germany. The E-3 Sentry is a military airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft that provides all-weather surveillance, command, control and communications, to the United States, NATO and other air defense forces. ... US Air Force E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft is prepared for flight in November 1997 Cockpit of RAF E-3 Sentry undergoing upgrades Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) is a radar-based electronic system designed to carry out airborne surveillance, and C3 (command, control and communications) functions for both... NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, located near Geilenkirchen, Germany, is the main operating base of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force (NAEWF) Commands E-3A Component (AWACS). ...

List of officials

General is a high military rank, used by nearly every country in the world. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Paul-Henri Charles Spaak listen? (January 25, 1899 - July 31, 1972) was a Belgian Socialist politician and statesman. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Dirk Uipko Stikker (February 5, 1897 - December 23, 1979) is a Dutch banker, industrialist, politician, and diplomat. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Manlio Brosio (1897-1980) was an Italian diplomat and politician. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... Joseph Antoine Marie Hubert Luns ( August 28, 1911 - July 18, 2002) was a Dutch politician and former NATO secretary-general. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Right Honourable Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, KG, GCMG, CH, MC, PC,DL (born 6 June 1919) is a British Conservative politician and served as British Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as Secretary-General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Manfred WÃ¶rner (* September 24, 1934 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt; â€ August 13, 1994 in Brussels) was a German politician and diplomat. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 13 is the 225th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (226th in leap years), with 140 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Sergio Balanzino was born on 20th June 1934 in Bologna, Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... August 13 is the 225th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (226th in leap years), with 140 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Willy Claes (born November 24, 1938) was Secretary General of NATO and a Belgian politician and diplomat. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sergio Balanzino was born on 20th June 1934 in Bologna, Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Javier Solana Francisco Javier Solana Madariaga (born July 14, 1942 in Madrid, Spain) is the High Representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Secretary-General of both the Council of the European Union (EU) and the Western European Union (WEU). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in Leap years). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... George Robertson pictured at The Pentagon in June 2001 The Right Honourable George Islay MacNeill Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, KT, GCMG, FRSA, PC (born 12 April 1946, in Port Ellen, Isle of Islay, Scotland) was the Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, between October 1999 and... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (right) and Jan Peter Balkenende Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (left) and Colin Powell Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (legally Jakob Gijsbert de Hoop Scheffer) (born April 3, 1948) is a Dutch politician who is the 11th NATO Secretary General. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sergio Balanzino was born on 20th June 1934 in Bologna, Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ...

Research and Technology (R&T) at NATO

This Wikipedia article uses European spelling because of NATOs historical use of this style as a standard. ...

Possible NATO expansion

For the further expansion of NATO, a mechanism called MAP or Membership Action Plan was approved in the Washington Summit of 1999. Participation in MAP for a country entails the annual presentation of reports concerning its progress on five different fields:

NATO provides feedback as well as technical advice to each of the countries and evaluates their progress on an individual basis.

Albania, Croatia, and the Republic of Macedonia are the three countries currently in NATO's Membership Action Plan; they are as such considered likely to join NATO in the future. Motto: (Macedonian: Ð¡Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð° Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð¡Ð¼Ñ€Ñ‚) (English: Liberty or death) Anthem: Macedonian: Ð”ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ ÐÐ°Ð´ ÐœÐ°ÐºÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° (Transliteration: Denes Nad Makedonija) (Translation: Today Over Macedonia) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian1 Government President Prime Minister Parliamentary republic Branko Crvenkovski Vlado BuÄkovski Independence Declared From Yugoslavia September 8, 1991 Area - Total - Water (%) 25,333 kmÂ² (146th...

Ukraine

Defence Minister of Ukraine Anatoly Hrytsenko has declared that Ukraine will have an Action Plan on NATO membership by the end of March 2006, to begin implementation by September of the same year. A final decision concerning Ukraine's membership in NATO is expected to be made in a 2008 NATO-Ukraine, with full membership possibly attained by the year 2010. ^[8]

The idea of Ukrainian membership in NATO has achieved supported from a number of NATO leaders, including President Traian Basescu of Romania ^[9] and president Ivan Gašparovič of Slovakia. ^[10] Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician. ... President Ivan GaÅ¡paroviÄ Ivan GaÅ¡paroviÄ (born March 27, 1941), Slovak politician and law professor, became President of Slovakia on June 15, 2004. ...

Currently however, a majority of Ukrainian citizens oppose NATO membership. Protests have taken place by opposition blocs against the idea, and petitions signed urging the end of relations with NATO. Prime Minister Yuri Yekhanurov has indicated Ukraine will not enter NATO as long as the public continues opposing the move. ^[11] Yuriy Ivanovych Yekhanurov (Ukrainian: Ð®Ñ€Ñ–Ð¹ Ð†Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð„Ñ…Ð°Ð½ÑƒÑ€Ð¾Ð²), born August 23, 1948 - Ukrainian politician and statesman. ...

Finland

Finland is participating in nearly all sub-areas of the Partnership for Peace programme, and has provided peacekeeping forces to the Afghanistan and Kosovo missions. The possibility of Finland's membership in NATO was one of the most major issues debated in relation to the Finnish presidential election of 2006. The 2006 Finnish Presidential election saw the reelection of Tarja Halonen as President of Finland for a second six-year term. ...

The main contester of the presidency, Sauli Niinistö of the National Coalition Party, supported Finland joining a "more European" NATO. Fellow right-winger Henrik Lax of the Swedish People's Party likewise supported the concept. On the other side, incumbent president Tarja Halonen of the Social Democratic Party opposed changing the status quo, same as most other candidates in the election. Her victory and re-election to the post of president has currently put the issue of a NATO membership for Finland on hold for at least the duration of her term. Sauli NiinistÃ¶ Sauli VÃ¤inÃ¤mÃ¶ NiinistÃ¶ (born August 24, 1948, Salo, Finland, is a Director at the European Investment Bank, a lawyer, former Finnish finance minister and was the Kokoomus candidate in the 2006 presidential election. ... The National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus or Samlingspartiet) is a political party in Finland. ... Henrik Lax Henrik Lax (born on 6 May 1946 in Helsinki) is a Finnish politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Swedish Peoples Party, Member of the Bureau of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and sits on the European Parliaments Committee on Civil... The Swedish Peoples Party (Svenska folkpartiet (SFP) in Swedish or Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue (RKP) in Finnish) is a Swedish minority and mainly liberal party in Finland. ... Tarja Kaarina Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the President of Finland. ... The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) is one of the most influential political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the Coalition Party. ...

Other political figures of Finland who have weighed in with opinions include former President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari who has argued that Finland should join all the organisations supported by other Western democracies in order "to shrug off once and for all the burden of Finlandisation". ^[12] Another former president, Mauno Koivisto, opposes the idea, arguing that NATO membership would ruin Finland's relations with Russia. ^[13] The President of Finland (Suomen Tasavallan Presidentti; Republiken Finlands President) is the Head of State of Finland. ... President Martti Ahtisaari December 6th 2004 Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (born June 23, 1937) is a former President of Finland (1994â€“2000) and UN diplomat, noted for his international peace work. ... Mauno Henrik Koivisto (born November 25, 1923) was the President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. ...

Polls in Finland indicate that the public is strongly against NATO membership. ^[14]

Israel

Israel is currently a Mediterranean Dialogue country and has been recently seeking to expand its relationship with NATO. The first visit by a head of NATO to Israel happened on 23-24 February 2005 ^[15] and the first joint Israel-NATO naval exercise occurred on 27 March 2005. ^[16]. In May of the same year Israel was admitted in the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Israeli troops also took part in NATO exercises in June 2005. (Redirected from 23 February) February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The NATO Parliamentary Assembly, or NATO-PA, formerly the North Atlantic Assembly, is an inter-parliamentary organization of legislators. ...

There have been advocates for the NATO membership of Israel, among them the former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar and Italian Defence Minister Antonio Martino. However Secretary-General of the organisation Jaap de Hoop Scheffer has dismissed such calls, saying that membership for Israel is not on the table. Martino himself said that a membership process could only come after an Israeli request; such a request has not yet taken place. ^[17] (helpÂ· info) (born in Madrid, Spain on February 25, 1953) was the Prime Minister of Spain (officially, president of the Spanish government) from 1996 to 2004. ... Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) is the current Italian Minister of Defense. ... Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (right) and Jan Peter Balkenende Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (left) and Colin Powell Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (legally Jakob Gijsbert de Hoop Scheffer) (born April 3, 1948) is a Dutch politician who is the 11th NATO Secretary General. ...

Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom stated in February 2005 that his country was looking to upgrade its relationship with NATO from a dialogue to a partnership, but that it wasn't seeking membership, saying that "NATO members are committed to mutual defence and we don't think we are in a position where we can intervene in other struggles in the world," and also that "We don't see that NATO should get engaged in our conflict here in the Middle East." ^[18] Silvan Shalom Silvan Shalom â–¶(?) (Hebrew ×¡×™×œ×‘×Ÿ ×©×œ×•×) (born 1958) is an Israeli politician and current Foreign Minister of Israel, having been appointed in 2003 by the current Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. ...

The issue of Israel's potential membership again came to the forefront in early 2006 after heightened tensions between Israel and Iran. Former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar argued that Israel should become a member of the organisation alongside Japan and Australia, saying that "So far, expansion of NATO was an attempt at the growth and consolidation of democratic change in the former Communist countries. Now it is time to do the opposite, to expand toward those democratic nations that are committed to the struggle against our common enemy and ready to contribute to the common effort to free ourselves from it." ^[19]^[20] Aznar also proposed a strategic co-operation with India and Colombia. (helpÂ· info) (born in Madrid, Spain on February 25, 1953) was the Prime Minister of Spain (officially, president of the Spanish government) from 1996 to 2004. ...

ISAF

In August 2003, NATO had his first mission ever outside Europe when it assumed control over International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. French Army forces, 4Ã¨mes chasseurs (27th mountain infantry brigade), in Afghanistan in 2004, passing a woman in a burka. ... French Army forces, 4Ã¨mes chasseurs (27th mountain infantry brigade), in Afghanistan in 2004, passing a woman in a burka. ...

Notes

Note 1: NATO uses British English spelling as its standard. This convention is discussed in its online frequently asked questions: "Q: Why do you spell 'organisation' with an 's' and not a 'z'? A: By tradition, NATO uses European English spellings in all public information documents...". NATO has two official languages, English and French, defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty. British English (BrE) is a term used (especially by Americans) to differentiate between the form of the English language used in the United Kingdom and those used elsewhere. ...

References

The City of Brussels (Bruxelles-Ville or Ville de Bruxelles in French, Stad Brussel in Dutch) is one of the municipalities (the largest one) of the Brussels-Capital Region in Belgium. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 22 March is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 22 March is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ...

See also

Organisations called Atlantic Councils exist in most NATO and Partnership for Peace countries. ... The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European periphery. ... The Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps, (HQ ARRC or ARRC) was created in 1992 in Bielefeld based on the former British I Corps (or I (BR) Corps ). It was originally created as the rapid reaction corps sized land force of the Reaction Forces Concept that emerged after the... NATO Medals for Yugoslavia and Kosovo The NATO Medal is an international military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. ... The NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A) was formed in 1996 from the merging of the previous SHAPE Technical Centre (STC) in The Hague, The Netherlands and the NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency (NACISA) in Brussels, Belgium. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005) The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ... The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) from 1989 to 1992 established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. ... The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is a post-Cold War adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed on November 19, 1999. ... Partnership for Peace is a NATO project aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union. ... Norwegian Blue Helmet during the Siege of Sarajevo, 1992 - 1993, photo by Mikhail Evstafiev. ... A Silence procedure is a way of formally adopting texts, often, but not exclusively in international political context. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... Not to be confused with the European Union, the Western European Union (WEU) is said by some to be a partially dormant European defence and security organization composed of those states members of both NATO and the EU. Interestingly, however, New York Universitys published work (Holyworth and Jolyon) Defending... Ranks and insignia of NATO are combined military insignia used by the member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. ... Rank comparasion chart of all armies of NATO member states. ... Other/Enlisted ranks (OR 1 - 9) See also NATO Ranks and insignia of NATO Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Enlisted Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Enlisted Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies... Officers (OF 1 - 10) No equivalent General GenerallÃ¸jtnant Generalmajor Brigadegeneral Oberst OberstlÃ¸jtnant Major Kaptajn PremierlÃ¸jtnant Iceland (Edit) No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force No Air Force... Other Ranks (OR 1 - 9) See also NATO Ranks and insignia of NATO Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Enlisted Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Enlisted Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies Officers... Officers (OF 1 - 10) 1 Honorary/War time rank. ... See also NATO Ranks and insignia of NATO Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Enlisted Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Enlisted Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies Officers Ranks and insignia of NATO... This is the list of NATO country codes. ...

External links

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Important people, places, and events of the Cold War

Main events (1945–1967)

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Primary participants

Other important figures

1940s: Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... The military of the Netherlands is composed of the Army, Constabulary, Air Force, and Navy, including the Naval Air Service and Marine Corps. ... The armed forces of the United Kingdom are known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majestys Armed Forces, officially the Armed Forces of the Crown. ... This article needs to be updated. ... The Armed Forces of the Republic of Macedonia {Macedonian (Slavonic) ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°Ñ‚Ð° Ð½Ð° Ð ÐµÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ° ÐœÐ°ÐºÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°} were formed in 1992 after withdrawal of Yugoslav Peoples Army which left behind only small number of infantry weapons and four broken World War 2 T-34 tanks to equip new army. ... The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ...

1950s: The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ... Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: åœ‹å…±å†…æˆ°; Simplified Chinese: å›½å…±å†…æˆ˜; Pinyin: guÃ³gÃ²ng neÃ¬zhÃ n; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in... The Truman Doctrine was part of the United States political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union in Europe and the Middle East, illustrated through the communist movements in Iran, Turkey and Greece. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Map of Europe showing the countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... The Berlin Blockade, one of the first major crises of the Cold War, occurred from June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin. ...

1960s: Combatants UN combatants: South Korea, United States Communist combatants: North Korea, Peoples Republic of China Strength Note: All figures may vary according to source. ... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and July 1953. ... Combatants Soviet Union AVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz, JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 7,000 KIA 25,000 - 50,000 KIA, 1... Combatants Israel, France, United Kingdom Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan (CoS of the IDF) General Sir Charles Keightley (C-in-C), Vice-Admiral Pierre Barjot (Deputy) Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 45,000 British, 34,000 French, 175,000 Israeli 300,000 Egyptians Casualties 189 Israelis KIA, unknown number WIA, 16 British... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 1,250,000+ US dead: 58,226 US wounded... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ...

Sino-Soviet Split
U-2 Crisis of 1960
Guatemalan Civil War
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Missile Crisis

1960s (continued): The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... Guatemala experienced a 36 years civil war which had a profound impact on this Latin American country. ... Combatants Cuban militia Cuban exiles trained by the US Commanders Fidel Castro Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 114 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an RPD machine gun. ... U.S.A.F. spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis refers to the tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ...

1970s: Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, and running until August 20 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... DÃ©tente is French for relaxation. ...

1980s: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... Map of Angola Following the end of Portuguese colonial rule in April 1974, newly-independent Angola descended into a devasting civil war which became Africas longest running conflict. ... Combatants USSR Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mujahideen Rebels supported by nations such as the United States, Pakistan, and China Commanders General Boris Gromov Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Sibghatullah Mojadeddi Ahmed Shah Massoud Abdul Ali Mazari Indirect and Minor roles Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Osama Bin Laden Casualties Over 15,000 Soviet military...

1990s: Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (ÐŸÐµÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¹ÐºÐ°) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... The Autumn of Nations is the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various communist satellite states of the Soviet Union were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions of 1848, known... Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003. ... The Velvet Revolution (Czech: samatovÃ¡ revoluce, Slovak: neÅ¾nÃ¡ revolÃºcia) (November 16 - December 29, 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Dissolution of the USSR

Other conflicts: // The rise of Gorbachev Although reform in the Soviet Union stalled between 1969â€“1982, a generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... // 1940s January 7: Republic of Austria is reconstituted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet. ... Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005) The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. ... See rollback (data management) for the operation that returns a database to some previous state or Wikipedia:Rollback for the specific rollback function of Wikipedia. ... An arms race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2005. ... Shahab-3 ballistic missile from Iran World War Three is the name given to a hypothetical world war that would take place after World War II. Most usages of the term include the use of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons. ... For other uses, see Space Race (disambiguation). ... Political cartoon of the era depicting an anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. ... Joseph Raymond McCarthy McCarthyism took place during a period of intense suspicion in the United States primarily from 1950 to 1954, when the U.S. government was actively countering American Communist Party subversion, its leadership, and others suspected of being Communists or Communist sympathizers. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... The CIAs seal features an eagle atop a sixteen-point compass. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee, (Russian: (helpÂ· info); Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ...

Political leaders: Combatants State of Israel Arab nations Arab-Israeli conflict series History Â· Views of the conflict Â· International law Â· Facts and figures Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel and the United Nations Â· Iran-Israel relations Â· Israel-United States relations Peace treaties and proposals Israel-Egypt Â· Israel-Jordan The... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Image File history File links Seal of the Warsaw Pact. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

United States

Soviet Union

Political leaders: Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“1953), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969, popularly known as Ike) was an American soldier and politician. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 â€“ January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963â€“1969). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... For the submarine, see USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23). ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush, GCB, (born June 12, 1924 in Milton, MA) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... (Russian, in full: Ð˜Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ„ Ð’Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð½ [Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin]; December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from mid-1920s to his death in 1953 and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a... Georgy (alternatively spelled Georgii) Maximilianovich Malenkov (Ð“ÐµÐ¾ÌÑ€Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ ÐœÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ð°ÌÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¾ÌÐ²) (GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF) (oficcialy-January 8, 1902 [December 26, 1901, Old Style];November 23 1901 was really - January 14, 1988) was a Soviet politician and Communist Party leader, and a close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. ... (Russian: ; surname commonly anglicized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Russian: ; December 19 [O.S. December 6] 1906 â€“ November 10, 1982) was the effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¿Ð¾Ð²), (15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ... Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian: ) (September 24, 1911 â€“ March 10, 1985) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU who led the Soviet Union from February 13, 1984 until his death just thirteen months later. ... (Russian: , IPA: , commonly anglicized as Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ...

Europe
- Winston Churchill
- Clement Attlee
- Charles de Gaulle
- Josip Broz Tito
- Konrad Adenauer
- Todor Zhivkov
- Imre Nagy
- Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Alexander Dubček
- Willy Brandt
- Erich Honecker
- Pope John Paul II
- Margaret Thatcher
- Lech Wałęsa

Asia:
- Mao Zedong
- Chiang Kai-shek
- Kim Il-sung
- Ho Chi Minh

Latin America:
- Fidel Castro
- Che Guevara

Categories: 4-letter acronyms | Anti-communism | Cold War treaties | History of Europe | International organizations | Military acronyms | Military alliances | NATO | Soviet external politics | 1949 establishments Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to some dispute as to Europes actual borders. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (30 November 1874 â€“ 24 January 1965) was a British politician, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC (3 January 1883â€“8 October 1967) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ) (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970), in France commonly referred to as le gÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia. ... Portrait of Tito by Paja Jovanovic Josip Broz Tito (ÐˆÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¿ Ð‘Ñ€Ð¾Ð· Ð¢Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾) (May 7, (originally May 25th on the official birth certificate) 1892 â€“ May 4, 1980) was the leader of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Election Poster showing Adenauer Konrad Adenauer (January 5, 1876 â€“ April 19, 1967) was a conservative German statesman. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria. ... Todor Zhivkov Todor Hristov Zhivkov (Bulgarian: ToÐ´Ð¾Ñ€ XpÐ¸cÑ‚oÐ² Ð–Ð¸Ð²ÐºÐ¾Ð²; pronounced TO-dor HRIS-tov ZHIF-kof) (September 7, 1911â€“August 5, 1998) was the Communist leader of Bulgaria from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Imre Nagy (born in KaposvÃ¡r, Hungary June 7, 1896, executed June 16, 1958) was Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. ... Image File history File links Romania_flag_1947-1989. ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Alexander DubÄek Alexander DubÄek (November 27, 1921 â€“ November 7, 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969), famous for his attempt to reform the Communist regime (Prague Spring). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Willy Brandt (December 18, 1913 â€“ October 8, 1992) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany from 1969 to 1974. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Germany. ... Erich Honecker (25 August 1912â€“29 May 1994) was a German Communist politician who led East Germany (German Democratic Republic) from 1971 until 1989. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ... Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), born Karol JÃ³zef WojtyÅ‚a [1] (May 18, 1920 â€“ April 2, 2005) reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church for almost 27 years, from October 16, 1978 until his death, making his the second-longest pontificate. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Office President of Poland Term of office from December 22, 1990 until December 23, 1995 Profession Electrician and shipyard worker Political party none, see Solidarity for details Spouse Danuta WaÅ‚Ä™sa Date of birth September 29, 1943 Place of birth Popowo, Poland Date of death Place of death Lech Wa... Asia is the largest and most populous region or continent depending on the definition. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 â€“ April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_North_Korea. ... Kim Il-sung (ê¹€ì¼ì„±) (15 April 1912 â€“ 8 July 1994) was the leader of North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death, when he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Vietnam. ... Official portrait of Há»“ ChÃ Minh Há»“ ChÃ Minh (Chinese : èƒ¡å¿—æ˜Ž) (helpÂ· info) (May 19, 1890 â€“ September 2, 1969) was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman, who later became Prime Minister (1946-1955) and President (1955-1969) of North Vietnam. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (pron. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ... Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 â€“ October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born physician, Marxist revolutionary, politician, and Cuban guerrilla leader. ...

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