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The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakh-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of languages spoken mostly in the Dagestan, Chechnya, and Ingushetia regions of Russia, in Northern Azerbaijan, and in Georgia. The Republic of Dagestan (Russian: ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: ; Ingush: ГIалгIай Мохк) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...
Linguistic features This family is known for the complex phonology (up to 60 consonants or up to 30 vowels in some languages), noun classes, ergative sentence structure, and large number of noun cases, including several locative cases. A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ...
Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
The term ergative is used in grammar in two different meanings: ergative case, ergative language ergative verb This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
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Language classification The classification of the Northeast Caucasian languages has undergone some reorganization in recent years. The following tree is a typical recent proposal, based on the work of linguist Bernard Comrie and others. Population data is from Ethnologue 15th ed. Bernard Comrie (1947-05-23 - ) is a professor at and the director of the Max Planck Institute for evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. ...
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with native language biblical texts. ...
Spoken in Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Georgia. Chechen and Ingush are official languages of their respective republics. The Nakh languages are a small family of languages spoken mostly in Russia (Chechnya and Ingushetia) and Georgia. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: ; Ingush: ГIалгIай Мохк) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...
Bats (also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb or Batsaw) is the language of the Bats people, a Caucasian minority group, and is part of the Nakh family of Caucasian languages. ...
The Chechen language has about 1,200,000 speakers, most of whom live in Russia. ...
Ingush language is a language spoken by approximately 230,315 people (1989) across a region covering Ingushetia, Chechnya, Uzbekistan and Russia. ...
Avar-Andi family Spoken in the Northwest Dagestan highlands and western Dagestan. Avar is the lingua franca for these and the Tsez languages, and the only literary language. - Avar (600,000 speakers)
- Andi languages
- Andi (Qwannab) (10,000)
- Botlikh (Botlix) (5000)
- Ghodoberi (3000)
- Karata (Kirdi) (5000)
- Akhvakh (Axvax) (3500)
- Bagvalal (Kvanada) (2000)
- Tindi (Tindal) (6700)
- Chamalal (5000)
This article is about the Avar Language, for information on the Avar people please see Caucasian Avars. ...
The Andi languages are a branch of the Northeast Caucasian (or Dagestanian) language family. ...
Godoberi (also Ghodoberi) is an Andi language of the Dagestan family spoken in southern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 3000 people. ...
Tsez (Dido) family Spoken mostly in Southwest Dagestan. None are literary languages. - East Tsez languages
- West Tsez languages
- Tsez (Dido) (14000)
- Khvarshi (Khvarsh, Xvarsh) (1500)
- Hunzib (Gunzib) (2000)
The Bezhta language (also known as Kapucha) belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family. ...
Tsez (also known as Dido; cez in Avar and Tsez; დიდრin Georgian) is a North Caucasian language with about 7000 speakers spoken in the mountaneous Tsunta district of southern and western Dagestan, Russia. ...
Lak isolate Spoken in the Central Dagestan highlands. Lak is a literary language. Lak language (лакку маз) is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Daghestan, where it is one of the six literary languages. ...
Dargi (Dargin) dialect continuum Spoken by 370,000 in the Central Dagestan highlands. Dargwa proper is a literary language. The Dargin or Dargwa language is spoken by the Dargin people of western Dagestan. ...
Khinalug (Xinalug) isolate Spoken in northern Azerbaijan. - Khinalugh (Xinalug) (1800 speakers)
Lezgian family Spoken in the Southeast Dagestan highlands and in Northern Azerbaijan. The Lezgian family includes the extinct Aghbanian language of the medieval Caucasian Albanian empire. Lezgi and Tabassaran are literary languages. Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Caucasian Albania (or Aghbania) was an ancient kingdom that covered what is now southern Dagestan and most of todays Azerbaijan of the Caucasus. ...
- Archi (1000 speakers)
- Udi (5700)
- Nuclear Lezgian languages
- Aghul (Agul) (17,400)
- Lezgi (450,000)
- Tabasaran (Tabassaran) (96,000)
- Rutul (20,000)
- Kryts (Kryz) (6000 in 1975)
- Budukh (Budux) (1000)
- Tsakhur (Tsaxur) (20,073)
Traditionally the Nakh languages were classified as a separate North-Central Caucasian family, related to the languages of Dagestan only at a deeper level called Nakho-Dagestanian. The names Northeast Caucasian, East Caucasian, Dagestanian, and Caspian were coined for the other branches. Since then most linguists have come to accept that the Nakh languages are no more divergent than the other branches of Dagestanian. The Udi language is a member of the Northeast Caucasian language family. ...
Lezgi, also called Lezgian, is a language spoken by the Lezgins who live in southern Dagestan (a republic of Russia) and northern Azerbaijan. ...
Tabasaran (or Tabassaran) is a member of the Lezgian subfamily of the Northeast Caucasian languages. ...
Connections to other families
North Caucasian family Many linguists think that the Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages should be joined into a putative North Caucasian family, sometimes called Caucasic or Caucasian (even though it is not meant to include the South Caucasian (Kartvelian) family). However, this hypothesis is not well demonstrated. See the article on North Caucasian languages for details. The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in Caucasian Russia, Turkey, Jordan, Kabardino-Balkaria (an autonomous republic in Russia) and Abkhazia ( de facto independent formally an autonomous republic in Georgia). ...
The South Caucasian or Kartvelian languages are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, and Russia. ...
North Caucasian languages is a blanket term for two distinct, but possibly related, phyla of languages spoken in the north Caucasus and in Turkey. ...
Connections to Hurrian and Urartian Some linguists — notably I. M. Diakonoff and S. Starostin — also see similarities between the Northeast Caucasian family and the extinct languages Hurrian and Urartian. Hurrian was spoken in various parts of the Fertile Crescent in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Urartian was the language of Urartu, a powerful state centered in the area of Lake Van in Turkey, that existed between 1000 BC or earlier and 585 BC. Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov (Игорь Михайлович ДьÑконов in Russian) (born December 30, 1914 in Petrograd) is a Russian historian who should be ranked among the greatest authorities on Ancient East and its languages. ...
Dr. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin (b. ...
Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians, a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC. // Language interrelations Hurrian is an agglutinative language which belongs to neither the Semitic nor the Indo-European language families. ...
Urartian is the conventional name for the language spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in Northeast Anatolia (present Turkey), in the region of Lake Van. ...
The Fertile Crescent is a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey. ...
Urartu map Urartu (a. ...
Lake Van from space, September 1996 Lake Van Landsat photo Lake Van (Turkish: Van Gölü, in Armenian: Վանա լիճ) is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country. ...
Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC Events and Trends 589 BC - Apries succeeds Psammetichus II as king of Egypt 588 BC _ Nebuchadnezzar II of...
The two extinct languages have been grouped into the Hurro-Urartian family. Sarostin proposed the name Alarodian for the union of Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian. The Hurro-Urartian languages are an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East, which comprises only two languages, Hurrian and Urartian (Asia Minor and the Caucasus). ...
The Alarodian languages are a proposed language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus: Northeast or Dagestan (sometimes called Avar or Lezgian which are also the names of its most major members) and North-central or Vaynakh (which includes Chechen and Ingush), as well as the extinct Hurro_Urartian...
Agricultural vocabulary The Proto-Northeast Caucasian language had many terms for agriculture, and Johanna Nichols has suggested that its speakers may have been involved in the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent.[1] However, they have words for concepts such as yoke, as well as fruit trees such as apple and pear that suggest agriculture was already well developed when the protolanguage broke up. Linguist Johanna Nichols is a professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at University of California, Berkeley. ...
The Fertile Crescent is a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey. ...
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