Using gene frequency data for 120 alleles, Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1988) concluded that the major split of human populations separates Africans from non-Africans and that the second split separates a North Eurasian supercluster (Caucasians, Northeast Asians, and Amerindians) from a Southeast Asian supercluster (Southeast Asians, Australian Aborigines, Papua New Guineans, and Pacific Islanders). An allele is any one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome. ... Categories: People stubs | 1922 births | Italian people | Population geneticists ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... See Supercluster for use of the word in astronomy. ... Caucasian is originally a geographical term, meaning relative or pertaining to the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and West Asia. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ... A Pacific Islander or Pacific Person (plural: Pacific People) is a term used in several places, such as New Zealand and the United States, to describe people of a certain heritage In New Zealand, it is applied to a person who has emigrated from one of the smaller islands of...

A later paper by Nei and Roychoudhury (1993) Abstract PDF uses statistical methods it claims to be superior (a modified distance function, and NJ method instead of UPGMA), and concludes that while the biggest genetic division is still between Africans and non-Africans, after this first split, Caucasians and then Native Americans both split from East Asians before Australopapuans do. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) is a simple bottom-up data clustering method used in bioinformatics for the creation of phylogenetic trees. ... -1... East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Australoid describes the racial classification of humans primarily from Australia as well as areas of Asia or Oceania, and was one of a varying number of races defined by various racial theories. ...

One problem with this hypothesis is that Australian Aborigines and Papuans have several characteristics (e.g., dark skin, frizzled hair, etc.) that are similar to those of black Africans. This problem can be explained either by the hypothesis of convergent evolution or by the hypothesis (Nei and Ota 1991) that there are two routes of human migration to Australia and New Guinea from Africa, one of two main variants of the Single-origin hypothesis regarding the migration of modern humans out of Africa some 50,000 years B.P. In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution describes the process whereby organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another. ... In paleoanthropology, the single-origin hypothesis (or Out-of-Africa model) is one of two accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and 3rd most populous . ...

(Nei and Ota 1991) suggests two migrations, with the ancestors of Australoids leaving Africa first via the Bab-el-Mandeb and following the Arabian and Indian coastline east, and the ancestors of Northern Eurasians leaving Africa sometime later via Sinai. A second theory, favored by Stephen Oppenheimer, is that there was only one significant migration out of Africa, occurring along the southern route, and that all non-African (and North African) peoples are descended from that single migration of perhaps a few dozen to a few hundred individuals. The split between Northern Eurasians (often referred to simply as Eurasians) and Southeast Asians (Australoids, not most modern Southeast Asians) would have occurred sometime after this exodus. The Bab-el-Mandeb (Arabic for the gate of tears) is the strait separating the continents of Asia (Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula) and Africa (Somalia on the Horn of Africa), connecting the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Aden). ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 The Sinai Peninsula (in Arabic, Shibh Jazirat Sina) is a triangle-shaped peninsula lying between the Mediterranean Sea (to the north) and Red Sea (to the south). ... Stephen Oppenheimer is a well known expert in the field of synthesizing DNA studies with archaeological, anthropological, linguistic and other field studies. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | North Africa ... Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. ...

See also:

• Eurasian
• Southeast Asian Supercluster
• Caucasoid
• Mongoloid
• Australoid
• Negroid
• Capoid
• Northern Mongoloid
• Southern Mongoloid
• Europid
• European
• Asian
• Middle Eastern
• Indian subcontinent
• Pacific Islander
• Native American
• Race
• Gene
• DNA
• Y-chromosomal Adam
• Mitochondrial Eve
• Single-origin hypothesis

Sources: Main article: Eurasia The term Eurasian refers to the cultural ties and linkages between those in a wider view of the Eurasian continent, centering on the Silk Road, and Central Asia as the nursery of human civilization, from which all other cultures draw a common influence. ... The Southeast Asian Supercluster is one of the three major genetic clusters of human populations comprising the people indigenous to Southern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia and Australia. ... Main article: Caucasian race Typical Caucasoid Skull Caucasoid describes humans primarily from Europe, the Middle East (Western Asia), North Africa, as well as parts of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia, and was one of the four major races recognized by nineteenth century racial theories. ... A portrait of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan Taiwanese aborigine dancer. ... Australoid describes the racial classification of humans primarily from Australia as well as areas of Asia or Oceania, and was one of a varying number of races defined by various racial theories. ... Typical Negroid Skull Negroid describes the racial classification of humans from Sub-Saharan Africa and Nilotic peoples of East Africa and was one of a varying number of races defined by various racial theories. ... Main article: Khoisan One of the five macro-racial groups often recognized by physical anthropologists (along with Negroids, Australoids, Caucasoids and Mongoloids). ... Northern Mongoloids represent a division of the Eastern Eurasian branch of the Eurasiatic Supercluster, a genetic cluster of human populations comprising Caucasoids in the West and Mongoloids in the East, and includes populations indigenous to North Asia, the Americas and Greenland, as well as their descendants in other parts of... Southern Mongoloids represent a division of the Eastern Eurasian branch of the Eurasiatic Supercluster, a genetic cluster of human populations comprising Caucasoids in the West and Mongoloids in the East, and includes most Southeast Asians and Polynesians, as well as their descendants in other parts of the world. ... A term referring to the European branch of the Caucasoid subgroup of the Eurasiatic Supercluster genetic division of humanity. ... This article is about the continent. ... The term Asian can refer to something or someone from Asia. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The Indian subcontinent is the peninsular region of South Asia, which includes India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, usually also Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and some disputed territory currently controlled by China, and sometimes Myanmar. ... A Pacific Islander or Pacific Person (plural: Pacific People) is a term used in several places, such as New Zealand and the United States, to describe people of a certain heritage. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... A race is a distinct population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or deoxyribose nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). ... In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam is the male counterpart to mitochondrial Eve: the last male ancestor from whom all male human Y chromosomes are descended. ... An artists impression of Mitochondrial Eve who probably lived in Africa, about 150,000 years ago. ... In paleoanthropology, the single-origin hypothesis (or Out-of-Africa model) is one of two accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens. ...

• Physical Anthropology (Eighth Edition) by Philip L. Stein & Bruce M. Rowe
• The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa by Stephen Oppenheimer
• The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells
• Mapping Human History: Genes, Race and Our Common Origins by Steve Olson
• The History and Geography of Human Genes by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi & Alberto Piazza

Links:

• Bopedia Race page