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Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. The speaking area of Northern Sami covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland. The number of Northern Sami speakers is estimated to be somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000. Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ...
Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages Yukaghir Samoyedic Ugric Finnic The Uralic languages (pronounced: ) form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ...
Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ...
The Finno-Permic languages are a large branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ...
The Finno-Volgaic languages, also known as the Finno-Mari, Finno-Cheremisic, or Volga-Finnic languages, are a language group within the Uralic language family. ...
Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ...
Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ...
Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...
Writing systems of the world today. ...
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...
ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ...
ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ...
ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1107x1329, 327 KB) Summary A map of Sami dialects numbered. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1107x1329, 327 KB) Summary A map of Sami dialects numbered. ...
Not to be confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ...
Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ...
This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ...
History Northern Sámi was first described by Knud Leem (En lappisk Grammatica efter den Dialect, som bruges af Field-Lapperne udi Porsanger-Fiorden) in 1748 and in dictionaries in 1752 and 1768. One of Leem's fellow grammaticians was Anders Porsanger, who studied at the Trondheim Cathedral School and other schools, but who was unable to publish his work on Sámi due to rasist attitudes at the time. Unfortunately, the majority of his work has disappeared.
The roots of the current orthography for Northern Sámi were laid by Rasmus Rask who, after discussions with Nils Vibe Stockfleth, published Ræsonneret lappisk sproglære efter den sprogart, som bruges af fjældlapperne i Porsangerfjorden i Finmarken. En omarbejdelse af Prof. Knud Leems Lappiske grammatica in 1832. Rask felt that the orthography should be based on the principle of one sound — one letter. All of the orthographies that have been used for Northern Sámi trace their roots back to Rask's system, unlike the orthographies used for Lule and Southern Sámi, which are mainly based on the orthographical conventions of Swedish and Norwegian. Following in the tradition of Rask meant that diacritics were used with some consonants (č, đ, ŋ, š, ŧ and ž), which caused data-processing problems before Unicode was introduced. Both Stockfleth and J.A. Friis later on published grammar books and dictionaries for Sámi. It can be said that Northern Sámi was better described than Norwegian was before Ivar Aasen published his grammar on Norwegian. Rasmus Christian Rask Rasmus Christian Rask (November 22, 1787 - November 14, 1832), Danish scholar and philologist, was born at Brandekilde in the island of Funen or Fyn in Denmark. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...
Southern Saami is divided into two main dialects: Southern Saami sensu stricto and Ume Saami. ...
Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ...
Ivar Andreas Aasen (August 5, 1813 - September 23, 1896) was a Norwegian philologist and lexicographer. ...
Northern Sámi was used in three different lands, each of which used its own orthography for a number of years. Friis' orthography was used when work on translating the Bible into Northern Sámi commenced, in the first Sámi newspaper called Saǥai Muittalægje, and in the Finnemisjonen's own newspaper Nuorttanaste. In 1979, an official orthography for Northern Sámi was adopted for use in Norway, Sweden and Finland. SaÇ¥ai Muittalægje (The News Reporter) was a Sámi newspaper that was published from 1904 to 1911, for a total of 33 issues. ...
Nuorttanaste (The Eastern Star) is a religious publication from Norway published in Northern Sámi. ...
For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ...
In Norway, Northern Sámi is currently the official language of two counties (Finnmark and Troms) and six municipalities (Kautokeino, Karasjok, Nesseby, Tana, Porsanger and Kåfjord). Sámi born before 1977 have never learned to write Sámi according to the currently used orthography in school, so it is only in recent years that there have been Sámi capable of writing their own language for various administrative positions. Originally, a county was the land under the jurisdiction of a count (in Great Britain, an earl, though the original earldoms covered larger areas) by reason of that office. ...
County NO-20 Region Nord-Norge Administrative centre Vadsø County mayor Area - Total - Percentage Ranked 1 48,618 km² 15. ...
County NO-19 Region Nord-Norge Administrative centre Tromsø County mayor Area - Total - Percentage Ranked 4 25,877 km² 8. ...
County Finnmark District Municipality NO-2011 Administrative centre Kautokeino Mayor (2004) Klemet Erland Hætta (Samefolkets liste - Sámi Peoples Party) Official language form Bokmål and Sami Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 1 9,708 km² 8,964 km² 3. ...
County Finnmark Landscape Municipality NO-2021 Administrative centre Karasjok Mayor (2004) Kjell H. Sæther (Ap) Official language form Bokmål and Sami Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 2 5,453 km² 5,205 km² 1. ...
County Finnmark Landscape Municipality NO-2027 Administrative centre Nyborg Mayor (2003) Ann Jorid Henriksen (Ap) Official language form Bokmål and Sami Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 57 1,436 km² 1,367 km² 0. ...
County Finnmark Landscape Municipality NO-2025 Administrative centre Tana Mayor (2003) Ingrid Smuk Rolstad (Ap) Official language form Bokmål and Northern Sami Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 5 4,049 km² 3,833 km² 1. ...
County Finnmark Landscape Municipality NO-2020 Administrative centre Lakselv Mayor (2004) Bjørn Kåre Søderholm (H) Official language form Bokmål Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 3 4,874 km² 4,643 km² 1. ...
County Troms District Municipality NO-1940 Administrative centre Olderdalen Mayor (2003) Idar Lilleberg(NSD-AP) Official language form Bokmål and Sami Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 106 991 km² 950 km² 0. ...
Phonology
Vowels
Consonants
Stress Zero stress can be said to be a feature of conjunctions, postpositions, particles and monosyllabic pronouns. A postposition is a type of adposition, a grammatical particle that expresses some sort of relationship between a noun phrase (its object) and another part of the sentence; an adpositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb. ...
In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition. ...
Syntax Northern Sami is an SVO language. In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object (SVO) is the sequence subject verb object in neutral expressions: Sam ate oranges. ...
Orthography The Northern Sami language has had more than one orthography, but in 1979 a common orthography was created. It was last modified in 1985. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ...
For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ...
1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Northern Sami is written in an extended version of the Latin alphabet. The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...
| A a | Á á | B b | C c | Č č | D d | Đ | E e | F f | G g | | a | á | be | ce | če | de | đe | e | af | ge | | /ɑ/ | /a/ | /b/ | /ts/ | /tʃ/ | /d/ | /ð/ | /e/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ | | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | O o | P p | | ho | i | je | ko | al | am | an | eŋ | o | pe | | /h/ | /i/ | /j/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /o/ | /p/ | | R r | S s | Š š | T t | Ŧ ŧ | U u | V v | Z z | Ž ž | | ar | as | aš | te | ŧe | u | ve | ez | ež | | | /r/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /θ/ | /u/ | /v/ | /dz/ | /dʒ/ | In some older publications, Ć/ć, Ś/ś, and Ź/ź may be found as variants for Č/č, Š/š, and Ž/ž, respectively. The acute accent ( ´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ...
Č in uper- and lowercase Č is the fourth letter of the Croatian, Czech, Serbian and Slovenian alphabet. ...
D with stroke can describe several letters used in various languages, past and present. ...
The eng is a letter: ÅŠ (capital), Å‹ (small). ...
Å in upper- and lowercase The grapheme Å , Å¡ (Latin S with caron) is used in various contexts: In Slavic languages: it is the 25th letter of the Croatian and Bosnian and 20th letter of the Slovenian alphabet, and is also used in the Czech language, Slovak language and Slovenian language, where it...
The bar or stroke can be a diacritic mark, when used with some letters in the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets. ...
Caron redirects here, for the French actress, see Leslie Caron. ...
Until the official orthography currently in use was adopted in 1979, each country had had its own, slightly different standard, so it is quite possible to come across older books that are difficult to understand for people unacquainted with the orthography:
1. Maanat leät poahtan skuvllai.
2. Mánát leat boahtán skuvllai.
(The children have come to school.)
The first sentence is from Antti Outakoski's Samekiela kielloahpa from 1950; the second is how it would be written according to the current orthography.
Dialects Northern Sámi can be divided into three major dialect groups: Torne, Finnmark and Sea Sami.
Grammar Northern Sami is an agglutinative, highly inflected language that shares many grammatic features with the other Uralic languages. Sami has also developed considerably into the direction of fusional and inflected morphology, much like Estonian to which it is distantly related. Therefore, morphemes are marked not only by suffixes but also by morphophonological modifications to the root. Of the various morphophonological alterations, the most important and complex is the system of consonant gradation. Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages Yukaghir Samoyedic Ugric Finnic The Uralic languages (pronounced: ) form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ...
Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies: The phonological structure of morphemes. ...
Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation, in which consonants alternate between various grades. It is found in some Finno-Lappic languages such as Finnish, Estonian and Sámi; moreover, the Votic language is known for its extensive set of gradation patterns. ...
Cases Northern Sami has 7 cases in the singular, although the genitive and accusative are the same, so some people might state that it only has 6 cases: Case can refer to: An instance or example Letter case (the distinction between majuscule and minuscule letters) or sentence case Cases in linguistic morphology; see declension and list of grammatical cases A term of jurisprudence, referring to the evidence against a defendant or suspect Steve Case, head of AOL Time...
The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...
The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. ...
The form taken by the essive (marker: -n) is the same in the singular and in the plural, i.e., mánnán (as a child/as children). The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ...
The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...
The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. ...
Locative is a case which indicates a location. ...
Illative is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of into (the inside of). An example from Hungarian would be a házba (into the house). ...
The Comitative case is used where English would use in company with or together with. It, and many other cases, are found in the Finnish language, the Hungarian language, and the Estonian language. ...
The essive or similaris case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English as a. ...
In linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word or sentence. ...
The word singular may refer to one of several concepts. ...
Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ...
Pronouns The personal pronouns have three numbers - singular, plural and dual. The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases. Dual forms exist in some languages in addition to singular and plural forms of nouns and pronouns; the latin term is dualis. ...
| | English | nominative | English | genitive | | First person (singular) | I | mun | my | mu | | Second person (singular) | you (thou) | don | your, yours | du | | Third person (singular) | he, she | son | his, her | su | | First person (dual) | we (two) | moai | our | munno | | Second person (dual) | you (two) | doai | your | dudno | | Third person (dual) | they (two) | soai | theirs | sudno | | First person (plural) | we | mii | our | min | | Second person (plural) | you | dii | your | din | | Third person (plural) | they | sii | their | sin | The next table demonstrates the declension of a personal pronoun he/she (no gender distinction) in various cases: | | Singular | Dual | Plural | | Nominative | son | soai | sii | | Genitive-Accusative | su | sudno | sin | | Locative | sus | sudnos | sis | | Illative | sutnje | sudnuide | sidjiide | | Comitative | suinna | sudnuin | singuin | | Essive | sunin | sudnon | sinin |
Verbs
Person Northern Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons: It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ...
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. ...
- first person
- second person
- third person
Mood Northern Sami has 4 grammatical moods: It has been suggested that prohibitive mood be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that prohibitive mood be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that prohibitive mood be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that prohibitive mood be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that prohibitive mood be merged into this article or section. ...
Grammatical number Northern Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers: It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ...
In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ...
The word singular may refer to one of several concepts. ...
Dual is the grammatical number used for two referents. ...
Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ...
Tense Northern Sami has 2 simple tenses: Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
and 2 compound tenses: The preterite (also praeterite, in American English also preterit, or past historic) is the grammatical tense expressing actions which took place in the past. ...
Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
The present perfect tense denotes a present condition resulting from a previous action. ...
The pluperfect tense (from Latin: plus quam perfectum more than perfect) is a perfective tense that exists in most Indo-European languages, used to refer to an event that has completed before another past action. ...
Verbal nouns
Negative verb Northern Sami, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb that conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). A negative verb is a verb with help of which negative forms of verbs are formed. ...
It has been suggested that prohibitive mood be merged into this article or section. ...
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. ...
In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ...
Ind. pres. Imperative Optative Supinum? sg. du. pl. sg. du. pl. sg. du. pl. sg. du. pl. 1 in ean eat 1 - - - 1 allon allu allot 1 aman amame amamet 2 it eahppi ehpet 2 ale alli allet 2 ale alli allet 2 amat amade amadet 3 ii eaba eai 3 - - - 3 allos alloska alloset 3 amas amaska amaset The negative verb in Northern Sami does not conjugate according to tense. Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
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