The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. The vast majority of the route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only free of ice for 2 months per year. Before the beginning of the 20th century it was known as the Northeast Passage. Jump to: navigation, search Shipping is the transport of cargo between seaports by ships, typically large steel vessels powered by diesel engines or steam turbine plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Jump to: navigation, search The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border The Arctic is the area around the Earths North Pole. ... Jump to: navigation, search A natural, 4 tonne, block of ice on a beach in Iceland Icicles Ice is the solid form of water. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

The motivation to navigate the Northeast Passage was initially economic. In the first millennium the Vikings were searching for fur, ivory, and new territory. Jump to: navigation, search The name Viking is a borrowed word from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. ... The company mainly manages various fur products such as mink,fox hair,rabbit hair and leather garments,scarf,leather cap,gloves,automobile cushion,sofa cushion,carpet,leather mattress,handbag, garment auxiliary materials,shoes inner,motorcycle grip cover,animal craftwork,hair ornaments,etc,also produces handwork articles of wool knitting scarf... Ivory is a hard, white, opaque substance that is the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, mammoth, etc. ...

In Russia the idea of a possible seaway connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific was first put forward by the diplomat Gerasimov in 1525. However, Russian settlers and traders on the coasts of the White sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the route as early as the 11th century. By the 17th century they established a continuous sea route from Arkhangelsk as far east as the mouth of Yenisey. This route, known as Mangazeya seaway, after its eastern terminus, the trade depot of Mangazeya, was an early precursor to the Northern Sea Route. Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Settlers are people who have travelled of their own choice, from the land of their birth to live in new lands or colonies. ... Barents Sea, the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea. ... Pomors (помо́ры) are settlers of the White Sea coasts. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... A 19th-century view of Arkhangelsk port. ... Енисей Length 5,550 (4,102) km Elevation of the source m Average discharge 19,600 m³/s Area watershed 2,580,000 km² Origin  ? Mouth Arctic Ocean Basin countries Russia The Yenisei basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Yenisei (Енисе́й) is a river... Mangazeya was a Northwest Siberian trans-Ural trade colony and later city in the 16-17th centuries. ...

Western parts of the passage were simultaneously being explored by Northern European countries like England, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, looking for an alternative seaway to China and India. Although these expeditions failed, new coasts and islands were discovered. Most notable is the 1596 expedition led by Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz who discovered Spitsbergen and Bjørnøya. Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK... Events February 5 - 26 catholics crucified in Nagasaki, Japan. ... Willem Barents (1550? -- June 20, 1597, Dutch name Barentsz) was a Dutch navigator and explorer, leader of early expeditions in far northern waters. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map of Svalbard, showing Spitsbergen in the North Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen or Vestspitsbergen) is the largest island in the Svalbard archipelago, which is situated in the Arctic Ocean and administered by Norway. ... Bjørnøya (Norwegian for Bear Island) is a Norwegian island that constitutes a part of Svalbard. ...

Fearing English and Dutch penetration into Siberia, Russia closed the Mangazeya seaway in 1619. Pomor activity in Northern Asia declined and the bulk of exploration in the 17th century was carried out by Siberian Cossacks, sailing from one river mouth to another in their Arctic-worthy kochs. In 1648 the most famous of these expeditions, led by Fedot Alekseev and Semyon Dezhnev, sailed east from the mouth of Kolyma to the Pacific and doubled the Chukotka peninsula, thus proving that there was no land connection between Asia and North America. Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. ... This article or section should be merged with Kocha Koch (pl. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... Semion Ivanovich Dezhnev (Семён Ива́нович Дежнёв) (circa 1605 – 1673), Russian explorer who led the expedition that doubled the known extent of the easternmost promontory of the Eurasian continent in 1648, discovering that Asia is not connected to Alaska. ... The Kolyma River (Колыма́) is a river in Russia that empties into the East Siberian Sea. ... Chukotka Autonomous District (Russian: Чуко́тский автоно́мный о́круг; tr. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing Asia (geographically) Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and worlds largest continent. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on...

80 years after Dezhnev, in 1725, another Russian explorer, Danish-born Vitus Bering on Sviatoy Gavriil made a similar voyage in reverse, starting in Kamchatka and going north to the passage that now bears his name (Bering Strait). It was Bering who gave their current names to Diomede Islands, discovered and first described by Dezhnev. Jump to: navigation, search Events February 8 - Catherine I became empress of Russia February 20 - The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony. ... Jump to: navigation, search Vitus Bering Vitus Jonassen Bering (also, less correctly, Big Breasts) (August 1681–December 19, 1741) was a Danish-born navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich. ... Kamchatka is the land of volcanoes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, the eastmost point of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, the westernmost point of the American continent, approximately 85 km (58 mi... Jump to: navigation, search Satellite photo of the Bering Strait, with the Diomede Islands at center. ...

Bering's explorations in 1725-1730 were part of a larger scheme initially devised by Peter the Great and known as The Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition.The Second Kamchatka expedition took place in 1735-1742. This time there were two ships, Sv. Piotr and Sv. Pavel, the latter commanded by Bering's deputy in the first expedition, Captain Aleksei Chirikov. During that voyage they became the first Westerners to sight (Bering) and land on (Chirikov) the coast of the north-western North America, a storm having separated the two ships earlier. On his way back Bering discovered the Aleutian Islands but fell ill and St. Peter had to take shelter on an island off Kamchatka, where Bering died (Bering Island). Jump to: navigation, search Portrait of Peter by Paul Delaroche Peter I (Пётр I Алексеевич in Russian, or Pyotr I Alexeyevich) (10 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672– 28 January 1725 O.S.] ) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Aleksei Ilyich Chirikov (Алексей Ильич Чириков in Russian) (1703 – November, 1748) was a Russian navigator and Captain. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on... Looking down the Aleutians from an airplane. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Independent from Bering and Chirikov, other Russian Imperial Navy parties took part in the Second Great Northern expedition. One of these, led by Semion Chelyuskin, in May 1742 reached the northernmost point of both the Northeast passage and the Eurasian continent (Cape Chelyuskin). Chelyuskin, Semion Ivanovich (Челюскин, Семен Иванович in Russian)(c. ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Cape Chelyuskin is the northernmost point of the Eurasian continent, lying at the northernmost tip of the Taimyr peninsula, south of Severnaya Zemlya. ...

Later expeditions to explore the Northeast passage took place in the 1760s (Vasili Chichagov), 1785-95 (Joseph Billings and Gavril Sarychev), the 1820s (Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou, Count Fyodor Litke and others), and the 1830s. Possibility of navigation the whole length of the passage was proven by mid-19th century. However, it was only in 1878 that Finnish explorer Nordenskiöld made the first successful attempt to completely navigate the Northeast Passage from west to east. In 1915 a Russian expedition led by Boris Vilkitsky made the passage from east to west. Vasili Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726-1809) was an admiral in the Russian Navy and an explorer. ... Joseph Billings (c. ... Gavril (also Gavriil) Andreevich Sarychev (Сарычев, Гавриил Андреевич in Russian) (1763 — 7. ... Jump to: navigation, search Events and Trends Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821). ... Wrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich (Врангель, Фердинанд Петрович in Russian) (12. ... Anjou, Piotr Fyodorovich (Анжу, Пётр Фёдорович in Russian) (2. ... Litke, Fyodor Petrovich (Литке, Федор Петрович in Russian) (9. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Georg von Rosen Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, also known as A. E. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832, Helsinki,Finland (then Grand Duchy of Finland) — August 12, 1901,Dalby, SkÃ¥ne, Sweden) was a geologist, mineralogist and arctic explorer of Finland-Swedish extraction. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Boris Andreyevich Vilkitsky (Вилькицкий, Борис Андреевич in Russian)(3. ...

One year before Nordenskiöld's voyage, commercial exploitation of the route started with the so-called Kara expeditions, exporting Siberian agricultural produce via the Kara Sea. Of 122 convoys between 1877 and 1919 only 75 succeeded, transporting as little as 55 tons of cargo. From 1911 steamboats ran from Vladivostok to Kolyma (the Kolyma steamboats) once a year. Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Georg von Rosen Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, also known as A. E. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832, Helsinki,Finland (then Grand Duchy of Finland) — August 12, 1901,Dalby, SkÃ¥ne, Sweden) was a geologist, mineralogist and arctic explorer of Finland-Swedish extraction. ... The Kara Sea (Russian: Ка́рское мо́ре) is part of the Arctic Ocean (in the area sometimes called the Arctic Mediterranean Sea) off northern Siberia, bound by the Kara Strait (West, connecting to the Barents Sea) and the Severnaya Zemlya Islands and the Northern Land Archipelago (East, and the Laptev Sea). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Vladivostok Train Station. ... The Kolyma River (Колыма́) is a river in Russia that empties into the East Siberian Sea. ...

Nordenskiöld, Nansen, Amundsen, DeLong, Makarov and others ran expeditions mainly for scientific and cartographic reasons. Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Georg von Rosen Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, also known as A. E. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832, Helsinki,Finland (then Grand Duchy of Finland) — August 12, 1901,Dalby, SkÃ¥ne, Sweden) was a geologist, mineralogist and arctic explorer of Finland-Swedish extraction. ... Fridtjof Nansen Fridtjof Nansen (born October 10, 1861 in Store Frøen, near Kristiania, now Oslo - died May 13, 1930 in Lysaker, outside Oslo) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. ... Jump to: navigation, search Roald Amundsen Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (July 16, 1872–June 18?, 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. ... George Washington DeLong (August 22, 1844 – October 31, 1881) was a United States Navy officer and ill-fated explorer. ... Stepan Osipovich Makarov (Russian: Степа́н О́сипович Мака́ров) (January 8, 1848/1849 — March 31, 1904) was a famous Russian vice-admiral, a highly accomplished and decorated commander of the Russian Navy, and a distingushed oceanographer, awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences, an author of several books. ...

After the Russian revolution

Introduction of radio, steamboats and icebreakers made running the Northern Sea Route viable. The Russian revolution which placed Soviet Russia in international isolation made it imperative - besides being the shortest seaway between the West and the Far East of the USSR it was the only one which lay inside Soviet internal waters and came nowhere near the capitalist countries. US Coast Guard icebreakers near McMurdo Station, February 2002 Icebreaker Polarstern An icebreaker is a special purpose ship designed to move and navigate through ice covered marine environments. ... Jump to: navigation, search The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia. ... Soviet Russia is sometimes used as a somewhat sloppy synonym to the Soviet Union — although the term Soviet Russia sometimes refers to Bolshevist Russia from the October Revolution in 1917 to 1922 (Although Russian communists officially formed RSFSR in 1918). ... In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ...

In 1932 a Soviet expedition led by Professor Otto Yulievich Schmidt was the first to sail all the way from Arkhangelsk to Bering Strait the same summer without wintering en route as all the earlier expeditions had done. After a couple more of trial runs (1933, 1934) the Northern Sea Route was officially open and commercial exploitation began in 1935. Next year, part of the Baltic Fleet made the passage to the Pacific where an armed conflict with Japan was looming. Jump to: navigation, search 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1935(MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A sailor of the Baltic Fleet during World War II The Baltic Fleet (Russian: Балтийский флот, in the Soviet period - The Red Banner Baltic Fleet - Краснознамённый Балтийский флот) is located at the Baltic Sea and headquartered in Kaliningrad, the other major base is at Kronstadt, located in the Gulf of Finland. ...

A special governing body, the Administration of the Northern Sea Route, was set up in 1932 and Otto Schmidt became its first director. It supervised navigation and built Arctic ports.

After the breakup of the Soviet Union commercial navigation in the Arctic went into decline in the 1990s. More or less regular shipping is to be found only from Murmansk to Dudinka in the west and between Vladivostok and Pevek in the east. Ports between Dudinka and Pevek see next to no shipping at all. Jump to: navigation, search // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... Murmansk, Archangelsk, Dikson, Tiksi, on the Arctic Ocean Murmansk coin Murmansk (Му́рманск) is a city in the extreme northwest of Russia (north of the Arctic circle) with a seaport on the Kola Gulf, 20 miles from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from... Categories: Russia geography stubs | Cities in Russia ... Vladivostok Train Station. ... Pevek is a city in north-east Russia situated by the coast of the Arctic Ocean. ...

Only seven seaports along the route are ice-free all year round. They are, west to east, Murmansk on the Kola Peninsula, Dudinka in the mouth of the Yenisey, Petropavlovsk in Kamchatka, and Magadan, Vanino, Nakhodka and Vladivostok on Russia's Pacific seaboard. Other ports are generally usable July to October. Murmansk, Archangelsk, Dikson, Tiksi, on the Arctic Ocean Murmansk coin Murmansk (Му́рманск) is a city in the extreme northwest of Russia (north of the Arctic circle) with a seaport on the Kola Gulf, 20 miles from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from... The Kola Peninsula in relation to Scandinavia, the White Sea, Barents Sea, Lake Onega, Lake Ladoga, and foreign countries. ... Categories: Russia geography stubs | Cities in Russia ... Енисей Length 5,550 (4,102) km Elevation of the source m Average discharge 19,600 m³/s Area watershed 2,580,000 km² Origin  ? Mouth Arctic Ocean Basin countries Russia The Yenisei basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Yenisei (Енисе́й) is a river... Jump to: navigation, search Petropavlovsk, as seen from Avacha Bay The city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy (Петропавловск-Камчатский) (pop. ... Kamchatka Oblast (Russian: Камча́тская о́бласть) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Jump to: navigation, search Magadan vicinity from the US Defense Mapping Agency (1978) Magadan (Магада́н), city (1989 pop. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nakhodka is a port city in Primorsky Krai (Maritime Region) in the Far Eastern part of Russia, at 42°49′ N 132°53′ E The city has approximately 200,000 inhabitants. ... Vladivostok Train Station. ...

See also

• Northwest Passage