Map of Somalia including the self-proclaimed boundary of Somaliland.

In the late of Nineteenth Century, one Sultan and Akil (tribal chief) emerged and ruled Northern Somalia from Burco to Las Khorey. Mohamoud Ali Shire was a respected hero among Warsangeli sultanates. Akil Dhahar of Warsangeli ruled the area south of Sanaag and some portions of the Bari region. Akil Dhahar fought against the Abyssinians and uprooted Christian communities in Galgala town who had churches and temples that are still present as monuments. In honor of his accomplishments, the valley and mountains of the city are known as Dhahar. Image File history File links Map of Somalia adopted from the CIA map [1] by adding the boundary of the self-proclaimed but internationally unrecognized Somaliland. ... Image File history File links Map of Somalia adopted from the CIA map [1] by adding the boundary of the self-proclaimed but internationally unrecognized Somaliland. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Burao (Somali: Burco) is the capital town in the region of Togdheer in Somalia. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs ... Mohamud Ali Shire was the 27th Sultan of the Sultanate of Warsengeli from 1902 to 1957. ... Warsangeli is the fourth biggest Somali clan from the Darod tribe. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Sanaag region has a long coastline facing the Gulf of Aden to the North. ... Location within Italy Bari is the capital of the province of Bari and of the Apulia (or Puglia) region, on the Adriatic sea, in Italy. ... This article needs cleanup. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... Galgala is a small town in Sanaag region of Somalia. ... Sanaag is a region (gobolka) in northern Somalia, and was formerly part of the British Somaliland protectorate. ...

In 1896, internal conflict amongst Warsangeli clans led to Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shirreh's rise to power. First, the Bihidor clan (Warsangeli subclan) withdrew their loyalty and support from the Sultan after deciding to join the Dervishes in an attempt to defeat the army of the Sultan. Robert L. Hess's article, "The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia," cites this alliance: "In attempt to break out of Obbian-Mijertein circle, the Mullah sought closer alliances with the Bahidor Warsangeli of British Somaliland and Bah Geri of Ethiopia." (Hess, 423). The Dervishes and their allies planned ahead their routes and strategy of destruction. (In fact, this was their gravest mistake in attacking a country that the English treated different from the way it treated the rest of the protectorate).

The Sultan ordered his army to retreat from their main military posts in Erigavo (which was at that time a reserve well for the sultan horses and base for his army), following an unexpected onslaught. Sayid Mohamed Abdule Hassan's alliance with Bihidor clan was instrumental in stretching the Dervish sphere of influence and expanding his dominions. On March 3, 1905, Italy was very close to signing a treaty with the "Mad Mullah" at Illig. They offered him the Nogal territory. Nogal, however, had not yet been established as an Italian protectorate due to the Dervish resistance. Ceerigaabo or Erigavo is the capital of Sanaag State of North Somalia. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

In its early proposal, both the Mijertein and Warsangeli sultanates opposed the Italian proposal which they saw as the beginning of a wave of threats to their political interests. Hess cites the first Anglo-Italian success against the Dervishes, a scheme masterminded by the Mijertein and Warsangeli Sultanates: The word Dervish, especially in European languages, refers to members of Sufi Muslim ascetic religious fraternities, known for their extreme poverty and austerity, similar to mendicant friars. ...

The first success in this Anglo-Italian cooperation came in December 1910. In that month, the British Warsangeli and the Italian Mijertain peacefully resolved all their outstanding disputes and, convening in Bander Kasim, agreed to act jointly in combating Muhammed Abdullah and his Dervishes.... The Mijertain-Warsangeli Accord led to a common offensive against the Mullah, whose forces were cut off from arms and munitions smuggled in from the coast. (Hess, 427)

In 1920, the Dervishes unexpectedly captured Badhan and besieged Las khorreh. The British Governor at Aden soon sent Royal Air Force biplanes to contain the advance of the Dervish army into the Warsangeli country. The air strikes that bombarded Badhan, Jidali and Talex did not do much harm to the Dervishes, however. The Dervishes were still powerful but disorganized and dispersed into unknown areas. Finally, forces of Warsangeli and Dervishes met at Jidali and destroyed the Dervish movement: Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... -1... Muhammad Abdullah (1905 - 1982) was an Indian political figure. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Bâdhân (persian: باذان) is a Middle-Persian mens name and the name of many important figures in the Persian history. ... Port of Aden (around 1910). ... The Royal Air Force (often abbreviated to RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings of similar spans, normally one mounted above, and the other level with, the underside of the fuselage. ... Bâdhân (persian: باذان) is a Middle-Persian mens name and the name of many important figures in the Persian history. ...

The Mijertein Somalis who in June succeeded launching counter-attack with the aid of their Warsangeli allies.... Mullah and his followers were driven out of Italian Somaliland into British Somaliland, where they occupied Fadhli with great cruelty and oppressed the Dolbahante who resided there. (Hess, 428)

The Dervishes deserted the Nogal Protectorate as a result, and disappeared into the deep jungle of Hawd Reserve Area. The British Somaliland Protectorate was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, later part of Somalia. ...

British treaty with Warsangeli

Historically, The British used indirect rule for their colonial advantages to control and exploit clans. Aubsequent to British treaty with Warsangeli in 1886, the British Somaliland protectorate was formed. Much of the country's economy was based on the trade relationship it had with Aden, Yemen, for the export of livestock, frankincense, and myrrh in return for food, cloth, and other materials. Since then, the protectorate was administered from Aden till 1898 just before the rise of Sayid Mohammed Abdulle Hassan. 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...

The British also realized that the effort to pacify native authority with treaties was not sufficient and it could insinuate malicious mischief within the protectorate. In 1884, the British government made protection treaties with Ciise, Gudabirsi and Isaaq. This particular tripartite treaty was beneficial to the English colony in operating internally and in harmony with the clan social systems of north-western Somalia. Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, however, and had a well-organized administration. Article Five of British treaty with Warsangeli demonstrates the historical context of Warsangeli territory as a legitimate country: the British government appointed an ambassador and was in the process of building an office there:

Article V. The British Government shall have the power to appoint an Agent or Agents to reside in the Territories of the Warsangali, and every such Agent shall be treated with respect and consideration, and be entitled to have for this protection such guard as the British Government deem sufficient.” (Art V).

Another article of the treaty highlights the independence of Warsangeli from colonial interventions against their territories:

III. The Warsnagali are bound to render assistance to any vessel, whether British or belonging to any other nation, that may be wrecked on the shores under their jurisdiction and control, and to protect the crew, passengers, and cargo of such vessels, giving speedy intimation to the Resident at Aden of the circumstances; for which act of friendship and good-will a suitable reward will be given by the British Government.

Civilization and society

Laskhorey and Celanyo formed a growing international hub because of the significance of the ancient settlements in these two cities. The Sultan's revolt against the British led to the decline in significance of these coastal areas after the British shifted their administration to the west side of North Somalia. Thereafter, the commercial centres of Celanyo and Laskhorey diminished as an international hub.

Pre-independence social economy of British Somaliland

The ascendancy of Northern society in Somalia in terms of trade, civilization, contact with ancient pharaohs continued for many centuries. For example, in the Land of Punt (currently Majerteen territory), societies excelled in the art of architecture, agriculture and civil engineering. The present 15-storey towers in Las Khorreh built during the Makhir dynasty are evidence of this. From 15th century, Somalis were already engaged in profitable commercial activities with the rest of world. In addition, they discovered a gum-producing tree that helped aided architects build towers and big boats: The Land of Punt, which the Ancient Egyptians called Ta Netjeru, meaning Land of the Gods, was a fabled and exotic site in eastern Africa, which carried on extensive trade with Ancient Egypt, China and Arabia. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ...

The gum-producing trees grow on the sterile hills near the coast in the Sanaag and Bari regions. In this district, there also grows a tree known in Somali as 'damask', a species of willow which is valuable for house- and boat-building purposes. It grows along the banks of the 'tugs' or dry water-courses which in the rainy season drain the interior." (Burale).

When Queen Hatshepsut, a princess of the fifth dynasty of the Egyptian empire visited the Land of Punt, the journal of her expedition mentioned a remarkable supply of frankincense, (in Somali it is called Maydi, Adaad, Beeyo, Malmal Murre, Murkud) myrrh, spices, diamond and gold that were provided as gift to her kingdom in exchange of other goods and services. The Land of Punt was also known as the land of Gods. Hathor and Bes, which are two deities that Egyptians worshipped, had their origin in Eastern Sanaag in a city now known as Galgala Sanaag region has a long coastline facing the Gulf of Aden to the North. ... Location within Italy Bari is the capital of the province of Bari and of the Apulia (or Puglia) region, on the Adriatic sea, in Italy. ... Italian silk damask, 1300s. ... Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia- Violet Willow Salix alaxensis- Alaska Willow Salix alba- White Willow Salix alpina- Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides- Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula- Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides- Littletree Willow Salix arctica- Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita- Eared Willow Salix babylonica- Peking Willow Salix barrattiana- Barratts... A statue of Hatshepsut commissioned without the false beard. ... 100g of frankincense resin. ... Statue of Hathor (Luxor Museum) In Egyptian mythology, Hathor (Egyptian for house of Horus) was originally a personification of the Milky Way, which was seen as the milk that flowed from the udders of a heavenly cow. ... The god Bes. ...

During the reign of Queen Hatshepsut, an expedition was sent to Punt, and the queen had the details of the journey recorded on the walls of the Deir el-Bahri temple near Thebes. Only in the late 4th century BC were the trade routes to Punt opened to the Greeks. (Britannica online)

Moreover, according to Lieutenant Speke in his journal "What led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile", the decline of the empire of Warsangeli occurred 31 years before the British treaty with Warsangeli in 1886 of which the English provided military and logistical support to the clans of Isaaq near Aden in Yemen: This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Warsangeli is the fourth biggest Somali clan from the Darod tribe. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Port of Aden (around 1910). ...

The Warsangeli complained to me sadly of their decline in power since the English had interfered in their fights with the (Isaaq), which took place near Aden about seven years ago, and had deprived them of their vessels for creating a disturbance, which interfered with the ordinary routine of Traffic. They said that on that occasion, they had not only beaten (Isaaq) but had seized their vessels; and that prior to this rupture, they had enjoyed paramount superiority over all the tribes of the Somali; but now they were forbidden to transport Soldiers or make reprisals on the sea, every tribe was on an equality with them.” (Chapter II the Voyage-Somali Shore, Gerad Mohamoud ali Shire).

The traveller also recounted the administration of the sultan as being a source for the security and the general welfare of foreigners visiting Warsangeli country. "Of course no Mortal man was like their Gerad Mohamoud Ali in leading them to war. He was like the English or the French, and in settling disputes, he required no writing office, but sitting on the woolsack."

Sultan's assistance

Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shirreh.

The two sultanates of dhulbahnate, Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shirreh, and Sayid Mohamed Addule Hassan, were in the spotlight. The colonial administration had dealt with each one of them secretly and worked to prevent a possible tripartite alliance of power-sharing and common economic and political integration. A notable incident took place in 1908, when British airplanes bombarded Jidali, Badhan and Taleh, This led to the Dervish dispersal into many areas, and it took a long period for the Sayid to recoup his strength. However, Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shirreh and his army within the British Somaliland Protectorate's claimed areas of Sanaag were severely disturbed by the decline of the Dervish movements despite the rift between them. To show his concerns, he ordered his army to fire on a British ship that was landing on LasQorey port. According to I.M Lewis, in his book Modern History of Somalia, cites this brief incidence: Image File history File links SultanAliShire. ... Image File history File links SultanAliShire. ...

The Warsangeli clan within the British protectorate on the eastern coast who under their spirited leader Gerad Mohamoud Ali Shire had now decided to throw in their lot with the Dervishes and in Jan 1908, fired on a British dhow as it was landing on their coast. This incident has led to a hostile exchange of letters with the consul at Berbera and it was evident that the Dervishes would soon be on the March again.(Lewis, 55).

Furthermore, his association with Mohamoud Ali Shire as brother-in-law gave him access to the Makhir Coast, a door to the Arabian peninsula to import firearms and ammunition. The Dervishes marched again, and once again, their movement was in the limelight. The British became extremely anxious about the return of the Dervishes. Moreover, the colonial alliance with clans of Isaaq proved unsuccessful after signing treaty with them in 1885.

The British ran out of options and were impelled to collaborate with Italian Somaliland and the Majerten Sultanates for an attack that forced the Dervishes from their main strongholds such as Taleh and Jidali. Sporadic resistance using guerilla tactics ensued. Gerad Mohamoud Ali Shire's government was feared by the British and the clans in Somalia. Some clans of Warsangeli also viewed the Sultan's government with suspicion because of its cruelty. They declared independence from his dominions, and began a rebellion to topple him. This internal conflict occurred amongst the Warsangeli clans during the struggle of the Dervishes for the expulsion of the British and Italian imperialists. The Sayid was said to have composed a poem for this incident in an attempt to lure supporters to side with him:

The Sultan killed many men of the Bihidoor clan (a subclan of Warsangeli). This led to defiance and hostility based accoridng to the 1855 journal of Speke and elders of the Warsangeli tribes. They settled, nonetheless, in Xiingalol (the most populated city in Sanag) and the long Plateau of "Xadeed" in large numbers. Despite the lack of stability and the pursuit of imperialists to defeat what they perceived to be their enemies, the Sultan was secretly invited to a conference in Yemen to discuss issues of solving their differences. After a short session before the conference began, he was taken into custody by the British. Later, he was tried without prosecution and defence on his case. The verdict was to deport him out of his native country for at least seven years, based on accusations for forming his own government.

During his long years of exile, the Sultan left behind a family saga.

The reunion of a Somali royalty

Introduction

Few people know that the British exiled the most illustrious and influential Sultan of the former British Protectorate of Somaliland, Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shireh, in 1920, soon after the defeat of Sayid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan. Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shireh was exiled to the Seychelles – the islands to which many prominent anti-colonial leaders used to be exiled. Although the Sultan fought against the Sayid, the British thought that he would be their next source of trouble because he was vehemently and actively opposed to British rule of Somaliland. Moreover, having just emerged from debilitating wars, not only with the Sayid but also with some European powers (World War I), the British viewed with awe the prospect of another twenty years of costly and protracted conflict against yet another local potentate.

The Sultan – it is worth mentioning – was the brother in law of the Sayid but the two could not see eye to eye on many political, religious and social issues, and the Sultan fiercely defended the independence of his Sultanate against the incursions of the Dervish Movement. In a similar vein, he never allowed the British Administration to establish itself in his Sultanate and even after his return from exile, the Administration never interfered in the internal affairs of his Sultanate. As a matter of fact, there is ample documentary evidence to show that the British Administration was so careful to avoid his alienation that it sought out his support for any major policy changes before they were introduced. To that end, the Sultan continued to play a prominent role in the affairs of the country until his death a few months after independence.

To begin a long term and cruel exile, the Sultan of British Somaliland protectorate, Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shireh arrived in Seychelles from Bombay (India) on May 3 rd, 1920 on board HMS Odin. At the time when the Sultan began to serve his exile in Seychelles, two African Kings, King Prempeh of Ashanti (Ghana) and king Kabarego of Bunyoro (Uganda), and a former Prime Minister of Egypt, Sa'ad Zaghlul Pasha, as well as other luminaries of leaders in the wars of African resistance to the British colonialism were also there as exiles. It is related that the Sa'ad Zaghlul Pasha told the Sultan “your father had spoiled your chances by not educating you; otherwise you would have been a king.” Of course, this was true because his lack of education severely circumscribed the development of his area into a properly organized and administered Sultanate over which his suzerainty would be recognized.

But, mind you, there were nonetheless, the rudiments of organized administration which comprised of a protocol and decorum (which included a certain manner of addressing the Sultan), a council of elders which he summoned from time to time and presided over; guards equipped with rifles, a large cavalry under his overall command, but also with their subsidiary commanders; extensive animal wealth which included more than a hundred, if not more, thoroughbred Arabian horses which both British teams from England and the Italians used to buy from him. The Sultan also maintained a fortress, which is now, dilapidated but still remains a historical landmark and a huge two-story building (which was his palace) in Las Qoray. The Sultan also maintained files, which contained correspondence, not only with the British but also with the Sultans of South Arabia. The Sultan, apart from his strong and charismatic personality, was after all, the product of a six-hundred-year-old tradition, which saw a long succession of Sultans of which he was the twenty-fourth.

However, the Seychelles saga in the Sultan's journey in life gives us a very interesting human story today, which, because it resembles a fairy tale, shows a rare instance in which real life plagiarizes fiction. During the long years of exile, the Sultan left behind in Seychelles a son and a daughter. No one heard about them and not many relatives of the Sultan knew about them. As always true with well kept secrets, the days that the Sultan lived in the Seychelles and his family life remained an enigma to all the subsequent decedents of the Sultan in Somalia. Those who knew about these secrets did not and could not know what became of them.

A lost blood tie

Now, here is what might look like a fairy tale but happens to be a true family tale. On a particularly auspicious day in far away Tokyo, Japan, a Djiboutian diplomat (the late Fuad Awaleh) saw, while walking along a main street, a slender Somali-looking girl, who was going the other way. He turned around and dogged her until she stopped at the crossroads and he confidently greeted her in Somali, which she could not understand. Mr. Awaleh told that he had thought she was a Somali woman. On hearing that her face lightened up and she told him that she was from Seychelles but that her paternal grandfather was the “Sultan of Somaliland” (as he was then known in those Islands) that his name was Sultan Ina Ali Shire,” as she put it.

He told her that he knows a Somali family in Tokyo and he would ask them if they knew about him but that he would need to know first what clan the Sultan came from. The young lady, Ms. Amia Jovanovic-Desir who was a senior officer in the Ministry of Tourism and Transport in Seychelles, called her office and asked them to look in to the files and fax her the name of her grandfather's clan. That was done immediately, and she told Mr. Awaleh of Djibouti that her grandfather was from the Warsengali clan of Somalia.

The Somali family in Tokyo happened to be that of Ibrahim Meygaag Samatar, former Somali ambassador in Germany and a resident of Somaliland. To Ibrahim a prominent Somali and some one with a broad knowledge of the history of Somaliland had no doubt whom Ambassador Awale was talking about. Ibrahim's wife, Amina Cadhoole, equally an educated Somali woman from the region where the Sultan hails from, took the job of finding members of the lost tribe. She quickly got hold of the telephone number of Ambassador Mohammed Garad (better known as “Garad”), the best known of the many surviving sons of the Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shireh. Garad thereafter quickly moved on to help establish, for the first time ever, the long-sought linkage of blood ties between the two branches of the Sulatan Mohamoud Ali Shire family. That was in 2000 and after so many telephone conversations, Ambassador Garad was able to answer a long-standing invitation to visit his brother, sister as well as his many nephews, nieces (and the children of the children of Sultan Ali Shire) in 2004 in Seychelles.

Chronological order of events in North Somalia

1884 - Egypt evacuated Somali Coast, British Garrison to Berbera from Bombay.
1885 - British treaties with Esa, Gadabuursi, and Isaaq tribes.
1886 - British treaty with Warsengeli.
1895 - Mohamed Abdalla Hassan's Saleher religious revival in Berbera failed.
1898 - The British Foreign Office took over administration of British Somaliland Protectorate from the India Office. The Protectorate was then only self-supporting British dependency in eastern Africa.
1899 - First truculent letter from "Mullah" at Kirit to Protectorate Administration.
1900 - Abyssinians fought Mullah at Haradigit. Mullah took 2,000 Eidegalla camels.
1900, November - Swayne's first expedition: engagements at Kirit, Samala, Welahed, Anahadigli, Kurgerad, Ferdidin.
1901, October - Swayne's second expedition: Erago.
1904, March - Jidbali occupied: Higligab, and Las Khoreh.
1904, 21st March - Illig (Eil).
1904, October Restalloza Peace.
1909, November - British withdrawal to coast.(as a result of the Sultan)
1913, 9th August - Dul Madoba(Corfield killed).
1913, 5th September Mullah raided Burao.
1914, 12th March - Mullah raided Berbera. Somaliland Camel Corps started.
1914, November Shimbir Beris.
1916, May - Dervishes shelled from sea whilst besieging Las Khoreh.
1919, November - Fifth and "final" expedition.
1920, January - Defeat of Mullah: Medishe, Jidali, Badan, Taleh,. 3,000 H.Y. Warsangeli, and Dolbahantaattacked Mullah at Gorah near Shinileh. The year of aeroplanes (Daiurada).
1920, November - Mullah died of influenza, or perhaps smallpox. Gerad Mahamud Ali Shirreh of Warsengeli deported to Seychelles for seven years for exerting his own form of "native authority". Berbera is a city in the Saaxil region (gobolka) of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... This article is about the European Space Agency. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Berbera is a city in the Saaxil region (gobolka) of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for promoting the interests of the United Kingdom abroad. ... The British Somaliland Protectorate was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, later part of Somalia. ... A protectorate is, in international law, a political entity (a sovereign state or a less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees (voluntarily or under pressure) by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which... The India Office was the British government department responsible for the government of British India. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Dul Madoba is a hill ridge some 25 miles SE of Burao in Somaliland. ... Burao (Somali: Burco) is the capital town in the region of Togdheer in Somalia. ... Berbera is a city in the Saaxil region (gobolka) of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ...

References

• Lewis. I. M. A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in Horn of Africa. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1960.
• Hess. Robert L. “The ‘Mad Mullah’ and Northern Somalia.” The Journal of African History, Vol 5, No.3 P.415-433. Cambridge: Ohio Cambridge University Press, 1964.
• Speke. John Hanning. “Sultan/Garad Mohamoud Ali—Hidden Treasure—Royal Reception—Sultan Tries my Abban.” What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh: Edinburgh William Blackwood and Sons 1864.
• British Empire. “Protection treaties with Somaliland tribes.” Edinburgh: William Blackwood and sons, 1887.

If you are interested in reading the complete articles of the treaty entered by the British with clans of Northern Somalia, visit [1]. Note: All other treaties are similar and have the same precepts of contract articles. They therefore, indicate a control of British over the territories of other clans, for example, the Isaaq clans such as Habar Awal, and Dir clans such as Gudabirsi and Easa. The Warsangeli treaty with British is totally different from the rest. No tribal area is called Country except the Warsangeli one. The British dealt with Warsangeli as a nation and did not dare to tamper with their power and control over their territories. In computer software, dir has several meanings: It is short for directory It is a command in the DOS operating system; see dir (DOS Command) It is also a command in the OpenVMS operating system; see directory (OpenVMS command) In other contexts: Dir, Pakistan a town Dir District, Pakistan split... One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ...