The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), also known as Little Turtle's War and by various other names, was a war fought between the United States and a large confederation of Native Americans ("Indians") for control of the Northwest Territory, which ended with a decisive U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. As a result of the war, territory including much of present-day Ohio was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Image File history File links Treaty_of_Greenville. ... This depiction of the treaty negotiations may have been painted by one of Anthony Waynes officers. ... Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 - December 15, 1796), was a United States Army general and statesman. ... The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and the Territory North West of the Ohio, was a governmental region within the early United States. ... This depiction of the treaty negotiations may have been painted by one of Anthony Waynes officers. ... Josiah Harmar (November 10, 1753 - August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army. ... Portrait of St. ... Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 - December 15, 1796), was a United States Army general and statesman. ... Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c. ... Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) (1752-July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana. ... Buckongahelas (1725?–May 1805) was a Delaware (Lenape) war leader who led his followers against the United States during the American Revolutionary War and again in the Northwest Indian War; in the latter war he helped win the most devastating military victory ever achieved by American Indians against the United... In the fall of 1786, Benjamin Logan led a force of Federal soldiers and mounted Kentucky militia against several Shawnee towns in the Ohio Country along the Mad River, protected primarily by noncombatants while the warriors were raiding forts in Kentucky. ... Hardins Defeat was a battle in the Ohio Country on October 22, 1790, between the United States Army and two tribes of Native Americans. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Big Bottom Massacre occurred on (January 2, 1791). ... Combatants American Indian confederacy United States Commanders Michikinikwa Blue Jacket Arthur St. ... The siege of Fort Recovery was the beginning of the end of the Confederation of Ohio Algonquians, under the control of the powerful Three Fires Confederation. ... Combatants United States Legion of the United States consisting of: 1st Sub-Legion: 3d Infantry Regiment 2nd Sub-Legion: U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment 3rd Sub-Legion: Captain Moses Porters Company of Artillery of the 3rd Sub-Legion 4th Sub-Legion: U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment Kentucky Volunteers Blue... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and the Territory North West of the Ohio, was a governmental region within the early United States. ... Combatants United States Legion of the United States consisting of: 1st Sub-Legion: 3d Infantry Regiment 2nd Sub-Legion: U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment 3rd Sub-Legion: Captain Moses Porters Company of Artillery of the 3rd Sub-Legion 4th Sub-Legion: U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment Kentucky Volunteers Blue... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... This depiction of the treaty negotiations may have been painted by one of Anthony Waynes officers. ...

Background

Beaver Wars

Main article: French and Iroquois Wars

The land east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes had been fought over for centuries before the United States got involved. French explorer Samuel Champlain in 1608 had sided with the Wyandot (Huron) Indians living along the St. Lawrence River against the Iroquois Indians living in upper New York. The result was the bitter enmity of the Iroquois against the French which resulted in them siding with the Dutch traders coming up the Hudson River in about 1626. The Dutch eventually traded the Iroquois furs for firearms and hatchets and knives, which the Iroquois used to nearly eliminate the Hurons and all of the Indians west of their territories in the Northwest Territory or Ohio country in the Beaver Wars starting in the 1650s. Weakened with European disease and faced with fierce enemies armed with steel knives, hatchets and muskets, the wars were of extreme brutality, considered among the bloodiest conflicts in the history of North America. The resultant enlargement of Iroquois territory realigned the tribal geography of North America, destroying several large tribal confederacies—including the Wyandot (Huron), Neutrals, Eries, and Susquehannocks—and pushing several other eastern tribes west to or across the Mississippi River. The Ohio country was virtually emptied of Native people, as Indian refugees fled west to escape Iroquois warriors who eventually returned to their homes—leaving a nearly vacant Kentucky and Ohio territory behind them. Subsequently in about 1655, the Iroquois became trading partners with the British who took over the New Netherlands territory of the Dutch. After about 1700, tribes began straggling back into the Northwest Territory but seldom as coherent tribes, often as conglomerations of several tribes. The French and Iroquois Wars (also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars) commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America, in which the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest named river in North America, with a length of 2320 miles (3733 km) from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Samuel de Champlain by Théophile Hamel (1870) Samuel de Champlain 1567 - 1635 was a French geographer, draftsman, explorer and founder of Quebec City. ... Huron redirects here. ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power, Five Nations, or Six Nations) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... NY redirects here. ... The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican, is a river that runs through the eastern portion of New York State and, along its southern terminus, demarcates the border between the states of New York and New Jersey. ... The Ohio Country, showing the present-day U.S. state boundaries The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and in the region of the upper Ohio River south of Lake... The French and Iroquois Wars (also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars) were an intermittent series of conflicts fought in the late 17th century in eastern North America, in which the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and take control of the role of middleman in the fur... The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power, Five Nations, or Six Nations) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... Huron redirects here. ... The Neutrals were a tribe of American Indians who lived in what is now upstate New York and southern Ontario. ... The Erie (also Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat) were a prehistoric group of Native Americans, related to the Iroquois, who lived from western New York to northern Ohio on the south shore of Lake Erie. ... Susquehannock The Susquehannock people were natives of areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest named river in North America, with a length of 2320 miles (3733 km) from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. ... The Ohio Country, showing the present-day U.S. state boundaries The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and in the region of the upper Ohio River south of Lake... Map based on Adriaen Blocks 1614 expedition to New Netherland, featuring the first use of the name. ...

French and British occupation

Main articles: French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion

Throughout the 17th and 18 century, both Britain and France claimed ownership of the Ohio Country along with the Iroquois Confederacy. By the mid-1700s, both nations had sent merchants and fur traders into the area to trade with local Native Americans, and violence quickly erupted. This was finally resolved in the French and Indian War, in which France relinquished any claims on the area with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Combatants France First Nations allies: * Algonquin * Wyandot * Ojibwa * Ottawa * Shawnee Great Britain Iroquois Confederacy Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) The French and Indian War was the nine-year North American chapter of the Seven Years War. ... Combatants British Empire American Indians Commanders Jeffrey Amherst, Henry Bouquet Pontiac, Guyasuta Strength ~3,000 soldiers[1] ~3,500 warriors[2] Casualties 450 soldiers killed, 2,000 civilians killed or captured, 4,000 civilians displaced ~200 warriors killed, possible additional war-related deaths from disease Pontiacs Rebellion was a... The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the League of Peace and Power) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... Combatants France First Nations allies: * Algonquin * Wyandot * Ojibwa * Ottawa * Shawnee Great Britain Iroquois Confederacy Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) The French and Indian War was the nine-year North American chapter of the Seven Years War. ... The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. ...

The British still faced numerous Native American tribes living there, including those in the Great Lakes region: the Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawatomis, and Hurons; those from eastern Illinois Country, which included the Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Mascouten, and Piankashaw; and those from the Ohio Country: the Delawares (Lenape), Shawnee Mingo, and Wyandot, among others. The tribes were not happy with British settlers moving into the area. This unhappiness erupted in Pontiac's Rebellion of 1763-66, where the Indians burned several forts and killed and drove many settlers out of the Northwest Territory. The British had to send troops to reinforce Fort Pitt. The Indians were defeated in a minor battle at Bushy Run. In the end the war fizzled with almost nothing resolved. Motto: Advance Ottawa/Ottawa en avant Location of the City of Ottawa in the Province of Ontario Coordinates: Country Canada Province Ontario Established 1850 as Town of Bytown Incorporated 1855 as City of Ottawa Amalgamated January 1, 2001 Government  - Mayor Larry OBrien  - City Council Ottawa City Council  - Representatives 8... Chippewa redirects here. ... The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie or Pottawatomi) are an Aboriginal American people of the upper Mississippi River region. ... French settlements and forts in the Illinois Country in 1763, showing U.S. current state boundaries. ... The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio. ... The Wea Plains, a historical marker near the extinct town of Granville in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. ... The Kickapoos are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American tribes. ... The Mascouten were an American Indian tribe, originally from what is now the U.S. state of Michigan. ... The Piankeshaw (or Piankashaw) Indians were Native Americans, and members of the Miami Indians who lived apart from the Miami nation. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... The Shawnee, or Shawano, are a people native to North America. ... The Mingo are an Iroquois group of Native Americans that migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century. ... Combatants British Empire American Indians Commanders Jeffrey Amherst, Henry Bouquet Pontiac, Guyasuta Strength ~3,000 soldiers[1] ~3,500 warriors[2] Casualties 450 soldiers killed, 2,000 civilians killed or captured, 4,000 civilians displaced ~200 warriors killed, possible additional war-related deaths from disease Pontiacs Rebellion was a... Fort Pitt refers to two forts: Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, and Fort Pitt, Kent. ... The Battle of Bushy Run was fought during Pontiacs Rebellion between a British relief column under the command of Col. ...

Great Britain officially closed the area of the Northwest Territories to white settlement by the Proclamation of 1763, which arose in part of the British desire to have peaceful relations with the Shawnee and other tribes in the region. On June 22, 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which annexed this region to the province of Quebec. The act was referred to as one of the Intolerable Acts leading to the American Revolution. The term White American officially refers to people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States. ... The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by the British government in the name of King George III to prohibit settlement by British colonists beyond the Appalachian Mountains in the lands captured by Britain from France in the French and Indian War/Seven Years War and to... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War. ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 14 Geo. ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² - Water... The Intolerable Acts, called by the British the Coercive Acts or Punitive Acts, were a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the growing unrest in thirteen American colonies, particularly in Boston, Massachusetts after incidents such as the Boston Tea Party. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that...

American Revolution

Main article: American Revolutionary War

During the American Revolution, four tribes in the Iroquois Confederation sided with the British. They fought in the Battle of Oriskany, aided the British in the Battle of Saratoga, and committed the Wyoming Valley massacre in Pennsylvania and the Cherry Valley Massacre in New York as well as numerous other attacks throughout New York and Pennsylvania. As the British concentrated on the southern United States in 1779, General George Washington finally had an opportunity to do something about the Iroquois actions; he instructed General John Sullivan and about 5,000 men to attack and destroy Iroquois villages in upper New York. He succeeded after defeating the Iroquois in the Battle of Newtown in destroying over 40 Iroquois villages and all their associated crops in the fall of 1779. His confederates destroyed over 10 more in other parts of New York. Most of the Iroquois retreated to Canada where they spent a cold and hungry winter. Their power in the United States was severely limited after this, and their claims to the Northwest Territories were voided. Combatants American Revolutionaries French Monarchy Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Oneida and Tuscarora tribes Polish volunteers Prussian volunteers Kingdom of Great Britain Iroquois Confederacy Hessian mercenaries Loyalists Commanders George Washington Nathanael Greene Gilbert de La Fayette Comte de Rochambeau Bernardo de Gálvez Tadeusz KoÅ›ciuszko Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Sir... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that... Combatants Patriot militia {3rd Battalion Tryon County Militia} Native American allies Britain Kings Royal Regiment of New York, Butlers Rangers Six Nations Commanders Nicholas Herkimer † Sir John Johnson John Butler Chief Joseph Brant Strength 800 450 Casualties 200 killed or wounded 150 killed or wounded The Battle of... Combatants British 9th/Hill, 20th/Lynd, 21st/ Hamilton, 62nd/Ansthruter, Simon Fraser Brunswick Major Generals V. Riedesel, 1st Brigade (Brunswickers) Brig. ... Combatants Britain United States Commanders Colonel John Butler Colonel Zebulon Butler Strength 900 regulars and Native American warriors 360 milita Casualties three killed, eight wounded over 300 killed and captured (164+6 known dead) The Wyoming massacre was an encounter during the American Revolutionary War between American Patriots and Loyalists... Official language(s) English, Pennsylvania Dutch Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Incident in Cherry Valley - fate of Jane Wells from the original picture by Alonzo Chappel by Thomas Phillibrown, engraver. ... Historic Southern United States. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and was later elected the first president of the United States under the U.S. Constitution. ... The Sullivan Expedition, also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, was a campaign led by Major General John Sullivan and General James Clinton against Loyalists (Tories) and the four nations of the Iroquois who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War. ... General John Sullivan John Sullivan (b. ... The Battle of Newtown (29 August 1779) was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by Gen. ...

In 1778, American General George Rogers Clark and 178 men captured the British forts on the Ohio River, giving the United states control of the Ohio river and a claim to all the land north of the Ohio River. Clark as painted by Matthew Harris Jouett in 1825 George Rogers Clark (November 19, 1752 – February 13, 1818) was the preeminent American military leader on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. ... Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ...

The Battle of Blue Licks was the last battle of the American Revolutionary War fought in Kentucky. On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County, Kentucky, a force of about 50 British rangers and 300 American Indians ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militiamen. Combatants Kentucky militia (United States) Great Britain, American Indians Commanders John Todd † Stephen Trigg † Daniel Boone William Caldwell Alexander McKee Simon Girty Strength 182 militiamen 50 rangers 300 natives Casualties 72 killed, 11 captured about 11 killed The Battle of Blue Licks was fought on August 19, 1782, and was... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Robertson County is a county located in the state of Kentucky. ...

The Treaty of Paris (1783) gave the United States independence and control of the Northwest Territories, on paper. The territory was subject to overlapping and conflicting claims of the states of the Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia. While the British Crown had suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Yorktown (1781), there had been no decisive defeat for their Native American allies in the Northwest Territories. The Indian tribes in the Old Northwest, however, were not parties to this treaty, and many of them, especially leaders such as Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, refused to recognize American claims to the area northwest of the Ohio River. Even after losing their Ohio River forts the British remained in possession of their Great Lakes forts through which they continued to supply their Native American allies with trade items and weapons in exchange for furs. This lingering British presence that was not settled until the War of 1812 finally drove the British out of the Northwest Territories. Painting by Benjamin West depicting (from left to right) John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... Combatants Britain Colonial America France Commanders Charles Cornwallis George Washington Comte de Rochambeau Strength 7,500 8,845 Americans 7,800 French Casualties 156 killed 326 wounded 7,018 captured Americans: 20 killed, 56 wounded French: 52 killed, 134 wounded The Battle of Yorktown (1781) was a victory by a... This article is about the historic region of the United States; you may be looking for: North-Western Territory, British North American territory Northwest Territories, present-day Canadian territory Pacific Northwest, unofficial region in the United States The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and the Territory North... Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) (1752-July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana. ... Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c. ... Combatants United States Great Britain Canada Bermuda Eastern Woodland Indians Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brock† Tecumseh† Strength •U.S. Regular Army: 35,800 •Rangers: 3,049 •Militia: 458,463* •US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war): •Frigates:6 •Other...

The Continental Congress sought to stabilize the dollar and pay down some of its war debt through the sale of western lands. The Land Ordinance of 1785 gave encouragement to land speculators, surveyors, and settlers who sought to gain new land from the Indians who may or may not have had a claim to it. Congress had negotiated the Treaty of Fort McIntosh in 1785 with several Indian tribes to acquire most of the eastern portion of the Ohio Country. However Connecticut settlers were already streaming into the Western Reserve which extended into part of a reservation set aside for some of the tribes. The Continental Congress is the label given to these two girls that i know. ... A General Land Office diagram showing the theoretical sectioning of a standard survey township. ... The Treaty of Fort McIntosh was a treaty between the United States government and representatives of the Wyandotte, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa nations of Native Americans. ... The Connecticut Western Reserve was land claimed by Connecticut in the Northwest Territory in what is now northeastern Ohio. ...

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 passed under the Articles of Confederation gave Native Americans title, under U.S. law, to enjoy whatever lands they lived on, but it continued to encourage the influx of U.S. settlers north of the Ohio River. Localized ambushes and engagements between those settlers and Native Americans continued to rage. The failure of the 1789 Treaty of Fort Harmar to address underlying grievances between the two sides exacerbated the problems. The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom Ordinance) was an act of the Continental Congress of the United States passed on July 13, 1787 under the Articles of Confederation. ... The Treaty of Fort Harmar was an agreement between the United States government and several Native American tribes with claims to the Ohio Country. ...

Formation of the confederacy

Co-operation among the Native American nations forming the Western Lakes Confederacy had gone back to the French colonial era and was renewed during the American Revolutionary War. The Confederacy first came together in the autumn of 1785 at Fort Detroit, proclaiming that the parties to the Confederacy would deal jointly with the United States, rather than individually. This determination was renewed in 1786 at the village of the Hurons, where the Confederacy further insisted on the Ohio River as the boundary between their lands and those of the American settlers. The Hurons were the nominal "fathers" or senior guaranteeing nation of the Confederacy, but Shawnees and Miamis provided the greatest share of the fighting force. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Detroit was a fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701. ...

The Confederacy included warriors from a wide variety of sources:

• Huron/Wyandot
• Shawnee
• Council of the Three Fires
  • Ojibwe
  • Odawa
  • Potawatomi
• Delaware
• Miami
• Kickapoo
• Kaskaskia
• Wabash Confederacy (Weas, Piankashaws, and others)
• Chickamauga-Cherokee

In most cases, an entire "tribe" or "nation" was not involved in the war; Native American societies were not centralized, and involvement in warfare was decided on a village or even individual basis. Nearly two hundred Cherokee from two bands of the group called Chickamauga by the Americans lived and fought with the Shawnee from the time of the Revolution through the time of the Confederacy. In addition, in at least one case, the Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe sent a contingent of warriors (in this instance under his brother The Badger) for a specific action. Some bands of Choctaws and Chickasaws, southern tribes traditionally unfriendly with the Indians of the Northwest, served as scouts for the Americans in the war. Huron redirects here. ... The Shawnee, or Shawano, are a people native to North America. ... The Council of Three Fires, also known as the People of the Three Fires, was a long-standing Anishinaabe alliance of the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Native American tribes and First Nations. ... For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... The Ottawa (also Odawa or Odaawa) are a Native American people. ... Rain dance, Kansas, c. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio. ... The Kickapoos are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American tribes. ... The Kaskaskia were one of the several cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation. ... The Northwest Indian War (1785-1795), often known as Little Turtles War in older reference works, was a war fought between the United States and a large confederation of Native Americans (Indians) for control of the Old Northwest, which ended with a decisive U.S. victory at the Battle... Chickamauga, or Chickamauga-Cherokee, was a term used by colonial and early Americans to differentiate between the pro-British Cherokee led by Dragging Canoe, and those abiding by the peace treaties signed in 1777 at DeWitts Corner with Georgia and South Carolina and at Fort Henry with Virginia and... For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... http://www. ... One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... Dragging Canoe (1730? – 1792) was an American Indian war leader who led a dissident band of young Cherokees against the United States in the American Revolutionary War. ... For other uses, see Choctaw (disambiguation). ... The Chickasaws are a Native American people of the United States, originally from present-day Mississippi, now mostly living in Oklahoma. ...

Course of the war

Some British agents in the region, still stinging from their defeat in the Revolution, sold the Indians weapons and ammunition and encouraged the tribes to attack American settlers. War parties launched a series of isolated raids in the mid-1780s, resulting in escalating bloodshed and mistrust. In the fall of 1786, General Benjamin Logan led a force of Federal soldiers and mounted Kentucky militia against several Shawnee towns along the Mad River, protected primarily by noncombatants while the warriors were raiding forts in Kentucky. Logan burned the Indian towns and food supplies and killed or captured numerous Indians, including their chief, who was soon murdered by one of Logan's men. Logan's Raid and the death of the chief angered the Shawnees, who retaliated by further escalating their attacks on the whites. Benjamin Logan (circa 1742-December 11, 1802 was an American military officer in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. ... Lexington Minuteman representing militia minuteman John Parker. ... The Mad River flows nearly 60 miles from Logan County, Ohio to Downtown Dayton, Ohio, where it meets the Great Miami River. ...

Indian raids on both sides of the Ohio River grew increasingly more dangerous. During the mid and late 1780s, white settlers south of the Ohio River in Kentucky and travelers on and north of the Ohio River suffered approximately 1,500 casualties during the ongoing hostilities, during which whites often retaliated against Indians. In 1790, President George Washington and Secretary of War Henry Knox ordered General Josiah Harmar to launch a major western offensive into the Shawnee and Miami Indian country. In October 1790, a force of 1,453 men under Brigadier General Josiah Harmar was assembled near present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. Harmar committed only 400 of his men under Colonel John Hardin to attack an Indian force of some 1,100 warriors who defeated him badly. At least 129 soldiers were killed. The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American bookseller from Boston who became the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later the nations first Secretary of War. ... Josiah Harmar (November 10, 1753 - August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army. ... Josiah Harmar (November 10, 1753 - August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army. ... Nickname: The Summit City Location in the state of Indiana, USA Coordinates: Country United States State Indiana County Allen Founded October 22, 1794 Incorporated February 22, 1840  - Mayor Graham Richard (D)  - City Clerk Sandra Kennedy (D)  - City Council John N. Crawford (R) Samuel J. Talarico, Jr (R) John Shoaff (D... John Hardin (1753-1792) was an officer in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. ... Hardins Defeat was a battle in the Ohio Country on October 22, 1790, between the United States Army and two tribes of Native Americans. ...

Washington then ordered Major General Arthur St. Clair, who served as governor of the Northwest Territory, to mount a more vigorous effort by summer 1791. After considerable trouble finding men and supplies, St. Clair was finally ready. At dawn on November 4, 1791, St. Clair's poorly trained force, accompanied by about 200 camp followers, was camped near the present-day location of Fort Recovery, Ohio, with poor defenses set up around their camp. An Indian force consisting of around 2,000 warriors led by Little Turtle, Blue Jacket, and Tecumseh, struck quickly and, surprising the Americans, soon overran their poorly prepared perimeter. The barely trained recruits panicked and were slaughtered along with many of their officers who attempted to restore some kind of order and stop the rout. The American casualty rate included 632 of 920 soldiers and officers killed (69%) and 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered, for a total of about 832—the highest casualty rate in any United States Indian war. In 1792 occured the killing of Washington's emissarys Colonel John Hardin and Major Alexander Truman on peace missions. Portrait of St. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Fort Recovery is a village located in Mercer County, Ohio. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Combatants Miamis, Shawnee United States Commanders Michikinikwa Blue Jacket Arthur St. ... John Hardin (1753-1792) was an officer in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. ...

After St Clair's disaster, Washington ordered General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to form a new well trained force. Wayne was given command of the new Legion of the United States late in 1793. After extensive training, his troops advanced into Indian country and built Fort Recovery on the site of St. Clair's defeat. In June 1794, Little Turtle again led the attack on the Americans at Fort Recovery but without success, and Wayne's well trained Legion advanced deeper into the territory of the Wabash Confederacy. Blue Jacket replaced Little Turtle in overall command but could not prevent the Native American's defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794. Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 - December 15, 1796), was a United States Army general and statesman. ... The Legion of the United States was a reorganization and extension of the United States Army in 1791 under the command of General Mad Anthony Wayne. ... Fort Recovery was a United States Army fort begun in late 1793 and completed in March of 1794 under orders by General Anthony Wayne. ... Combatants United States Legion of the United States consisting of: 1st Sub-Legion: 3d Infantry Regiment 2nd Sub-Legion: U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment 3rd Sub-Legion: Captain Moses Porters Company of Artillery of the 3rd Sub-Legion 4th Sub-Legion: U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment Kentucky Volunteers Blue...

Fleeing from the battlefield to regroup at the British-held Fort Miami (Ohio), Blue Jacket's forces found that the British had locked them out of the fort. The British and Americans were reaching a close rapprochement at this time to counter Jacobin France in its French Revolution. Fort Miami was a fort built on the Maumee River at the eastern edge of the present-day city of Maumee, Ohio and southwest of the present-day city of Toledo, Ohio. ... In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794), but even at that time, the term Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions: for example, Jacobin democracy is synonymous with totalitarian democracy. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

Two treaties in 1795 sealed the new state of affairs between the Indians and the United States. The Treaty of Greenville required the tribes to cede most of Ohio and a slice of Indiana to the U.S.; to recognize the U.S., rather than Britain, as the ruling power in the Old Northwest; and to give ten chiefs to the U.S. as hostages until all white prisoners were returned in guarantee. Jay's Treaty, which had already been signed, provided for the British withdrawal from the western forts. This depiction of the treaty negotiations may have been painted by one of Anthony Waynes officers. ... Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area  Ranked 38th  - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 270 miles (435 km)  - % water 1. ... John Jay The Jay Treaty of 1795 (also known as Jays Treaty or the Treaty of London), named after U.S. Supreme Court chief justice John Jay, was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain signed on November 19, 1794 that attempted to clear up some of...

Key figures

United States

• George Washington, President of the United States
• Henry Knox, Secretary of War
• Josiah Harmar, general
• Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, major general
• Anthony Wayne, major general
• Timothy Pickering, diplomat, secretary of war, secretary of state

George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and was later elected the first president of the United States under the U.S. Constitution. ... Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American bookseller from Boston who became the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later the nations first Secretary of War. ... Josiah Harmar (November 10, 1753 - August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army. ... Portrait of St. ... Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 - December 15, 1796), was a United States Army general and statesman. ... Portrait of U.S. Secretary of State Timothy Pickering Timothy Pickering (July 17, 1745 – January 29, 1829) was the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to 1800 under Presidents George Washington and John Adams. ...

Indian Confederacy

• Little Turtle (Miami)
• Blue Jacket (Shawnee)
• Buckongahelas (Lenape)
• Roundhead, aka Stayeghtha (Wyandot)
• Egushawa (Ottawa)

Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) (1752-July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana. ... Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c. ... Buckongahelas (1725?–May 1805) was a Delaware (Lenape) war leader who led his followers against the United States during the American Revolutionary War and again in the Northwest Indian War; in the latter war he helped win the most devastating military victory ever achieved by American Indians against the United... Egushawa (c. ...

Legacy

The war has no widely accepted name; other names include the "Old Northwest Indian War", the "Ohio War", the "Ohio Indian War", and the "War for the Ohio River Boundary". In U.S. Army records, it is known as the "Miami Campaign". One historian has recently suggested naming it the "Miami Confederacy War", but other scholars have resisted naming the war after the Miamis (or Little Turtle, as was once common), arguing that this overlooks the centrality of Blue Jacket and the Ohio Country Indians in the war. Many books avoid the problem of what to call the war by describing it without putting a name to it or ignoring it. Likewise, the battles and expeditions of the war do not have "standard" names in U.S. history books, except for the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ...

Although this war was the first major military endeavor of the post-Revolutionary United States, and a major crisis of President George Washington's Administration, it is not well known and is often overlooked in U.S. history books. Similarly, although later Indian Wars became more famous in American popular culture, the Northwest Indian War inflicted more casualties on the United States military than the wars of Geronimo, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Cochise, and Red Cloud combined. The Battle of the Wabash (St. Clair's Defeat) was the most overwhelming slaughter ever achieved by American Indians against the United States Army. The Lansdowne portrait of President Washington by Gilbert Stuart. ... Combatants Native Americans United States of America/Colonial America Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the federal government and Native Americans. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Crazy Horse (disambiguation). ... Portrait of Sitting Bull taken in 1885 by D. F. Barry Sitting Bull (Sioux: Tatanka Iyotake or Tatanka Iyotanka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, first named Slon-he, Slow), (c. ... Dragoon Mountains where Cochise hid with his warriors Cochise (A-da-tli-chi = hardwood, also Cheis) (c. ... Red Cloud Red Cloud Red Cloud (Lakota: Makhpyia-luta), (1822 – December 10, 1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux). ... Combatants American Indian confederacy United States Commanders Michikinikwa Blue Jacket Arthur St. ...

Often regarded as one of the seemingly self-contained Indian Wars that occurred throughout early American history, the Northwest Indian War was actually part of a long frontier struggle in the Ohio Country that included the French and Indian War (1754–1763), Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1764), Lord Dunmore's War (1774) and the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Indeed, for many Native American communities, these wars were part of a single war that spanned several generations. For example, historian Francis Jennings suggested that the Northwest Indian War was, for the Delaware (Lenape) people, the end of a Forty Years' War that began soon after the Braddock Expedition in 1755. For some American Indians, the conflict resumed a generation later with Tecumseh's War (1811) and the War of 1812 (hence the term Sixty Years' War) and came to an end in the era of Indian Removal. Dunmores War (or Lord Dunmores War) was the result of several collisions that took place in the spring of 1774, on the Ohio River above the mouth of the Little Kanawha River, between Native American peoples (particularly Shawnee, Miami, and Wyandot) and parties of Anglo-American settlers who... Combatants France Britain Commanders Liénard de Beaujeu † Jean-Daniel Dumas Charles de Langlade Edward Braddock † Strength 105 regulars 147 militia 600 natives 1,459 regulars and militia Casualties 23 killed 20 wounded 456 killed 521 wounded The Braddock expedition (also called Braddocks campaign) was a failed British attempt... At Vincennes in 1810, Tecumseh loses his temper when William Henry Harrison refuses to rescind the Treaty of Fort Wayne. ... The Sixty Years War (1754–1814) was a military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region in North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations. ... Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ...

References

• Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University, 1992.
• Jennings, Francis. The Founders of America. New York: Norton, 1993.
• Skaggs, David Curtis and Larry L. Nelson, eds. The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754-1814. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
• Sugden, John. Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
• Sword, Wiley. President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790-1795. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985.
• White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. Cambridge University Press, 1991.