The Notoungulates are an extinct order of hoofed mammals that were native in South America. The order includes the huge Toxodons. Due to the isolated nature of South America many Notoungulates evolved along the lines of Convergent Evolution and as a result many Notoungulates evolved into forms that resembled many old world mammals. Examples of this are Pachyrukhos, a Notoungulate that evolved to fill the role of rabbits and hares and Homalodotherium which evolved to ressemble chalicotheres. During the Pleistocene Toxodon was the largest common Notoungulate. Most of the group became extinct after the landbridge between North and South America was formed allowing similar mammals to enter South America, out-compete the native fauna and ultimatley cause the extinction of the Notoungulates. Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria Acoelomorpha Orthonectida Rhombozoa Myxozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of mammary glands... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution describes the process whereby organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Genera Lepus Caprolagus Pronolagus Hares and Jackrabbits belong to family Leporidae, and mostly in genus Lepus. ... The Pleistocene Epoch is part of the geologic timescale, usually dated as 1. ...
Flynn, J.J., Croft, D.A., Charrier, R., Wyss, A.R., Hérail, G., and García, M. New Mesotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria), geochronology and tectonics of the Caragua area, northernmost Chile.
Croft, D.A., Flynn, J.J., and Wyss, A.R. Notoungulata and Litopterna of the early Miocene Chucal Fauna, northern Chile.
Croft, D.A., and Anaya, F. A new hegetotheriid from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia and a phylogeny of the Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia: Notoungulata: Typotheria).
Their numbers collapsed during the Pliocene, and most were extinct before a permanent land bridge with North America developed in the Middle Pliocene, bringing with it a broad invasion by North American mammals of all kinds.
The most basal of the Notoungulata have traditionally been placed in the "Notioprogonia." As Simpson stated long ago, this is not a natural group [S48], and we will accordingly avoid referring to it.
This is a character plainly present in both basal families of Notoungulata (refer to the figures below under Henricosborniidae and Notostylopidae).
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