 Contemporary drawing of Novelty Novelty was an early steam locomotive built by John Ericsson and John Braithwaite to take part in the Rainhill Trials. Image File history File links Novelty_locomotive. ...
Image File history File links Novelty_locomotive. ...
Great Western Railway No. ...
Illustration of John Ericsson John Ericsson (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889) was a Swedish inventor and mechanical engineer, as was his brother, Nils Ericson. ...
The Rainhill Trials were an important competition in the early days of steam locomotive railways, run in October of 1829 near Rainhill (just outside Liverpool). ...
Novelty in the Rainhill Trials
Ericsson and Braithwaite Partnership During the late 1820s Ericsson and Braithwaite were working together building horse drawn fire engines with steam pumps. These used a boiler designed by Ericsson and were built in the London works of John Braithwaite. Events and Trends Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821). ...
Engine 4 - City of Chico, CA A Fire Engine is one of many specialized fire suppression apparatuses. ...
The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ...
These fire engines were known for their ability to raise steam quickly and looked very similar to Novelty.
Charles Vignoles has also been associated with Novelty, but his practical involvement is know known. He may have aligned himself with the engine because of a continuing feud with George Stephenson. George Stephenson. ...
Building the Engine It is said that Ericsson and Braithwaite only found out about the Rainhill Trails seven weeks before the even was due to take place, when Ericsson received a letter from a friend referring to a ‘Steam Race’. This incredibly short space of time has lead people to suggest that Novelty is in fact a converted fire engine. It is more likely that it used many of the same parts as their fire engines and these parts may even have been built for an existing order and diverted to Novelty.
Novelty was constructed in the London Workshop belonging to Braithwaite and transported to Liverpool by boat. There was no time to test Novelty in London before transportation, and following test runs at Rainhill before the trials, modifications were carried out with the help of Timothy Hackworth. Rainhill is a suburb of St Helens, Merseyside, England. ...
Timothy Hackworth (December 22, 1786 – July 7, 1850) was a steam locomotive mechanical engineer who lived in Shildon, County Durham, England and worked with George Stephenson on the Stockton and Darlington Railway. ...
The Boiler The boiler used on Novelty was designed by John Ericsson. The design very scientific for the era but proved to be very hard to build and to maintain compared with boiler design adopted for Rocket and most steam locomotives since. In the Science Museum, London Stephensons Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, built by George and Robert Stephenson in 1829. ...
The most prominent feature for the boiler is the vertical firebox (the large vessel to the left in the illustration here). It was polished copper. Within the vertical vessel was the inner firebox and the space between the two was filled with water (to a level just about the same as the driver’s ankle). Fuel (Coke) was added from the top, where a tube passed down through the top of the firebox. This firebox construction was not dissimilar to some types of vertical boiler, but this was only part of Ericsson’s design. Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents (including water, coal-gas and coal-tar) are driven off by baking in an airless oven at temperatures as high as 1,000 degrees Celsius so that the fixed carbon and...
Like Stephenson, Ericsson understood that a large area was needed to extract heat from the hot gasses. This he did in a long horizontal tube filled with water which ran under the full length of the engine. It can be seen of the illustration here, sticking out to the right, with the vertical chimney attached to it. Within the horizontal section was a tube carrying the hot gasses, this formed an ‘S’ shape so the gasses made three passes through the water. This ‘S’ shaped tube was also tapered causing the gasses to speed up as they cooled down. In practice this tube is almost impossible to clean. In the Science Museum, London Stephensons Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, built by George and Robert Stephenson in 1829. ...
The resulting boiler was the shape of a hammer and requires to be fitted to the Frames before the footplate, cylinders or blower can be added. A 380 mm (15 in) ball-peen hammer. ...
In mathematics, the idea of a frame in the theory of smooth manifolds is understood in terms meaning it can vary from point to point. ...
The footplate of a steam locomotive is a large metal plate that rests on top of the frames. ...
The boiler used a ‘Forced Draught’ provided by a mechanical blower (the triangular structure on the right in the illustration). This forced air along a pipe and into the sealed ashpan (below the fire). Very few steam locomotives have ever used a forced draught like this, the main reason is that in order to add fuel either the draft must be stopped or some form of air lock fitted. Novelty used an air lock to feed the fuel in, but there was still a chance of flame and hot gasses being blown into the face of the fireman. An airlock is a device which permits the passage of objects, people, etc between a pressure vessel and its surrounding space while minimising the change of pressure in the vessel. ...
The blower was driven from the rods linking the cylinders to the wheels, thus the draught was proportional the speed of the engine, not how hard it is working as with a blastpipe. It is assumed that either the blower was worked by hand when the engine was standing or the drive wheels were lifted of the rails. Details of the blower design are not known for certain but it has been suggested that .
Water was forced into the boiler using a pump driven off one of the cylinders (this was normal practice at the time).
Drive to the Wheels At this time, engineers were worried about uneven wear on pistons and cylinders when there were mounted horizontally, so most were mounted vertically, but vertical cylinders driving directly on the wheels (as on Sans Pareil) caused problems with poor riding and did not work well with the springs. The Sans Pareil was a locomotive built by Timothy Hackworth which took part in the 1829 Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, held to select a builder of locomotives. ...
On Novelty, the cylinders were mounted vertically towards the rear of the engine (to the right of the men in the illustration). Directly below were bell cranks which changed the drive to horizontal. Connecting rods linked the bell cranks to the Crank axle (the axle on the left in the illustration). A bell crank is a type of crank that changes motion around a 90 degree angle. ...
The Valve gear took a similar route to the drive. One affect of this was it had many pins and links, resulting in lost motion. The Walschaert valve gear on a steam locomotive (a PRR E6s). ...
The wheels themselves were on the suspension type (similar to a bicycle wheel). A bicycle wheel is a wheel designed for a bicycle. ...
It is easy to think that Novelty is an 0-4-0 locomotive as it had equal sized wheels, however is actually an 0-2-2. Only the wheels under the firebox (those to the left on the illustration here) were driven, the other wheels were not connected to the drive in any way. Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four wheels, all of which are driven. ...
In Whyte notation, a 0-2-2 is a railroad steam locomotive that has two coupled driving wheels followed by two and two trailing wheels, with no leading wheels . ...
The First Tank Engine Novelty is regarded as the first tank engine as the fuel was carried in baskets on the footplate and water was in a well tank between the wheels. A tank locomotive (occasionally tank engine) is a steam locomotive that carries its own fuel and water with it, instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. ...
As one of the rules for the Rainhill Trials related to the weight of the engine without a tender, a special allowance had to be made for Novelty.
Performance in the Trial Novelty was the crowd’s favourite to win the Trials. This may be because it looked like a steam carriage (which people associated with speed and improvements in transport) or it may be because it did not look like a typical colliery engine of the time. In the demonstration runs that took place on the first day of the trials, Novelty did not disappoint, managing a speed around 30 mph.
In the preparations for the trials, Novelty was shown to be very lightweight and very quick to raise steam.
Novelty was the first locomotive to be tested. Starting on the second day of the trials, it began the planned series of runs but very quickly the blower failed and repairs had to be made. The repairs took up all of the next day however when Novelty next ran the water feed pipe burst and more repairs had to be made, which seem to include a seal on the boiler. At the time, the boilers were sealed with a cement like substance which required days if not weeks to set properly, time would not allow this and the seal quickly failed once the trail runs were restarted. In the general sense, a cement (Latin caementum) is any material with adhesive properties. ...
The recurring boiler problems prompted Ericsson and Braithwaite to withdraw from the trails.
Before it failed, the Stephenson’s were said to be seriously worried by Novelty, as it was well suited to meet the conditions of the trial. For one thing the Stephenson’s considered the weight to be pulled to be too light for a practical railway.
After the Rainhill Trials Once all the repairs were properly complete, Novelty made a number of successful demonstration runs but it was too late to have any affect on the competition. It is sometimes claimed that one of these demonstration runs included the locomotive reach a speed of 60 mph, but there is little back this up and it may be miss-interpretation of a newspaper report trying to give an impression of the great speeds that the Rainhill engines were achieving.
Two further engines were built by Ericsson and Braithwaite named William IV and Queen Adelaide. These were generally larger and more robust than Novelty and differed in a number of details (for example, it is thought that a different design of blower was used which was an ‘Induced Draught’ type , sucking the gasses from the fire). The pair ran trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway but were not purchased by them.
Novelty was transferred to the St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway and worked there for a few years. During its time there (around 1833) it received new cylinders and a new boiler. St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway was an early railway company that acted as a feeder to the original Liverpool and Manchester Railway. ...
1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Somehow, all the wheels and both cylinders (assumed to be the original one not those from the 1833 rebuild) survived. 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
During 1929 the original wheels and a one cylinder were incorporated into a rebuilt/replica (?) locomotive. This early replica was rebuilt in 1988 and currently included batteries and an electric motor to allow it to operate (all wheels are driven making the engine a 4wBE). The other cylinder is on display at Rainhill Public Library[1].
No other locomotives are known to have been built in this style. Comparisons are made with 20th century vertical boilered engines such as those by Sentinel of Shrewsbury, but in fact the principles were very different. Look up Sentinel on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Sentinel is a person or thing that keeps guard of a place or thing. ...
Map sources for Shrewsbury at grid reference SJ4912 Porthill Bridge crossing the Severn at Shrewsbury Shrewsburys Old Market Hall and The Square Market Street, behind the Old Market Hall, with the Music Hall on the left Shrewsbury (pronounced either /ˈʃɹuËzbɹiË/ or /ˈʃɹəʊzbɹiË/) is the county town...
The Replica For the Rocket 150 event in 1980, a completely new replica of Novelty was constructed by Locomotive Enterprise in the Springwell Workshop of the Bowes Railway. It was a fully working replica that was built to look correct when display at the planned event, however many changers were made to reduce the construction costs and meet modern standards. It has been suggested that the replica was only built to last 3 day (the length of the Rocket 150 event). 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...
The Bowes Railway built by Robert Stephenson is the worlds only preserved rope-hauled railway system in the world, according the note below. ...
Some of the differences between the original and replica are:-
- Wrought Iron was no longer commercially produced, while carbon steel was understood by every commercial fabricator.
- Boiler built from welded steel instead of Copper
- A copper boiler would have been very expensive in materials and would have needed specialist skills while welded steel had much in common with industrial pressure vessels.
- Blower built from plywood and painted copper colour
- The blower is likely to have been the subject of development work, plywood being much cheaper and easier to work with. Additionally few people would get close enough to tell the difference.
- Handbrake fitted to act on both wheels
- This may have been fitted after the ‘Rocket 150’ event.
- Requirements for any steam boiler, vital if the engine was to be operated safely.
- Safety valve is ‘Pop’ type rather than ‘Dead Weight’ Safety Valve.
- Firstly the Pop Valves were a type used in industry. Secondly the Dead Weight type could be held down (so it would never work properly) and thirdly a Dead Weight valve tends to bounce and thus wasting steam.
- The boiler of the replica contains approximately twice the volume of water
- This is mainly as a result of the construction methods used (flanged joints on the barrels and standard steel pipe for the flue tube). It is also gave bigger water spaces between the inside and outside plates. In consequence, the fire grate must have considerably smaller than on the original.
For a reason that is not fully understood, the wheels of the replica were built with very narrow treads. It is possible that wheels were scaled off a model in the London Science Museum. As a result it was unable to travel over modern pointwork. Carbon steel is a metal, a combination of two elements, iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties. ...
Wrought iron is a very pure form of commercial iron, having a very small carbon content. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ...
Plywood was the first type of engineered wood to be invented. ...
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of reduced pressures. ...
A safety valve is an automatic valve mechanism for the release of a gas from a boiler or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. ...
Double switch aka scissors crossovers A railroad switch (known in British and Australian English as (a set of) points or, in technical usage, a turnout) is a mechanical installation provided at a point where rail track A divides into two tracks B and C. It can be set in either...
During the Rocket 150 event, Novelty was carried on a Well wagon, supported in such a way as to allow the engine to be run and its wheels to rotate freely.
Following the Rocket 150 event, Novelty was steamed on a small number of occasions in Manchester. Around 1982, it was sold to the Swedish Railway Museum, Gavle and left the UK. Gävle [jɛvlə] is a Municipality in Gävleborg County, in east central Sweden. ...
During July 2002, Novelty was collected from its then home in the Angelholm, for use in a TV programme. It was returned to Sweden during the Spring of 2003, but made a short visit to the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester during the autumn of 2005. 2002(MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Ängelholm is a municipality and town in Scania in southernmost Sweden. ...
2002 Restaging – The Television Programme For the BBC TV programme ‘Timewatch – ‘Rocket and its Rivals’ the replica of Novelty was transported to the National Railway Museum in York. Here it was completely dismantled to allow examination of the boiler and working parts. Several items needed to be attended to before the locomotive could be run:- The Great Hall at the NRM with LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard The National Railway Museum (NRM) in York forms part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry. ...
York is a city in northern England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ...
- Full boiler inspection for insurance purposes
- Minor boiler repairs
- Modifications to the wheels to allow safe operation on normal railways
- Cleaning and repainting of the water tank
- Releasing of several water valves that has seized
- Partial repaint
Of this work, the major item was the modification of the wheels. The solution adopted by the National Railway Museum Workshop was to employ a metal fabricator to cut four rings from 40mm thick steel plate. These were cut with enough precision not to need any further machining. The rings were then bolted to the existing wheels and were a complete success. Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. ...
Following re-assembly, the locomotive was steam tested at York before transport to Carrog station on the Llangollen Railway. Early tests showed up two major problems, firstly the linkage to the blower was not strong enough and secondly the operating the water feed pump caused very serious Priming of the boiler. It was later shown that the feed pump was five times the size of that required for the engine, this and entrained air being fed into the horizontal boiler tube probably caused the priming. The Llangollen Railway is a preserved railway in Denbighshire, Wales, which runs from Llangollen to Carrog. ...
To fully recreate the Rainhill Trials, 20 return runs along a section of the Llangollen Railway were required (between Carrog and Glyndyfrdwy stations). Novelty was only able to complete 10 runs before the fire became completely filled with Clinker. The inability to clear clinker from the fire in this type of boiler was a major problem, the only way being to drop the fire completely and start again. Clinker has several meanings: In boat building, clinker is a method of constructing wooden boats by fixing planks to a frame so that the planks overlap each other gaining support from the frame and from adjacent planks. ...
During the runs for the restaging of the trials Novelty was run with an electric fan (powered by a petrol generator) in place of the blower. Even allowing for this in the final calculation Novelty was much more efficient than Sans Pareil.
For the Restaging, the replica of Novelty was too slow to meet the requirements of the original trails and did not complete the course. The maximum speed attained at any point was 17mph, possibly because the main steam pipe from the boiler was restricting the flow to the cylinders. The valve gear was also set incorrectly (indicated by the odd noise of the exhaust beats).
With all the obvious differences between the original and the replica, added to the fact that the locomotive crew used had only four days experience of operating the locomotive, it cannot be said that in this restaging of the trial the replica of Novelty gave the performance that the original could have achieved if more time had been made available in 1829.
Other Locomotives Named Novelty Excluding the original and the replicas, the following locomotives have carried the name Novelty The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) was formed in 1846 by the merger of three railway companies - the Grand Junction Railway, London and Birmingham and Manchester and Birmingham. ...
Unrebuilt 6115 Scots Guardsman starred in the film Night Mail. ...
The London Midland and Scottish Railways Jubilee class were a group of 191 engines built between 1934 and 1936. ...
Class 86, nos. ...
External links
References - Bailey, M. – Various notes, Speeches and lectures (unpublished)
- Burton, A. – The Rainhill Story - 1980
- Hurrell, A & Lamb, R – Various Diaries, written accounts and lecture notes (unpublished)
- Pike, J. – Locomotive Names, An Illustrated Dictionary - 2000
- Official Handbook for ‘Rocket 150’ event - 1980
- Programme for ‘Riot of Steam’ Event - 2005
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