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Novial [nov- ("new") + IAL, International Auxiliary Language] is a constructed international auxiliary language (IAL) intended to facilitate international communication and friendship, without displacing anyone's native language. It was devised by Professor Otto Jespersen, a Danish linguist who was previously involved in the Ido movement, and subsequently in the development of Interlingua. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Jens Otto Harry Jespersen or Otto Jespersen (July 16, 1860-April 30, 1943) was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language. ...
Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...
An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. ...
A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or small group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ...
An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. ...
The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Baltogerman naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl and published in 1922. ...
Ido (pronounced ) is a constructed language that was created to become a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds, easier to learn than any ethnic language. ...
ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ...
ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ...
ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ...
For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ...
Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of sounds and the human voice. ...
Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ...
This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or small group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ...
An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. ...
Native Language Music, founded in 1996 by musicians Joe Sherbanee and Theo Bishop, is an independent adult contemporary record company based in Southern California that produces, markets, and distributes premium jazz, world, and new age music. ...
Jens Otto Harry Jespersen or Otto Jespersen (July 16, 1860-April 30, 1943) was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language. ...
The following is a list of linguists, those who study linguistics. ...
Ido (pronounced ) is a constructed language that was created to become a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds, easier to learn than any ethnic language. ...
Interlingua is an international auxiliary language (IAL) published in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). ...
Its vocabulary is based largely on the Germanic and Romance languages and its grammar is influenced by English. The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Novial was first introduced in Jespersen's book An International Language in 1928. It was updated in his dictionary, Novial Lexike, published two years later and further modifications were proposed in the 1930s, but the language became dormant with Jespersen's death in 1943. In the 1990s, with the revival of interest in artificial languages brought on by the Internet, many people rediscovered Novial. Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...
The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ...
1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...
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An International Language
Novial was first described in Jespersen’s book An International Language (1928). Part One of the book discusses the need for an IAL, the disadvantages of ethnic languages for that purpose, and common objections to constructed IALs. He also provides a critical overview of the history of constructed IALs with sections devoted to Volapük, Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Latino sine Flexione and Occidental (Interlingue). The author makes it clear that he draws on a wealth of earlier work on the problem of a constructed IAL, not only the aforementioned IALs. Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...
Volapük is a constructed language, created in 1879–1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany. ...
Look up Esperanto in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Idiom Neutral is an international auxiliary language, published in 1902 by the International Academy of the Universal Language (Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal) under the leadership of Waldemar Rosenberger, a St. ...
Ido (pronounced ) is a constructed language that was created to become a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds, easier to learn than any ethnic language. ...
Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflections) is an auxiliary language invented by the mathematician Giuseppe Peano in 1903. ...
The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Baltogerman naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl and published in 1922. ...
The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Estonian naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl and published in 1922. ...
Part Two of An International Language describes Novial in detail. Alternative possible solutions for problems in the phonology, orthography, grammar and word-stock are considered. The choices made are explained by comparison with ethnic languages and previously constructed IALs.
Pronunciation See the Pronunciation Guide of the Novial Wikibook.
Grammar
Personal pronouns, subject and object The personal pronouns are: - me – "I, me"
- nus – "we, us"
- vu – "you" singluar
- vus – "you" plural
- lo – "he", "him"
- los – "they", "them" (all male)
- la – "she", "her"
- las – "they", "them" (all female)
- le – "he" or "she" or "it", "him" or "her" or "it"
- les – "they", "them"
- lu or lum – "it"
- lus or lumes – "they, them" (all sexless objects)
The impersonal pronoun ”one, they, you” is on.
The standard word order is, as in English, subject-verb-object, so the object need not be marked to distinguish it from the subject: Word order, in linguistic typology, refers to the order in which words appear in sentences across different languages. ...
- me observa vu – "I observe you"
- vu observa me – "you observe me"
The accusative (direct object) is therefore generally identical to the nominative (subject).
An optional accusative ending -m (-em after a consonant) is available but is rarely used. The preposition em is equivalent to this ending.
The personal possessive adjectives are formed from the pronouns by adding -n or after a consonant -en. This is in fact the genitive (possessive) of the pronoun so men means both "my" and "mine" ("of me"):
- le es men hunde – it is my dog
- le es men – it is mine
- men – "my; "mine"
- nusen – "our"; "ours"
- vun – "your"; "yours"
- vusen – "your"; "yours" (more than one person)
- lon – "his"
- losen – "their"; "theirs" (all male)
- lan – "her"; "hers"
- lasen – "their"; "theirs" (all female)
- len – "his", "her" or "its"; "his" or "hers"
- lesen – "their"; "theirs"
- lun – "its"
- lusen – "their"; "theirs" (all sexless objects)
Possession may also be expressed with the pronoun de: de me, de vu, and so on.
Verbs Verb forms never change with person or number. Most verb tenses, moods and voices are expressed with auxiliary verbs preceding the root form of the main verb. The auxiliaries follow the same word order as the English equivalent. - Infinitive: protekte – "to protect"
- Present: me protekte – "I protect"
- Simple past: me did protekte (= me protekted) – "I protected"
- Present perfect: me ha protekte – "I have protected"
- Past perfect: me had protekte – "I had protected"
- Future: me sal protekte – "I shall protect"
- Future perfect: me sal ha protekte – "I shall have protected"
- Future in the past: me saled protekte – "I was going to protect"
- Conditional: me vud protekte – "I would protect"
- Conditional perfect: me vud ha protekte – "I would have protected"
- First imperative: let nus protekte! – "Let us protect!"
- Second imperative: protekte! – "Protect!"
- Third imperative: let lo protekte! – "let him protect!"
- Present active participle: protektent – "protecting"
- Past passive participle: protektet – "protected"
Novial clearly distinguishes the passive of becoming and the passive of being. In English the forms are often the same, using the auxiliary verb to be followed by the past participle. However, the passive of becoming is also often expessed with the verb to get which is used in the examples below.
The passive voice of becoming is formed with the auxiliary bli followed by the root verb form.
- Infinitive: bli protekte – "to get protected (come under protection)"
- Present: me bli protekte – "I get protected"
- Simple past: me blid protekte – "I got protected"
- Present perfect: me ha bli protekte – "I have got protected"
- Past perfect: me had bli protekte – "I had got protected"
- Future: me sal bli protekte – "I shall get protected"
- Future perfect: me sal ha bli protekte – "I shall have got protected"
- Future in the past: me saled bli protekte – "I was going to get protected"
- Conditional: me vud bli protekte – "I would get protected"
- Conditional perfect: me vud ha bli protekte – "I would have got protected"
- First imperative: let nus bli protekte! – "let us get protected!"
- Second imperative: bli protekte! – "get protected!"
- Third imperative: let lo bli protekte! – "let him get protected!"
The passive voice of being is formed with the auxiliary es followed by the past passive participle. - Infinitive: es protektet – "to be protected (be under protection)"
- Present: me es protektet – "I am protected"
- Simple past: me did es protektet (= me esed protektet) – "I was protected"
- Present perfect: me ha es protektet – "I have been protected"
- Past perfect: me had es protektet – "I had been protected"
- Future: me sal es protektet – "I shall be protected"
- Future perfect: me sal ha es protektet – "I shall have been protected"
- Future in the past: me saled es protektet – "I shall be protected"
- Conditional: me vud es protektet – "I would be protected"
- Conditional perfect: me vud ha es protektet – "I would have been protected"
- First imperative: let nus es protektet! – "Let us be protected!"
- Second imperative: es protektet! – "be protected!"
- Third imperative: let lo es protektet! – "let him be protected!"
Articles The definite article is li which is invariant. It is used as in English.
There is no indefinite article.
Nouns The plural noun is formed by adding –s to the singular (-es after a consonant).
The accusative case is generally identical to the nominative but can optionally be marked with the ending -m (pl. -sem) (-em after a consonant; pl. -esem) or with the preposition em. The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. ...
The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. ...
The genitive is formed with the preposition de or with the ending -n (-en after a consonant). The plural of this case is -sen (-esen after a consonant).
Other cases are formed with prepositions preceding the root form.
Adjectives All adjectives end in -i which may be dropped if easy to pronounce. Adjectives generally precede the noun qualified but optionally may follow the noun. Adjectives do not agree with the noun.
Adverbs An adjective is converted to a corresponding adverb by adding -m after the -i ending of the adjective.
Vocabulary
Affixes See the Table of Prefixes and Table of Suffixes at the Novial Wikibook.
Novial compared to Esperanto and Ido -
Jespersen was a professional linguist, unlike Esperanto's creator. He disliked the arbitrary and artificial character that he found in Esperanto and Ido. Additionally, he objected to those languages' Latin-like systems of inflection, which he found needlessly complex. He sought to make Novial at once euphonious and regular while also preserving useful structures from natural languages. Wikibooks has more about this subject: Novial // Alphabet and Pronunciation Both Esperanto and Novial are written using versions of the Latin alphabet. ...
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person. ...
In Novial:
- Syntax is largely a matter of word order, as in English and modern Scandinavian languages. There is no obligatory accusative marker as in Esperanto, but the accusative may optionally be marked with either an accusative ending or an accusative preposition.
- A genitive or possessive case is available as an alternative to the preposition de. This is based on Jespersen's observation that many modern languages have lost complex noun inflections, yet retain a possessive form.
- Auxiliary particles express most verb tenses. An inflectional ending is available as a shorthand for the simple past tense.
A major difference between Novial and Esperanto/Ido concerns noun endings. Jespersen rejected a single vowel to terminate all nouns (-o in Esperanto/Ido), finding it unnatural and potentially confusing. Instead, Novial nouns may end in -o, -a, -e, or -u or -um. These endings may be taken to indicate natural sex according to the custom in Romance languages. Also there is no grammatical gender or requirement for adjectives to agree with nouns. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The North Germanic languages (also Scandinavian languages or Nordic languages) is a branch of the Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia, parts of Finland and on the Faroe Islands and Iceland. ...
The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. ...
The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...
Possessive case is a case that exists in some languages used for possession. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. ...
In English, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. ...
An adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. ...
Nusen Patro kel es in siele, mey vun nome bli sanktifika, mey vun regno veni, mey vun volio eventa sur tere kom in siele. Dona a nus disidi li omnidiali pane, e pardona a nus nusen ofensos kom anke nus pardona a nusen ofensantes, e non dukte nus en li tento ma fika nus liberi fro li malum. The Lords Prayer (sometimes known by its first two Latin words as the Pater Noster, in Greek as the , or the English equivalent Our Father) is probably the best-known prayer in Christianity. ...
See also Wikibooks has more about this subject: Novial // Alphabet and Pronunciation Both Esperanto and Novial are written using versions of the Latin alphabet. ...
External links Look up Novial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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