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In chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a reagent which is attracted to centres of positive charge. A nucleophile participates in a chemical reaction by donating electrons to a species known as an electrophile in order to form a chemical bond. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases (see acid-base reaction theories). All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons can act as nucleophiles, although negative ions (anions) are more potent than neutral reagents. Neutral nucleophilic reactions such as with alcohols, R–OH, and water, HOH, are named solvolysis. Multicolored chemicals are frequent hallmarks of chemistry. ...
When purchasing or preparing chemicals, reagent describes chemical substances of sufficient purity for use in chemical analysis, chemical reactions or physical testing. ...
A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances [1]. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. ...
Properties The electron is a lightweight fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. ...
In chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a reagent attracted to electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile. ...
A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by attraction of atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons -or electrostatic forces. ...
A Lewis base is any molecule or ion that can form a new covalent bond by donating a pair of electrons. ...
An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. ...
In general, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its composition and chemical properties. ...
// An ion is an atom, group of atoms, or subatomic particle with a net electric charge. ...
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In organic chemistry, solvolysis is a special type of nucleophilic substitution where the nucleophile is a solvent molecule. ...
Nucleophiles may take part in nucleophilic substitution, whereby a nucleophile becomes attracted to a full or partial positive charge on an element and displaces the group it is bonded to. In chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a class of substitution reaction in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks a molecule and replaces a group or atom, called the leaving group. ...
Nucleophilic is an adjective that describes the affinity of a nucleophile to the nuclei, while nucleophilicity or nucleophile strength refers to the nucleophilic character. Nucleophilicity is often used to compare an atom's relative affinity to another's. An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually describing it or making its meaning more specific. ...
The more basic the ions (high pKa) the more reactive they are as a nucleophile. Polarizability is also important in the determination of the nucleophilicity. Larger atoms contain more electrons; therefore distortion is easier so they are more nucleophilic, e.g., the iodide ion (I−) is more nucleophilic than the fluoride ion (F−). Polarizability is the relative tendency of the electron cloud of an atom to be distorted from its normal shape by the presence of a nearby ion or dipole--that is, by an external electric field. ...
An iodide ion is an iodine atom with a -1 (negative one) charge. ...
A fluoride ion is the ionic form of fluorine. ...
An ambident nucleophile is one that can attack from two or more places, resulting in two or more products. For example, the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) may attack from either the S or the N. For this reason, the SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide with SCN− often leads to a mixture of RSCN (an alkyl thiocyanate) and RNCS (an alkyl isothiocyanate). Thiocyanate (also known as sulphocyanate or thiocyanide) is a functional group consisting of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen: It has a charge of 1-. Example Potassium thiocyanate, KCNS It is analogous to the cyanate ion, with oxygen replaced by sulfur. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ...
Isothiocyanate is the chemical group -N=C=S, formed by substituting sulfur for oxygen in the isocyanate group. ...
Common examples
In the example below, the oxygen of the hydroxide ion donates an electron to bond with the carbon at the end of the bromopropane molecule. The bond between the carbon and the bromine then undergoes heterolytic fission, with the bromine atom taking the pair of electrons and becoming the bromide ion (Br−): General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 4, p Appearance gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic mass 79. ...
In chemistry, heterolysis is chemical bond cleavage of a neutral molecule generating a cation and an anion. ...
A bromide is a phrase, or person who uses phrases, which have been used and repeated so many times as to become either insincere in their meaning, or seem like an attempt at trying to explain the obvious. ...
 Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Carbon nucleophiles A Grignard Reagent is an alkyl- or aryl- magnesium halide. ...
The Blaise reaction is a chemical reaction that forms a β-ketoester from the reaction of zinc metal with a α-bromoester and a nitrile. ...
The Reformatskii reaction is a chemical reaction which condenses aldehydes 1 (or ketones) with α-halo esters 2 with metallic zinc to form β-hydroxy-esters 3. ...
The Barbier reaction is an organic reaction between a alkyl halide and a carbonyl group as an electrophilic substrate in the presence of aluminium, zinc, indium, tin or its salts. ...
An organolithium reagent is an organometallic compound with a direct bond between a carbon and a lithium atom. ...
An anion is an ion with negative charge. ...
The term Terminal can be used in several way and includes various topics: Usually terminal means forming or pertaining to an end. ...
Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. ...
Oxygen nucleophiles A girl in a swimming pool Water (from the Old English waeter; c. ...
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, which in turn is bound to other hydrogen and/or carbon atoms. ...
Sulfur nucleophiles In organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a sulfur atom and a hydrogen atom (-SH). ...
Nitrogen nucleophiles Flash point 11°C R/S statement R: ? S: , , , , RTECS number BO0875000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
Ammonia Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ...
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