Numismatics (ancient The word Greek has a number of meanings relating to Greece, including: Architecture of Ancient Greece Art in Ancient Greece Greek alphabet Greek colonies Cuisine of Greece Ethnic Greek Greco-Turkish relations Greece Hellenes History of Greece History of Mycenaean Greece History of Ancient Greece History of Hellenistic Greece History... Greek: νομισματική) is the scientific study of For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). Moneys is an agreement within a community, to use something as a medium of exchange, which acts as an intermediary market good. It can be traded and exchanged for other goods. The agreement can either be explicit or implicit, freely chosen, or coerced. Money... money and its history in all its varied forms. While numismatists are often characterized as studying This article is about monetary coins. For alternative meaning see word coinage. 1c euro coin A coin is generally a piece of hard material, traditionally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is used as a form of money. Along with banknotes, coins make up the cash... coins, the discipline also includes the study of A Medal can mean three things: a wearable medal awarded by a government for services to a country (such as Armed force service); strictly speaking this only refers to a medal of coin-like appearance, but informally the word also refers to an Order (decoration); a table medal awarded by... medals, medallions, and In the study of numismatics tokens are coin-like objects used instead of coins. The field of tokens is part of exonumia. Tokens are used in place of coins and either have a denomination shown or a denomination implied by size or shape. They are made of cheaper materials than... tokens (also referred to as The noun exonumia is from two classical Greek roots: exo, or out-of, and numis, numismatically (coin) related, thus out-of-coins. It covers coin-like objects such as token and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration, including elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir... Exonumia). Checks, bank notes, paper money, Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and bonds. A specialized field of numismatics, scripophily is an interesting area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving... scripophily, and A credit card system is a type of retail transaction settlement and credit system, named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. A credit card is different from a debit card in that the credit card issuer lends the consumer money rather than having the money... credit cards are also subjects of numismatistic interest. Early money used by primitive people is referred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in Barter is a simple form of trade where goods or services are exchanged for a certain amount of other goods or services, i.e. there is no money involved in the transaction. Barter trade was common in societies where no monetary system existed or in economies suffering from a very... barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating For current In finance, the exchange rate between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 120 Japanese Yen to the Dollar means that Â¥120 is worth the same as $1. An exchange rate is also known as... currency (e.g. prison A cigarette will burn to ash on one end. A cigarette is a small paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 10cm in length and 10mm in diameter) of cured and shredded or cut tobacco leaves which is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder for the purpose of allowing... cigarettes). Economics (in Greek Οικονομικά) derives from the Greek word Eco(οίκω=house) and nemo(νέμω=distribute) is the Terms like SOSE (Studies of Society & the Environment) not only refer to social sciences but also... Economic and History is often used as a generic term for information about the past, such as in geologic history of the Earth. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of human societies. The term history comes from the... historical studies of money's use and development are seperate to the Numismatists' study of money's physical embodiment (although the fields are related; economic theories of money's origin depend upon Numismatics, for example).

History

Numismatics is an ancient discipline, reaching as far back as This article is about Julius Caesar the Roman dictator. For alternative meanings: Julius Caesar (disambiguation). Bust of Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: C·IVLIVS·C·F·C·N·CAESAR¹) (July 13, 100 BC–March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader whose conquest of Gallia... Julius Caesar who is often credited with writing the first book on numismatics. Numismatics can include the study of many different aspects relating to coins, including History is a term for Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, communication, representation, and mental stimulus. Although many people speak of the advent of the information age, the information society, and information... history, Physical map of the Earth (Medium) (Large 2 MB) Geography is the scientific study of the locational and spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena on Earth. The word derives from the Greek words γη or γεια (Earth) and γραφει... geography, Economics is the social science studying production and consumption through measurable variables. It involves analysing the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. Economics is said to be positive when it attempts to explain the consequences of different choices given a set of assumptions and normative when it... economy, Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science includes those parts of chemistry and physics that deal with the properties of materials. Materials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals ceramics polymers composites Materials science is often referred to... metallurgy, usage, and Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production. Some industries, like semiconductor and steel manufactureres use the term fabrication. Although handicraft production has been... manufacturing processes.

Numismatists

Numismatists are sometimes differentiated from coin collectors inasmuch as the latter chiefly derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices, whereas the former are more concerned with acquiring knowledge about monetary devices and systems. In fact, many numismatists are also collectors and vice-versa. Walter Breen (September 5, 1930 or 1928? - April 28, 1993) was a numismatist best known in coin collecting circles for writing Walter Breens Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins and U. S. Half Cents Encyclopedia. Walter Breen was a coin genius, able to keep thousands of facts... Walter Breen is a well-known example of a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, while King King Farouk of Egypt (February 11, 1920 - March 18, 1965) was the penultimate King of Egypt, succeeding his father Fuad I in 1936. His sister, Fawzia of Egypt was Empress of Iran for a brief period.¨His full title was H.M. Faruk I, by the grace of God, King... Farouk I of Egypt was an avid collector who had very little interest in numismatics. Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who was also a numismatist.

Numismatists frequently research the production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, Mint-made errors are errors in a coin made by the mint during the minting process. These fall into three general categories. Planchet errors Hub and die errors Strike errors See also 1955 double die Categories: Numismatics ... mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures and even the socio-political context of coin mintings are also matters of interest. In sum, there is very little about money that is not a valid numismatic field of study.

Many professional numismatists authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. The buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advances the study of money, and expert numismatists are consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists.

The market value of rare coins

The idea of using numismatic material as an investment vehicle has become more popular over the last several decades. When the public took notice of the ultra-rare US coins fetching tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars at Auctioneer and assistants, Cheviot, Ohio, 2004, by Rick Dikeman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts... auctions, an investment hype ensued. The most notable era of coin-price Inflation rates of five core members of the For other uses, see G8, The Group of Eight, the seven top industrialized nations of the world, United States of America, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Canada, plus Russia. This collection is also known as the G7+1. The Group of... inflation was around 1989 is a This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa... 1989. Rare US coins were seen as a way to diversify assets in the wake of the A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic loss of value of shares of stock in corporations. Crashes often follow speculative stock market bubbles such as the dot-com boom. The most famous crash in 1929, (known as Black Thursday) when the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 50%, preceded the... stock market crash of 1987.

Rare dates of some series of US coins doubled, tripled, or even more in a short time. "Investment-grade" coins became the object of obsession. Certified and graded coins were born. PCGS was established in 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Years: 1983 1984 1985 - 1986 - 1987 1988 1989 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1986 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport... 1986 as a "first-generation" third-party grading company, which allowed coins to be guaranteed authentic, deterring A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. The word counterfeit most frequently describes forged money or documents, but can also describe clothing, software, pharmaceuticals, or any other manufactured item. Contents // 1 History 2 Anti-counterfeiting measures 3 Money Art... counterfeits. Coins could now have an established grade which facilitated easy sight-unseen comparison, making the coin market more A liquid will assume the shape of its container. One of the four phases of matter, a liquid is a fluid whose volume is fixed under conditions of constant temperature and pressure; and, whose shape is usually determined by the container it fills. Furthermore, liquids exert pressure on the sides... liquid. It is interesting to note that during the height of the coin market, PCGS was so innundated with grading submissions, that some coins (submitted on the Economy level) experienced an 11-month turnaround time. Coin prices have dropped sharply from their peak.

See also

• This is a list of numismatic topics. Contents: Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0-9 1804 silver dollar 1933 Double Eagle 1955 double die A antoninianus... List of numismatic topics
• Coin collecting is the hobby of collecting coins. While hoarding coins due to their value goes back to the beginning of coinage, collecting them as art pieces was a later development. Known as the Hobby of Kings, modern coin collecting is generally believed to have begun in the fourteenth century... Coin collecting

External links

• American Numismatic Association www.money.org
• www.harrybassfoundation.org
• Grades of rare coins (http://rarecoins.com/rare-coin-grading-history.htm) (e.g. the Sheldon Scale Grade)