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Observational learning or social learning is learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others. It is most associated with the work of psychologist Albert Bandura, who implemented some of the seminal studies in the area and initiated social learning theory. Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925) is a Canadian psychologist most famous for his work on social learning theory (or Social Cognitivism) and is particularly noted for the Bobo doll experiment. ...
Although observational learning can take place at any stage in life, it is thought to be particularly important during childhood, particularly as authority becomes important. A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ...
In politics, authority generally refers to the ability to make laws, independent of the power to enforce them, or the ability to permit something. ...
Because of this, social learning theory has influenced debates on the effect of television violence and parental role models. Bandura's Bobo doll experiment is widely cited in psychology as a demonstration of observational learning and demonstrated that children are more likely to engage in violent play with a life size rebounding doll after watching an adult do the same. Role model refers to a person who fills his or her role as a good or bad example for others. ...
The Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 to study aggressive patterns of behavior. ...
Violence refers to acts —typically connotative with aggressive and criminal behaviour —which intend to cause or is causing of injury to persons, animals, or (in limited cases) property. ...
Observational learning allows for learning without any change in behavior and has therefore been used as an argument against strict behaviorism which argued that behavior change must occur for new behaviors to be acquired. John B. Watson was one of the important influences on the development of behaviorism. ...
Required conditions Bandura called the process of social learning modelling and gave four conditions required for a person to successfully model the behaviour of someone else: - A person must first pay attention to a person engaging in a certain behavior (the model).
- Once attending to the observed behavior, the observer must be able to effectively remember what the model has done.
- The observer must be able to replicate the behavior being observed. For example, juggling cannot be effectively learned by observing a model juggler if the observer does not already have the ability to perform the component actions (throwing and catching a ball).
- Motivation and Opportunity
- The observer must be motivated to carry out the action they have observed and remembered, and must have the opportunity to do so. For example, a suitably skilled person must want to replicate the behavior of a model juggler, and needs to have an appropriate number of items to juggle to hand.
Effect on behavior Social learning may affect behavior in the following ways: - Teaches new behaviors
- Increases or decreases the frequency with which previously learned behaviors are carried out
- Can encourage previously forbidden behaviors
- Can increase or decrease similar behaviors. For example, observing a model excelling in piano playing may encourage an observer to excel in playing the saxophone.
See also Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925) is a Canadian psychologist most famous for his work on social learning theory (or Social Cognitivism) and is particularly noted for the Bobo doll experiment. ...
The Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 to study aggressive patterns of behavior. ...
A supervised child learning the countries of Asia on the floor of the central hall of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values, through study, experience, or teaching, that causes a change of behavior that is persistent, measurable, and specified or...
Social cognition is the name for both a branch of psychology that studies the cognitive processes involved in social interaction, and an umbrella term for the processes themselves. ...
Inference is the act or process of drawing a conclusion based solely on what one already knows. ...
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References and external links - Bandura, Albert, Ross, Dorothea, & Ross, Sheila A. (1961). Transmission of aggressions through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582 Full text
- Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hardback: ISBN 0138167443 - Paperback: ISBN 0138167516
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