In marketing and the social sciences, observational research (or field research) is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting. This differentiates it from experimental research in which a quasi-artificial environment is created to control for spurious factors, and where at least one of the variables is manipulated as part of the experiment. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods, ideas, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. ... Experimental research designs are used for the controlled testing of causal processes. ...

Observational techniques in context

Compared with quantitative research and experimental research, observational research tends to be less reliable but more valid. The main advantage of observational research is flexibility. The researchers can change their approach as needed. Also it measures behaviour directly, not reports of behaviour or intensions. The main disadvantage is it is limited to behavioural variables. It cannot be used to study cognitive or affective variables. Another disadvantage is that observational data is not usually generalizable. Quantitative marketing research is a social research method that utilizes statistical techniques. ... Experimental research designs are used for the controlled testing of causal processes. ... In psychometrics reliability is the accuracy of the scores of a measure. ... In psychometrics a valid measure is one which is measuring what it is supposed to measure. ...

Three Approaches

Generally, there are three types of observational research:

• Covert observational research - The researchers do not identify themselves. Either they mix in with the subjects undetected, or they observe from a distance. The advantages of this approach are: (1) It is not necessary to get the subjects’ cooperation, and (2) The subjects’ behaviour will not be contaminated by the presence of the researcher. Some researchers have ethical misgivings with the deceit involved in this approach.
• Overt observational research - The researchers identify themselves as researchers and explain the purpose of their observations. The problem with this approach is subjects tend to modify their behaviour when they know they are being watched. They portray their “ideal self” rather than their true self.
• Researcher Participation - The researcher participates in what they are observing so as to get a finer appreciation of the phenomena. Researchers that participate tend to lose their objectivity.

In Marketing Research

In marketing research, the most frequently used types of observational techniques are:

• Personal observation
  • observing products in use to detect usage patterns and problems
  • observing license plates in store parking lots
  • determining the socio-economic status of shoppers
  • determining the level of package scrutiny
  • determining the time it takes to make a purchase decision
• Mechanical observation
  • eye-tracking analysis while subjects watch advertisements
    • oculometers - what the subject is looking at
    • pupilometers - how interested is the viewer
  • electronic checkout scanners - records purchase behaviour
  • on-site cameras in stores
  • Nielsen box for tracking television station watching
  • voice pitch meters - measures emotional reactions
  • psychogalvanometer - measures galvanic skin response
• Audits
  • retail audits to determine the quality of service in stores
  • inventory audits to determine product acceptance
  • shelf space audits
• Trace Analysis
  • credit card records
  • computer cookie records
  • garbology - looking for traces of purchase patterns in garbage
  • detecting store traffic patterns by observing the wear in the floor (long term) or the dirt on the floor (short term)
  • exposure to advertisements
• Content analysis
  • observe the content of magazines, television broadcasts, radio broadcasts, or newspapers, either articles, programs, or advertisements

When TV viewers or entertainment professionals in the United States mention ratings they are generally referring to Nielsen Ratings, a system developed by the New York City-based firm Nielsen Media Research to determine which shows television viewers watch at what times. ...

See also

• marketing
• marketing research
• experimental techniques
• qualitative marketing research
• quantitative marketing research
• Usability testing

Marketing is the process of planning and executing the pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods, ideas, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. ... Research is the search for and retrieval of existing, discovery or creation of new information or knowledge for a specific purpose. ... Experimental research designs are used for the controlled testing of causal processes. ... Qualitative research is a set of research techniques, used in marketing and the social sciences, in which data are obtained from a relatively small group of respondents and not analyzed with statistical techniques. ... Quantitative marketing research is a social research method that utilizes statistical techniques. ... Usability testing is a means for measuring how well people can use some human-made object (such as a web page, a computer interface, a document, or a device) for its intended purpose, i. ...

List of related topics

• list of marketing topics
• list of management topics
• list of economics topics
• list of finance topics
• list of accounting topics