Encyclopedia > Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet inherited alternate symbols from various traditions, but eventually settled on one for each sound. The other variations are now regarded as obsolete symbols. An example is ɷ for standard ʊ. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: ʮ for z̩ʷ is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ has been dropped. Not to be confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system used for describing the sounds of spoken language, and has a long history originating with the International Phonetic Association. ...
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ...
The International Phonetic Alphabet requires specific names for the symbols and diacritcs used in the alphabet. ...
The symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet can be used to show pronounciation in English. ...
Not to be confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as ƛ.
While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabye of northern Togo, which has Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ Ʃ (capital ʃ). Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by unicode are Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ. Kabye is the name for both the language and peoples of the northern plains of Togo. ...
| ɩ | Iota, rejected 1989 in favor of [ɪ] | | ɷ | Closed omega, rejected 1989 in favor of [ʊ] | | ʚ | Closed epsilon, a mistake for [ɞ] | | ɼ | Long-leg R, voiced strident apico-alveolar trill (Czech ř), withdrawn 1989, = [r̝] | | ɿ | Reversed fishhook R / turned iota, apical dental unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [z̩] | | ʅ | Squat reversed esh (actually ɿ with retroflex tail), apical retroflex unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [ʐ̩] | | ʮ | turned h with fishhook, apical dental rounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [z̩ʷ] | | ʯ | turned h with fishhook and tail, apical retroflex rounded vowel used by Sinologists, = [ʐ̩ʷ] | | ȶ | t with curl, voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) plosive, used by Sinologists | | ȡ | d with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) plosive, used by Sinologists | | ȵ | n with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) nasal, used by Sinologists | | ᴀ | small capital A, open central vowel used by Sinologists, between [a] and [ɑ], = [a] used unofficially as an open central vowel | | ᴇ | small capital E, mid front unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, between [e] and [ɛ] | | ʆ | Curly-tail esh, withdrawn 1989, = [ʃʲ] or [ɕ] | | ʓ | Curly-tail ezh, withdrawn 1989, = [ʒʲ] or [ʑ] | | ƫ | Left-hook T, withdrawn 1989, = [tʲ] | | d̡ etc. | Subscript left hook, superseded 1989 by [dʲ] etc. | | σ | = [θʷ, sʷ] | | ƍ | = [ðʷ, zʷ] | | ƪ | = [ʃʷ] | | ƺ | = [ʒʷ] | | k̫ etc. | Subscript w, superseded 1989 by [kʷ] etc. | | ɑ̢ etc. | = [ɑ˞] etc. ("retroflex" or r-colored vowels) | | ʇ | Turned T, superseded 1989 by [ǀ] | | ʖ | Inverted glottal stop, superseded 1989 by [ǁ] | | ʗ | Stretched C, superseded 1989 by [ǃ] | | ʞ | Proposed symbol for velar click, withdrawn 1970 | | ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ | Hooktop P, T, C, K, Q, withdrawn 1993, = [ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̥ ɠ̥ ʛ̥] | | ƞ | Right-leg N, withdrawn 1976, = [n̩] | | š | Americanist usage, = [ʃ] | | ž | Americanist usage, = [ʒ] | | č | Americanist usage, = [t͡ʃ] | | ǰ, ǧ, ǯ | Americanist, Slavicist etc. usage, = [d͡ʒ] | | ƛ | Americanist usage, = [t͡ɬ] | | λ | Americanist usage, = [d͡ɮ] | | ƾ | Withdrawn 1976, = [t͡s] | | ƻ | Barred two, withdrawn 1976, = [d͡z] | |
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