Starting with the invasion of April 9, 1940, Norway was under military occupation of German forces and civil rule of a German commissioner in collaboration with a Pro-German puppet government. The occupation ended May 10, 1945, after the capitulation of German forces in Europe. King Haakon VII King Haakon VII of Norway, Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel (August 3, 1872 - September 21, 1957) was the first King of Norway after the dissolution of the personal union with Sweden in 1905. ... Campaign poster of Johan Nygaardsvold Johan Nygaardsvold (September 6, 1879 - March 13, 1952) was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. ... Carl Joachim Hambro (usually C.J. Hambro) (January 5, 1885 – 15 December 1964) was a leading politician from the Norwegian Conservative Party. ... Carl Gustav Fleischer (1883-1942) was a Norwegian general and the first allied general(actually not allied, as the allies and Norway never had any official cooperation, in writing) to win a major victory against the Germans in World War II. In 1940, as commander of the Norwegian 6th division... Otto Ruge (January 9, 1882 - 1961) was a Norwegian general. ... Max Manus was a famous Norwegian World War II resistance fighter. ... Jens Christian Hauge (born 1915) was the leader of the secret military organisation Milorg in WWII occupied Norway. ... Gunnar Sønsteby (born 11 January 1918) is known as a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II. Known also as Kjakan and , he participated in the resistance effort from 1940. ... Vidkun Quisling Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (July 18, 1887 – October 24, 1945) was a Norwegian fascist politician and officer. ... Jonas Lie (1899-1945) was a Norwegian councillor of state in the NS government of Vidkun Quisling in 1940, then acting councillor of state 1940-1941, and minister between 1941 and 1945. ... Born May 14, 1915 in Levanger, Norway Died Executed on February 1, 1947 by shooting. ... Josef Terboven Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven (May 23, 1898 - May 8, 1945) was a Nazi leader most known for his brutal leadership during the Nazi occupation of Norway. ... Wilhelm Rediess (October 10, 1900 – May 8, 1945) was the German chief of secret police (General der Polizei) during the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War. ... Milorg was a secret military organization under World War II in Norway. ... Xu can be a pinyin transliteration of one of several Chinese surnames: 徐 (pinyin Xú, also spelled Hsu or Tsui or Eu) 許 (traditional) or 许 (simplified), (pinyin Xǔ, also spelled Hui or Hii) In this context it is pronounced somewhat like Shoo or simply Shh. ... Norwegian Independent Company 1 (NOR.I.C.1, also Norisen) was a SOE group formed in March of 1941 for the purpose of perfoming commando raids in occupied Norway. ... The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship) was established in London in April 1940 to administrate the Norwegian merchant fleet outside German controlled areas. ... Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for National Gathering or National Unification) was a fascist party in Norway before and during World War II, founded on May 17, 1933 by Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort. ... Operation Weserübung was the German codename for Nazi Germanys assault on Denmark and Norway during World War II and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Belligerent military occupation occurs when one nations military occupies all or part of the territory of another nation or recognized belligerent. ... Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for National Gathering or National Unification) was a fascist party in Norway before and during World War II, founded on May 17, 1933 by Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

This period of occupation - usually referred to as the "war years" or "occupation period" in Norway - had defining significance for Norwegian society, and it is only recently that Norway considers itself as having passed out of the "post-war era."

Background

Having maintained its neutrality during World War I, Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely based influenced on three factors: Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

• Fiscal austerity promoted by the conservative parties
• Pacifism promoted by the Norwegian Labour Party
• A doctrine of neutrality, on the assumption that there would be no need to bring Norway into a war if she remained neutral

These three factors met resistance as tensions grew in Europe in the 1930s, initially from Norwegian military staff and right-wing political groups, but increasingly also from individuals within the mainstream political establishment and, it has since come to light, by the king, behind the scenes. By the late 1930's, the Norwegian parliament had accepted the need for a strengthened military and expanded the budget accordingly, even by assuming national debt. As it turned out, most of the plans enabled by the budgetary expansion were not completed in time. The Norwegian Labour Party (Det norske Arbeiderpartiet, DNA or Arbeiderpartiet, AP) is a social democratic political party in Norway. ... King Haakon VII King Haakon VII of Norway, Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel (August 3, 1872 - September 21, 1957) was the first King of Norway after the dissolution of the personal union with Sweden in 1905. ...

Although the principle of neutrality had been held sacrosanct until the invasion was a fait accompli, it was known throughout the government that Norway, above all, did not want to be at war with the United Kingdom. Several incidents in Norwegian maritime waters, notably the Altmark incident in Jøssingfjorden, put great strains on Norway's ability to assert its neutrality. By the fall of 1939, there was an increasing sense of urgency that Norway had to prepare to not just protect its neutrality but indeed to fight for its "freedom and independence." Efforts to improve military readiness and capability, and to sustain an extended blockade, were intensified between September of 1939 and April of 1940. The German tanker Altmark in Jøssingfjord, Norway, February 1940 The Altmark Incident (Norwegian: Altmark-saken) was a naval skirmish of the Second World War between United Kingdom and Nazi Germany, occurring in at that time neutral Norwegian waters on 16 February 1940. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Norway managed to negotiate favorable trade treaties both with the United Kingdom and Germany under these conditions, but it became increasingly clear that both countries had a strategic interest in denying the other access to Norway.

Invasion

See also Operation Weserübung Operation Weserübung was the German codename for Nazi Germanys assault on Denmark and Norway during World War II and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. ...

German propaganda poster, featuring SS ski battalion.

Through folly both on the part of the Norwegian foreign minister Halvdan Koht and minister of defense Birger Ljungberg, Norway was largely unprepared for the German military invasion when it came on the night between April 8 and April 9, 1940. The first hostile action by all accounts was the sinking of the German vessel Rio de Janeiro on April 7th by Polish submarine "Orzel", Norwegian forces were only partly mobilized to meet the threat. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (768x1085, 154 KB)German propaganda poster, featuring SS ski battalion. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (768x1085, 154 KB)German propaganda poster, featuring SS ski battalion. ... Halvdan Koht (b. ... Birger Ljungberg (1884-1967) was the Norwegian Minister of Defense 1939-1942. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ...

On the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French interference, Germany invaded Norway for several reasons: strategically, to secure ice-free harbors from which naval forces could seek to control the North Atlantic; to secure the availability of iron ore from mines in Sweden, going through Narvik; to pre-empt a British and French invasion with the same purpose; and for propaganda purposes to reinforce the notion of a Germanic empire. The Swedish iron ore was important to the German war effort during World War two, as Germany had an inadequate domestic supply, and other sources were cut off by the British sea blockade. ... County Nordland District Ofoten Municipality NO-1805 Administrative centre Narvik Mayor (2004) Olav Sigurd AlstadThe Beagle (Ap) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 29 2,023 km² 1,905 km² 0. ...

Consistently with the doctrine of Blitzkrieg, German forces attacked Norway by sea and air in the operation Weserübung starting April 9, 1940. Having gotten a foothold in Oslo and Trondheim, they launched a ground offensive against scattered resistance inland in Norway. Allied forces attempted several counterattacks, but all failed. While military resistance in Norway had little military success, they had the significant political effect of allowing the Norwegian government, including the Royal family, to escape and form a government-in-exile, primarily due to the sinking of the German cruiser Blücher in the Oslo Fjord on the first day of the invasion, and the pitched battle fought between German forces and an improvised Norwegian position at Midtskogen. One of the defining characteristics of what is commonly known as Blitzkrieg is close co-operation between infantry and tanks. ... Operation Weserübung was the German codename for Nazi Germanys assault on Denmark and Norway during World War II and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. ... County Oslo NO-03 District Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... County Sør-Trøndelag District Municipality NO-1601 Administrative centre Trondheim Mayor (2005) Rita Ottervik (AP) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 258 342 km² 322 km² 0. ... The German heavy cruiser Blücher ¹ was the German Kriegsmarines newest ship at the outbreak of World War II. The Blücher is most notable for being sunk on April 9, 1940, less than three years after her launch, on the first day of the invasion of Norway (Operation... Midtskogen farm is situated approximately 5 kilometers west of the town Elverum at the mouth of the Østerdalen valley in southern Norway. ...

Norwegian mobilisation was hampered by the fact that much of the best equipment was lost to the Germans in the first 24 hours of the invasion, the unclear mobilisation order by the government and the general confusion caused by the tremendous psychological shock of the German surprise attack.

The Norwegian Army rallied after the initial confusion, what units could be mustered were thrown into the fighting and on several occasions managed to put up a stiff fight, delaying the German advance. However, the Germans proved unstoppable due to their superior training and equipment. Allied reinforcements came too little, too late, and as the British and Norwegian Forces were ground down in the Gudbrandsdal the campaign in Southern Norway came to an end on the 2nd of May with the evacuation of British forces and the surrender of the Norwegian 2. Division in Gudbrandsdalen, 4. Division in Valdres and 5. Division north of Trondheim.

The nature of the occupation

Vidkun Quisling, the leader of the Norwegian Nazi party known as Nasjonal Samling (National Gathering) had prior to the invasion tried to persuade Adolf Hitler that he would form a government in support of occupying Germans. Although Hitler was unreceptive to the idea, and Quisling's attempt to announce his ascension to power failed, the Nazis allowed him to early assume nominal leadership of the Nazi government in Norway. Vidkun Quisling Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (July 18, 1887 – October 24, 1945) was a Norwegian fascist politician and officer. ... Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for National Gathering or National Unification) was a fascist party in Norway before and during World War II, founded on May 17, 1933 by Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort. ... Hitler redirects here. ...

Military forces such as the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe remained under direct command from Germany during war years, but all other authority was vested in Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. He attempted to negotiate an arrangement with the remaining members of the Norwegian parliament that would give a Nazi cabinet the semblance of legitimacy, but these talks failed. After this, Quisling was instituted as head of state, though Terboven held the sole means to use violence as a political tool. Wehrmacht troops of the Heer (military land forces) marching at a military parade in honour of the 50th birthday of Adolf Hitler, on April 20th, 1939. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Reichskommissar (Commissionary of the Empire) was an official title of authorized representative of the Deutsches Reich (after 1871) who was appointed to a special task, e. ... Josef Terboven Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven (May 23, 1898 - May 8, 1945) was a Nazi leader most known for his brutal leadership during the Nazi occupation of Norway. ...

Quisling believed that by ensuring economic stability and mediating between the Norwegian civilian society and the German occupiers, his party would gradually win the trust and confidence of the Norwegian population. Nasjonal Samling did see a very small surge in membership in the first few years of the occupation, but the membership never reached significant levels and eroded in the latter years of the war.

The Nazi authorities made attempts to enact legislation that supported its actions and policies, but they banned all political parties except NS, appointed local leaders top down, and forced labor unions and other organizations to accept NS leaders.

Although there was much resistance against most of the Nazi government's policies, there was considerable cooperation in ensuring economic activity and social welfare programs.

Norway was the most heavily fortified country during the war, several hundred thousand German soldiers were stationed in Norway, in a ratio of one German soldier for every 8 Norwegians. Most German soldiers considered themselves fortunate to be in Norway, at least in comparison with combat duty on the Eastern front. Approximately 6,000 SS troops were also garrisoned in Norway during World War II, under the command of Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Rediess. The infamous double-sig rune SS insignia. ... SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski SS-Obergruppenführer patch SA-Obergruppenführer insignia Obergruppenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the SA. Translated as Senior Group Leader, the rank of SA-Obergruppenführer was held by... Wilhelm Rediess (October 10, 1900 – May 8, 1945) was the German chief of secret police (General der Polizei) during the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War. ...

Resistance, acceptance and collaboration

See main article on the Norwegian resistance movement Norwegian resistance to the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1945 took several forms: Asserting the legitimacy of the exiled Norwegian government, and by implication the lack of legitimacy of the Quisling regime and Terboven administration The initial defense in Southern Norway, which was largely disorganized, but...

It has been estimated that as many as 10% of Norwegians were supportive of the Nazi occupation, though this estimate is uncertain and the support varied throughout the occupation. It is clear that the vast majority of Norwegians were opposed to the occupation, and many resisted it in various ways. This was in large part reinforced by the activism of the government in exile in London, who made regular Norwegian language broadcasts, published news via the underground press, and sponsored commando raids against German targets. London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Some Norwegians took part in armed resistance; others provided support for such activities; many Norwegians engaged in various forms of civil disobedience; and many took part in passive resistance efforts. Over time, an organized armed resistance movement was formed under largely unified command. A distinction was made between the home front (Hjemmefronten) and the external front (Utefronten). The home front consisted of guerrilla and clandestine operations; the external front included the operations of Norway's merchant fleet, the Norwegian Navy; Norwegian squadrons under the British Royal Air Force command; and several commando groups operating out of Great Britain and Shetland. The unified command structure was to play an important role in the orderly transfer of power in May of 1945. The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship) was established in London in April 1940 to administrate the Norwegian merchant fleet outside German controlled areas. ... Ranks Norwegian military ranks The Royal Norwegian Navy (often abbreviated as RNoN) is the branch of the Norwegian Defence Force responsible for naval operations. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland) formerly called Hjaltland, is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. ...

Of the Norwegians that supported the NS, relatively few were active collaborators. Most notorious among these was Henry Oliver Rinnan, who infiltrated Norwegian members of the resistance, tortured and murdered them. About 5000 Norwegians volunteered for combat duty on the Nazi side and were often sent to the Eastern front. Some Norwegian police forces also assisted in arresting Jews prior to their deporting to Nazi concentration camps in November 1942. Born May 14, 1915 in Levanger, Norway Died Executed on February 1, 1947 by shooting. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ...

During the five-year occupation, several thousand Norwegian women had children fathered by German soldiers in the Lebensborn program. The mothers were ostracized and humiliated following the war, both by Norwegian officialdom and the civil population, and were referred to using pejorative terms like tyskerunger (children of Germans) or worse yet naziyngel (Nazi offspring). The debate on the past treatment of these krigsbarn (War children), started with a television series in 1981, but only recently have the offspring of these unions begun to identify themselves. Lebensborn was one of several programs initiated by Nazi leader Heinrich Himmler to secure the racial heredity of the Third Reich. ... A war child refers to a child born to a native parent and a parent belonging to a foreign military force (usually an occupying force, but also soldiers stationed at military bases on foreign soil). ...

Refugees

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Throughout the war years, a number of Norwegians fled the Nazi regime, mostly across the long land border to Sweden. These included Jews, political activists, and others who had reason to fear for their lives. The Nazis set up border patrols to stop these flights, but locals who knew the woods, combined with the long Norwegian-Swedish border, developed ways to bypass them. Along with individuals who hid refugees in their homes, the "border pilots" were among those in the resistance movement that took the greatest risks.

Swedish authorities accepted such refugees and ensured their safety once they had crossed the border, but did little to facilitate the flights. In Sweden, refugees were often confined to camps where their basic needs were met. A total of close to 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden during the war.

In addition to the Jews, members of the resistance movement and other people who had more acute reason to fear for their lives a great number of the refugees were men of military age wishing to join the Norwegian armed forces abroad. Before the German invasion of Russia a number of these managed to make their way out of Sweden and travelling over Russian territory reaching England often via India, South Africa or Canada. After Operation Barbarossa the overland route over Russian soil was closed.

The rest of the refugees were effectively locked up in Sweden for the duration, except for a small number of officers, pilots or other specialists managing to obtain priority on the occasional plane leaving Sweden for England.

In the last two years of the war the Norwegian Government in London obtained permission and cooperation from Swedish authorities to raise military formations on Swedish territory in the form of the so called "Police troops" recruited from Norwegian refugees. The term "Police" being a cover-up for what in reality was pure military training. These formations were equipped with Swedish weapons and equipment and trained by Norwegian and Swedish officers, numbering 12 000 men, organised in battalions and with their own pioneers, signals and artillery by VE-day.

A number of the "Police troops" were employed in the liberation of Finmark in he winter of 1944/45 after the area had been evacuated by the Germans. The rest participated in liberation of the rest of Norway after the peaceful surrender of the Germans in May 1945.

Material scarcity and ingenuity

Norway lost all its major trading partners the moment it was occupied. Germany became the main trading partner, but could not make up for the lost import and export business. Combined with a general drop in productivity, Norwegians were quickly confronted with scarcity of basic commodities, including food. There was a real risk of famine. A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ...

Many if not most Norwegians started growing their own crops and keeping their own livestock. City parks were divided among its inhabitants, who grew potatoes, cabbage, and other hardy vegetables. People kept pigs, chicken and other poultry in their houses and outhouses. Fishing and hunting became more widespread. Gray and black markets provided for flow of goods. Norwegians also learned to use ersatz products for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from fuel to coffee, tea, and tobacco. Ersatz is a German name (literal meaning: substitute) for products, especially chemical compounds and provisions developed in wartimes when shortage of certain goods was imminent. ... A cup of coffee // Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. ... Tea leaves in a Chinese gaiwan. ... Species Nicotiana acuminata Nicotiana alata Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana clevelandii Nicotiana excelsior Nicotiana forgetiana Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana glutinosa Nicotiana langsdorffii Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana obtusifolia Nicotiana paniculata Nicotiana plumbagifolia Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana repanda Nicotiana rustica Nicotianasuaveolens Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tomentosa Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005...

Treason trials

See Legal purge in Norway after World War II Following the general capitulation of Germany in Europe and in Norway on May 10, 1945, the legitimate Norwegian government moved quickly to prosecute individuals who were suspected of treason or war crimes during the German occupation. ...

Even before the war ended, there was debate among Norwegians about the fate of traitors and collaborators. A few favored a "night of long knives" with extrajudicial killings of known offenders. However, cooler minds prevailed, and much effort was put into assuring due process trials of accused traitors. In the end, 37 people were executed by Norwegian authorities, 25 Norwegians on the grounds of treason, and 12 Germans on the grounds of crimes against humanity. Twenty-eight thousand seven hundred and fifty were arrested, though most were released for lack of probable cause. In the end, 20,000 Norwegians and a smaller number of Germans were given prison sentences. Seventy-seven Norwegians and 18 Germans received life sentences. A number of people were sentenced to pay heavy fines.

The trials have been subject to some criticism in later years. It has been pointed out that sentences became more lenient with the passage of time, and that many of the charges were based on retroactive application of laws.

German POWs

After the war the Norwegian government forced German prisoners of war to clear minefields. When the clearing ended in September 1946, 392 of them had been injured and 275 had been killed, meanwhile only 2 Norwegians and 4 British mine-clearers had sustained any injuries.^[1] Many of the Germans were killed through their British guards' habit of chasing them criss-cross over a cleared field to ensure that no mines remained.^[2] The Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war which states that it is forbidden to use prisoners for harmful or dangerous labor proved to be of no value as it was circumvented by the Norwegians claim that the German prisoners were Disarmed Enemy Forces. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... A landmine is a type of mine which is placed onto or into the ground and explodes when triggered by a vehicle or person. ... Disarmed Enemy Forces is a designation for captive enemy soldiers. ...

Legacy of the occupation

The occupation had a profound effect on the collective Norwegian psyche. It instilled in many Norwegians a durable fear of scarcity, which led to a widespread habit of frugality, especially with food. It also educated a whole generation of Norwegians on proper nutrition.

The adversity strengthened and further defined the Norwegian national identity. The history of the resistance movement may have been glorified excessively, but it has also provided Norwegian military and political leaders with durable role models. The shared hardship of the war years also set the stage for social welfare policies of the post-War Norwegian Labour Party governments. It also led to the abandonment of Norway's neutrality policy, formalized when Norway was a founding member of NATO. The Norwegian Labour Party (Det norske Arbeiderpartiet, DNA or Arbeiderpartiet, AP) is a social democratic political party in Norway. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

Notes

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Address by Joachim von Ribbentrop to diplomatic and press representatives in Berlin on April 10, 1940, explaining the German invasion of Norway

• Tamelander, Michael and Zetterling, Niklas, (2004) "Den nionde april : Nazitysklands invasion av Norge 1940". Historiska Media. ISBN 91-85057-95-9
• Stortinget (1946) : Instilling av Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945
• Södermann, Harry (1946) "Polititroppene i Sverige". Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo 1946.
• Hobson,Rolf & Kristiansen, Tom (2001) Norsk forsvarshistorie, bind 3 (1905 - 1940), Bergen 2001.

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ...

See also

Other nations

• Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany
• Belarusian Central Rada
• Occupation of the Channel Islands
• Occupation of Czechoslovakia
• Occupation of Denmark
• Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
• Occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany
• Vichy France
• Jews outside Europe under Nazi occupation
• Reichskommissariat Kaukasus
• Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
• Lokot Republic
• Military history of Luxembourg during World War II
• Reichskommissariat Moskau
• The Netherlands in World War II
• History of Poland (1939–1945)
• Reichskommissariat Ukraine

Belarusian partisan fighters behind German front lines in Belarus in 1943 Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... As part of the Atlantic Wall, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands such as this observation tower at Les Landes, Jersey The Occupation of the Channel Islands refers to the Military occupation of the Channel... == On the same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain at Berchtesgaden and demanded the swift return of the Sudetenland to the Third Reich under threat of war. ... Headquarters of the Schalburgkorps, a Danish SS unit, after 1943. ... Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany. ... German soldiers raising the Swastika over the Acropolis. ... For other uses of Vichy, see Vichy (disambiguation). ... // North Africa The Final solution plan aspire to destroy also the Jews of North Africa. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany. ... The Lokot Republic (Russian: Локотская Республика) was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi occupied Russia under an all-Russian administration from 1941 to 1943. ... The military history of Luxembourg during World War II was a period in the history of Luxembourg when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. On 10 May 1940 the German Wehrmacht attacked Luxembourg and quickly defeated its small defence force. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // In World War I the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral, although the sympathies were clearly more on the German side than on the British. ... The history of Poland from 1939 through 1945 encompasses the German invasion of Poland through to the end of World War II. On September 1, 1939, without formal declaration of war, Germany invaded Poland. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

External links

• (Norwegian) Overall view