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OTEC utilizes the temperature difference that exists between deep and shallow waters — within 20° of the equator in the tropics — to run a heat engine. Because the oceans are continually heated by the sun and cover nearly 70% of the Earth's surface, this temperature difference contains a vast amount of solar energy which could potentially be tapped for human use. If this extraction could be done profitably on a large scale, it could be a solution to some of the human population's energy problems. The total energy available is one or two orders of magnitude higher than other ocean energy options such as wave power, but the small size of the temperature difference makes energy extraction difficult and expensive. Hence, existing OTEC systems have an overall efficiency of only 1 to 3%. Image File history File links Portal. ...
Fig. ...
A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the sun is almost directly overhead. ...
A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. ...
Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. ...
Adjectives: Terrestrial, Terran, Telluric, Tellurian, Earthly Atmosphere Surface pressure: 101. ...
Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...
- Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). ...
The concept of a heat engine is very common in engineering, and nearly all energy utilized by humans uses it in some form. A heat engine involves a device placed between a high temperature reservoir (such as a container) and a low temperature reservoir. As heat flows from one to the other, the engine extracts some of the heat in the form of work. This same general principle is used in steam turbines and internal combustion engines, while refrigerators reverse the natural flow of heat by "spending" energy. Rather than using heat energy from the burning of fuel, OTEC power draws on temperature differences caused by the sun's warming of the ocean surface. Download high resolution version (797x601, 145 KB)View of OTEC facility at Keahole Pointe on the Kona coast of Hawaii. ...
Download high resolution version (797x601, 145 KB)View of OTEC facility at Keahole Pointe on the Kona coast of Hawaii. ...
There is also a town of Kailua on the Island of O‘ahu. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
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The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...
In thermodynamics, thermodynamic work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another. ...
A rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power plant A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
“Freezer†redirects here. ...
History of OTEC Even though it sounds technologically sophisticated, OTEC technology is not new. It has progressed in fits and starts since the late 1800s. In 1881, Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval, a French physicist, proposed tapping the thermal energy of the ocean. It was d'Arsonval's student, Georges Claude who actually built the first OTEC plant, in Cuba in 1930. The system produced 22 kW of electricity with a low-pressure turbine. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Jacques Arsene dArsonval (June 8, 1851 - December 13, 1940) was a French biophysicist and inventor of the thermocouple ammeter and moving-coil galvanometer. ...
Physics (Greek: (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the branch of science concerned with the fundamental laws of the universe. ...
Inspired in part by Daniel McFarlan Moores invention, Moore’s Lamp, Paris born chemist and inventor, Georges Claude invented the neon light by passing an electric current through inert gases made them light very brightly. ...
1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ...
Kwai Lo is Chinese slang for foreigner or ghost person. ...
Lightning strikes during a night-time thunderstorm. ...
The use of water pressure - the Captain Cook Memorial Jet in Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra. ...
A Siemens steam turbine with the case opened. ...
In 1935, Claude constructed another plant, this time aboard a 10,000-ton cargo vessel moored off the coast of Brazil. Weather and waves destroyed both plants before they could become net power generators. (Net power is the amount of power generated after subtracting power needed to run the system.) 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ...
Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In 1956, French scientists designed another 3 megawatt (MW) OTEC plant for Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. The plant was never completed, however, because it was too expensive. 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
MW could refer to (in alphabetical order): Lintilla - the original multiple worlds talker Maintenance of way Malawi (ISO 3166-1 country code) Master of Wine Maya Island Air IATA airline designator MediaWiki Mediumwave Megawatt Mens Wearhouse Merriam-Webster The Midwest region of the United States Microwave Miss World Molecular...
Freeway along the Ébrié Lagoon near the Plateau, Abidjans business district and centre of the city. ...
In 1962, J. Hilbert Anderson and James H. Anderson, Jr. start designing a cycle to accomplish what Claude had not. They focused on developing new, more efficient component designs. 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ...
The United States became involved in OTEC research in 1974, when the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority was established at Keahole Point on the Kona coast of Hawaii. The laboratory has become one of the world's leading test facilities for OTEC technology. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...
The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii is an education and research facility founded in 1974 for research into the uses of Deep Ocean Water in Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) renewable energy production and in aquaculture. ...
Kona is the name of a moku or district on the island of Hawai‘i in the State of Hawai‘i. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Japan also continues to fund research and development in OTEC technology.
India piloted a 1 MW floating OTEC plant near Tamil Nadu. Its government continues to sponsor various research in developing floating OTEC facilities. Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...
How OTEC works Some energy experts believe that if it could become cost-competitive with conventional power technologies, OTEC could produce gigawatts of electrical power. Bringing costs into line is still a huge challenge, however. All OTEC plants require an expensive, large diameter intake pipe, which is submerged a mile or more into the ocean's depths, to bring very cold water to the surface.
 Left: Pipes used for OTEC. Right: Floating OTEC plant constructed in India in 2000 Image File history File links Download high resolution version (850x311, 114 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (850x311, 114 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Depending on the location - Land based plant
- Shelf based plant
- Floating plant
- Submerged plant ( conceptual )
Depending on the cycle used - Open cycle
- Closed cycle
- Hybrid cycle
This cold seawater is an integral part of each of the three types of OTEC systems: closed-cycle, open-cycle, and hybrid.
Closed-cycle
Diagram of a closed cycle OTEC plant Closed-cycle systems use fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Warm surface seawater is pumped through a heat exchanger where the low-boiling-point fluid is vaporized. The expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Then, cold, deep seawater—pumped through a second heat exchanger—condenses the vapor back into a liquid, which is then recycled through the system. Image File history File links OTEC_diagram. ...
Image File history File links OTEC_diagram. ...
Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
A Siemens steam turbine with the case opened. ...
Annual mean sea surface temperature for the World Ocean. ...
In 1979, the Natural Energy Laboratory and several private-sector partners developed the mini OTEC experiment, which achieved the first successful at-sea production net electrical power from closed-cycle OTEC. The mini OTEC vessel was moored 1.5 miles (2.4 km) off the Hawaiian coast and produced enough net electricity to illuminate the ship's light bulbs, and run its computers and televisions. For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ...
Then, the Natural Energy Laboratory in 1999 tested a 250 kW pilot OTEC closed-cycle plant, the largest such plant ever put into operation. Since then, there have been no tests of OTEC technology in the United States, largely because the economics of energy production today have delayed the financing of a permanent, continuously operating plant. 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
Outside the United States, the government of India has taken an active interest in OTEC technology. India has built and plans to test a 1 MW closed-cycle, floating OTEC plant.
Open-cycle Open-cycle OTEC uses the tropical oceans' warm surface water to make electricity. When warm seawater is placed in a low-pressure container, it boils. The expanding steam drives a low-pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its salt behind in the low-pressure container, is almost pure fresh water. It is condensed back into a liquid by exposure to cold temperatures from deep-ocean water. Annual mean sea surface temperature for the World Ocean. ...
It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled steam and water vapor, accessible from a disambiguation page. ...
An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. ...
A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) Salt covering the floor of Bad Water in Death Valley, CA, the lowest point in the US. A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and bases. ...
For the village on the Isle of Wight, see Freshwater, Isle of Wight. ...
In 1984, the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) developed a vertical-spout evaporator to convert warm seawater into low-pressure steam for open-cycle plants. Energy conversion efficiencies as high as 97% were achieved for the seawater to steam conversion process (note: the overall efficiency of an OTEC system using a vertical-spout evaporator would still only be a few per cent). In May 1993, an open-cycle OTEC plant at Keahole Point, Hawaii, produced 50,000 watts of electricity during a net power-producing experiment. This broke the record of 40,000 watts set by a Japanese system in 1982. 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United Statess primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ...
1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Hybrid A hybrid cycle combines the features of both the closed-cycle and open-cycle systems. In a hybrid OTEC system, warm seawater enters a vacuum chamber where it is flash-evaporated into steam, which is similar to the open-cycle evaporation process. The steam vaporizes the working fluid of a closed-cycle loop on the other side of an ammonia vaporizer. The vaporized fluid then drives a turbine that produces electricity. The steam condenses within the heat exchanger and provides desalinated water. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
Shevchenko BN350 desalination unit situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea. ...
The electricity produced by the system can be delivered to a utility grid or used to manufacture methanol, hydrogen, refined metals, ammonia, and similar products. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
Some proposed projects OTEC projects on the drawing board include a small plant for the U.S. Navy base on the British-administered island of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean. There, a proposed 8 MW OTEC plant, backed up by a 2 MW gas turbine, would replace an existing 15 MW gas turbine power plant. A private U.S. company also has proposed building at 10 MW OTEC plant on Guam. The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ...
Diego Garcia ( ) is an atoll located in the heart of the Indian Ocean, some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of Indias southern coast. ...
Other related technologies OTEC has important benefits other than power production.
Air conditioning The cold [5°C (41ºF)] seawater made available by an OTEC system creates an opportunity to provide large amounts of cooling to operations that are related to or close to the plant. Salmon, lobster, abalone, trout, oysters, and clams are not indigenous to tropical waters, but they can be raised in pools created by OTEC-pumped water; this will extend the variety of seafood products for nearby markets. Likewise, the low-cost refrigeration provided by the cold seawater can be used to upgrade or maintain the quality of indigenous fish, which tend to deteriorate quickly in warm tropical regions. Illustration of a male Coho Salmon The Chinook or King Salmon is the largest salmon in North America and can grow to 1. ...
Subfamilies and Genera Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. ...
Species Many, see species section. ...
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Biwa trout, Oncorhynchus masou subsp Trout is the common name given to a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the salmon family, Salmonidae. ...
Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron, opened The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ...
Littleneck clams; the pictured mollusks are of the species Mercenaria mercenaria. ...
The cold seawater delivered to an OTEC plant can be used in chilled-water coils to provide air-conditioning for buildings. It is estimated that a pipe 0.3-meters in diameter can deliver 0.08 cubic meters of water per second. If 6°C water is received through such a pipe, it could provide more than enough air-conditioning for a large building. If this system operates 8000 hours per year and local electricity sells for 5¢-10¢ per kilowatt-hour, it would save $200,000-$400,000 in energy bills annually (U.S. Department of Energy, 1989). The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Chilled-soil agriculture OTEC technology also supports chilled-soil agriculture. When cold seawater flows through underground pipes, it chills the surrounding soil. The temperature difference between plant roots in the cool soil and plant leaves in the warm air allows many plants that evolved in temperate climates to be grown in the subtropics. The Natural Energy Laboratory maintains a demonstration garden near its OTEC plant with more than 100 different fruits and vegetables, many of which would not normally survive in Hawaii. In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ...
The subtropics refers to the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone, which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitude 23. ...
Aquaculture Aquaculture is perhaps the most well-known byproduct of OTEC. Cold-water delicacies, such as salmon and lobster, thrive in the nutrient-rich, deep, seawater from the OTEC process. Microalgae such as Spirulina, a health food supplement, also can be cultivated in the deep-ocean water. Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural produce of water (fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic organisms). ...
Illustration of a male Coho Salmon The Chinook or King Salmon is the largest salmon in North America and can grow to 1. ...
Subfamilies and Genera Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. ...
Microalgae are the most primitive form of plants. ...
Species Spirulina is the common name for human and animal food supplements produced primarily from two species of cyanobacteria: Arthrospira platensis, and These and other Arthrospira species were once classified in the genus Spirulina. ...
Desalination Desalinated water can be produced in open- or hybrid-cycle plants using surface condensers. In a surface condenser, the spent steam is condensed by indirect contact with the cold seawater. This condensate is relatively free of impurities and can be collected and sold to local communities where natural freshwater supplies for agriculture or drinking are limited. System analysis indicates that a 2-megawatt (electric) (net) plant could produce about 4300 cubic meters of desalinated water each day (Block and Lalenzuela 1985). 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Mineral extraction OTEC may one day provide a means to mine ocean water for 57 trace elements. One element in sea water thats historically been sought after is gold. There are vast amounts of gold dissolved in sea water, but due to the current cost of extracting it, it is not done. Most economic analyses have suggested that mining the ocean for any valuble dissolved substances would be unprofitable because so much energy is required to pump the large volume of water needed and because of the expense involved in separating the minerals from seawater. But with OTEC plants already pumping the water, the only remaining economic challenge is to reduce the cost of the extraction process. The Japanese recently began investigating the concept of combining the extraction of uranium dissolved in seawater with wave-energy technology. They found that developments in other technologies (especially materials sciences) were improving the viability of mineral extraction processes that employ ocean energy. GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
Political Concerns Because OTEC facilities are more-or-less stationary surface platforms, their exact location and legal status may be affected by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS). This treaty grants coastal nations 3-, 12-, and 200-mile zones of varying legal authority from land, creating potential conflicts and regulatory barriers to OTEC plant construction and ownership. OTEC plants and similar structures would be considered artificial islands under the treaty, giving them no legal authority of their own. OTEC plants could be perceived as either a threat or potential partner to fisheries management or to future seabed mining operations controlled by the International Seabed Authority. The United States has not ratified the treaty as of 2006, despite strong internal support. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Opened for signature December 10, 1982 in Montego Bay (Jamaica) Entered into force November 16, 1994[1] Conditions for entry into force 60 ratifications Parties 149[2] For maritime law in general see Admiralty law. ...
Before Mexico City, Tenochtitlan was an artificial island of 250,000 (Dr Atl) Dejima, not allowed direct contact with nearby island that has been formed by human, rather than natural means. ...
Fisheries management is today often referred to as a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which is put in place by a system of monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS). ...
The International Seabed Authority is an intergovernmental body established to organize and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world’s oceans. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
Cost and Economics For OTEC to be viable as a power source, it must either gain political favor (ie. favorable tax treatment and subsidies) or become competitive with other types of power, which may themselves be subsidized. Because OTEC systems have not yet been widely deployed, estimates of their costs are uncertain. One study [1] estimates power generation costs as low as $.07 USD per kilowatt-hour, compared with $.07 for subsidized wind systems [2] and $.0192 for nuclear power. [3].
Besides regulation and subsidies, other factors that should be taken into account include OTEC's status as a renewable resource (with no waste products or limited fuel supply), the limited geographical area in which it is available [4], the political effects of reliance on oil, the development of alternate forms of ocean power such as wave energy and methane hydrates, and the possibility of combining it with aquaculture or filtration for trace minerals to obtain multiple uses from a single pump system. Burning ice. Methane released by heating burns, water drips. ...
Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural produce of water (fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic organisms). ...
See also [5].
Technical Analysis of OTEC systems OTEC systems can be classified as two types based on the thermodynamic cycle (1) Closed cycle and (2) Open cycle.
Variation of ocean temperature with depth The total insolation received by the oceans = (5.457 × 1018 MJ/yr) × 0.7 = 1.9 × 1018 MJ/yr. (taking an average clearness index of 0.5)
Only 15% of this energy is absorbed.
We can use Lambert's law to quantify the solar energy absorption by water, Lamberts cosine law is the statement that the total power observed from a Lambertian surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ made by the observers line of sight and the line normal to the surface. ...
 where, y is the depth of water, I is intensity and μ is the absorption coefficient. Solving the above differential equation, A simulation of airflow into a duct using the Navier-Stokes equations A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables which relates the values of the function itself and of its derivatives of various orders. ...
 The absorption coefficient μ may range from 0.05 m−1 for very clear fresh water to 0.5 m-1 for very salty water.
Since the intensity falls exponentially with depth y, the absorption is concentrated at the top layers. Typically in the tropics the surface temperature values are in excess of 25 °C, while 1 km below the temperature is about 10 °C. Contrary to the usual cooking pot situation of heat supplied from the bottom surface, the warmer (and hence lighter) waters at the top means that there are no thermal convection currents. Due to the very low temperature gradients, heat transfer by conduction is too low to cause any significant change to the scenario either. So with neither of the major mechanisms of heat transfer operating, the top layers remain hot and the lower layers remain cold. Thus it is like an essentially infinite heat source and an essentially infinite heat sink between a separation of about 1000 m that has been set up naturally for us to run heat engines. This temperature difference varies with latitude and season, with the maximum at the tropical, subtropical and equatorial waters. Hence in general tropics are the best choice for setting up OTEC systems. A quantity is said to be subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its value. ...
Convection is the transfer of heat by the motion of or within a fluid. ...
Heat conduction or Thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and hence acts to even out temperature differences. ...
The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...
Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The open/Claude cycle In this scheme, warm surface water at around 27 °C is admitted into an evaporator in which the pressure is maintained at a value slightly below the saturation pressure. Saturation Pressure, or vapor point, is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. ...
Water entering the evaporator is therefore superheated. See superheater for the device used in steam engines. ...
 Where Hf is enthalpy of liquid water at the inlet temperature, T1. In thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy or heat content (denoted as H or ΔH, or rarely as χ) is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system, which can be used to calculate the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure. ...
 otec open cycle T-S diagram File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
This temporarily superheated water undergoes volume boiling as opposed to pool boiling in conventional boilers where the heating surface is in contact. Thus the water partially flashes to steam with a two phase equilibrium prevailing. Suppose that the pressure inside the evaporator is maintained at the saturation pressure of water at T2. This process being iso-enthalpic,
 Here, x2 is the fraction of water by mass that has vaporized. The warm water mass flow rate per unit turbine mass flow rate is 1/x2. A Siemens steam turbine with the case opened. ...
The low pressure in the evaporator is maintained by a vacuum pump that also removes the dissolved non condensable gases from the evaporator. The evaporator now contains a mixture of water and steam of very low quality. The steam is separated from the water as saturated vapour. The remaining water is saturated and is discharged back to the ocean in the open cycle. The steam we have extracted in the process is a very low pressure, very high specific volume working fluid. It expands in a special low pressure turbine.
 Here, Hg corresponds to T2. For an ideal adiabatic reversible turbine, This article covers adiabatic processes in thermodynamics. ...
 The above equation corresponds to the temperature at the exhaust of the turbine, T5. x5,s is the mass fraction of vapour at point 5.
The enthalpy at T5 is,
 This enthalpy is lower. The adiabatic reversible turbine work = H3-H5,s .
Actual turbine work WT = (H3-H5,s) × polytropic efficiency
 The condenser temperature and pressure are lower. Since the turbine exhaust will be discharged back into the ocean anyway, a direct contact condenser is used. Thus the exhaust is mixed with cold water from the deep cold water pipe which results in a near saturated water. That water is now discharged back to the ocean.
H6=Hf, at T5. T7 is the temperature of the exhaust mixed with cold sea water, as the vapour content now is negligible,
 There are the temperature differences between stages. One between warm surface water and working steam, one between exhaust steam and cooling water and one between cooling water reaching the condenser and deep water. These represent external irreversibilities that reduce the overall temperature difference.
The cold water flow rate per unit turbine mass flow rate,
 Turbine mass flow rate, 
Warm water mass flow rate, 
Cold water mass flow rate 
The closed/Anderson cycle Developed starting in the 1960s by J. Hilbert Anderson of Sea Solar Power, Inc. In this cycle, QH is the heat transferred in the evaporator from the warm sea water to the working fluid. The working fluid exits from the evaporator as a gas near its dew point.
The high-pressure, high-temperature gas then is expanded in the turbine to yield turbine work, WT. The working fluid is slightly superheated at the turbine exit and the turbine typically has an efficiency of 90% based on reversible, adiabatic expansion.
From the turbine exit, the working fluid enters the condenser where it rejects heat, -QC, to the cold sea water. The condensate is then compressed to the highest pressure in the cycle, requiring condensate pump work, WC. Thus, the Anderson closed cycle is a Rankine-type cycle similar to the conventional power plant steam cycle except that in the Anderson cycle the working fluid is never superheated more than a few degrees Fahrenheit. It is realized that owing to viscous effects there must be working fluid pressure drops in both the evaporator and the condenser. These pressure drops, which are dependent on the types of heat exchangers used, must be considered in final design calculations but are ignored here to simplify the analysis. Thus, the parasitic condensate pump work, WC, computed here will be lower than if the heat exchanger pressure drops were included. The major additional parasitic energy requirements in the OTEC plant are the cold water pump work, WCT, and the warm water pump work, WHT. Denoting all other parasitic energy requirements by WA, the net work from the OTEC plant, WNP is This article is about the temperature scale; see also Fahrenheit graphics API. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ...
 The thermodynamic cycle undergone by the working fluid can be analyzed without detailed consideration of the parasitic energy requirements. From the first law of thermodynamics, the energy balance for the working fluid as the system is  where WN = WT + WC is the net work for the thermodynamic cycle. For the special idealized case in which there is no working fluid pressure drop in the heat exchangers,  and  so that the net thermodynamic cycle work becomes  Subcooled liquid enters the evaporator. Due to the heat exchange with warm sea water, evaporation takes place and usually superheated vapor leaves the evaporator. This vapor drives the turbine and 2-phase mixture enters the condenser. Usually, the subcooled liquid leaves the condenser and finally, this liquid is pumped to the evaporator completing a cycle.
Working fluids Various fluids have been proposed over the past decades to be used in closed OTEC cycle. A popular choice is ammonia, which has superior transport properties, easy availability, and low cost. Ammonia, however, is toxic and flammable. Fluorinated carbons such as CFCs and HCFCs would have been a better choice had it not been for their contribution to ozone layer depletion. Hydrocarbons too are good candidates. But they are highly flammable. The power plant size is dependent upon the vapor pressure of the working fluid. For fluids with high vapor pressure, the size of the turbine and heat exchangers decreases while the wall thickness of the pipe and heat exchangers should increase to endure high pressure especially on the evaporator side. Possible meanings: Certified Financial Consultant Chelsea Football Club Child and Family Canada Chlorofluorocarbon Combined Federal Campaign haloalkane This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is one of a class of fluorocarbon compounds that are used primarily as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes. ...
Technical difficulties
Degradation of heat exchanger performance by dissolved gases A very important technical issue pertaining to the Claude cycle is the performance of direct contact heat exchangers operating at typical OTEC boundary conditions. Many early Claude cycle designs used a surface condenser since their performance is well understood. However direct contact condensers offer significant disadvantages. As the warm sea water rises in the intake pipes, the pressure decreases to the point where gas begins to evolve. If a significant amount of gas comes out of the solution, designing a gas trap before the direct contact heat exchangers may be justified. Experiments simulating conditions in the warm water intake pipe indicated about 30% of the dissolved gas evolve in the top 8.5 m of the tube. The tradeoff between pre-deaeration of the sea water and expulsion of all the non-condensable gases from the condenser is dependent on the gas evolution dynamics, deaerator efficiency, head loss, vent compressor efficiency and parasitic power. Experimental results have indicated that vertical spout condensers performs some 30% better than the falling jet types.
Improper sealing The evaporator, turbine, and condenser operate in partial vacuum ranging from 3 % to 1 % atmospheric pressure. This poses a number of practical concerns that must be addressed. First, the system must be carefully sealed to prevent in-leakage of atmospheric air that can severely degrade or shut down operation. Second, the specific volume of the low-pressure steam is very large compared to that of the pressurized working fluid used in the case of a closed cycle OTEC. This means that components must have large flow areas to ensure that steam velocities do not attain excessively high values.
Parasitic power consumption by exhaust compressor An approach for reducing the exhaust compressor parasitic power is as follows. After most of the steam has been condensed by spout condensers, the non condensable gas steam mixture is passed through a counter current region which increases the gas-steam reaction by a factor of 5. The result is an 80% reduction in the exhaust pumping power requirements.
Energy from temperature difference between cold air and warm water In winter in coastal Arctic locations, the seawater temperature can be 40 degrees Celsius (70 °F) warmer than the local air temperature. Technologies based on closed-cycle OTEC systems could exploit this temperature difference. The lack of the need for long pipes to extract deep seawater might make a system based on this concept less expensive than OTEC. This is only benificial when wet bulb temperature is equal to dew point temperature, because water is one and only liquid who can evaporate at any temperature above than its freezing temperature. it ia ok that the atmospheric air has lower temperature than sea water but the overall heat transfer of air -hal/k is much less than heat transfer of water ie -ka^t. The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ...
See also Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a heat sink for climate control systems. ...
Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...
World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **). Enlarge image to read exclusions. ...
A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. ...
Ocean engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the design, analysis and operation of systems that operate in an oceanic environment. ...
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System is a concept researched and developed as an open design project. ...
External links | Energy Related Development by Civilizations | | Measurement | Kardashev scale | | Future | 2000 Watt society · Hubbert peak · Peak oil | | Technologies | Air engine · Anaerobic digestion · Bioalcohol · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Distributed generation · Energy-efficient landscaping · Flywheel energy storage · Hydroelectricity · Hydrogen car · Hydrogen economy · Hydrogen storage · Hydrogen station · Hypermodernity · Inertial fusion power plant · Geothermal power · Liquid nitrogen economy · Low-carbon economy · Low energy building · Fusion · Passive house · Passive solar building design · Solar cell · Solar chimney · Solar panel · Solar power · Solar updraft tower · Superinsulation · Technological singularity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Zero energy building | | Transportation | Battery electric vehicle · Bicycle · Electric power-assist system · Electric vehicle · Hydrogen vehicle · Hybrid electric vehicle · Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle · Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle · Trolleybus · Public Transport · Bus rapid transit · Air car · Production battery electric vehicle · Low-energy vehicle · TWIKE · utility cycling · Vegetable oil used as fuel · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Biomass to liquid · Pyrolysis oil · Alternative fuel · Alternative propulsion · Ecodriving | | Energy Conversion | Electricity generation · Distributed generation · Microgeneration · Sustainable community energy system
Biological · Mechanical biological treatment · Anaerobic digestion · Biomass
Chemical · Blue energy · Fuel cell · Hydrogen production
Geothermal power · Earth cooling tubes · Deep lake water cooling
Hydroelectricity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Wave power · Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
Nuclear power · Nuclear reactor · Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Solar power · Active solar · Barra system · Central solar heating plant · Energy tower · Photovoltaics · Solar cell · Solar combisystem · Solar panel · Solar pond · Solar power satellite · Solar power tower · Solar roof · Solar shingles · Solar thermal energy · Solar tracker · Solar updraft tower · Passive solar · Trombe wall · Ocean thermal energy conversion
Wind power · Wind farm · Wind turbine
Wired is a full-color monthly magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993. ...
// Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sustainable energy resources through knowledge, skills, and constructions. ...
Kardashev scale projections ranging from 1900 to 2100. ...
Future energy development faces great challenges due to an increasing world population, demands for higher standards of living, a need for less pollution, a need to avert global warming, and a possible end to fossil fuels (see Hubbert peak theory). ...
The 2000 Watt society is a vision, originated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at the end of the 1998, in which each person in the developed world would cut their energy use to an average of no more than 2,000 Watts by the year 2050, without lowering...
The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is an influential theory concerning the long-term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. ...
The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is an influential theory concerning the long-term rate of conventional oil production and depletion. ...
Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ...
The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air. ...
Anaerobic digestion is the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. ...
Bioalcohol is alcohol obtained from biological sources, not from petroleum. ...
In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Biogas-bus in Bern, Switzerland Biogas typically refers to a (biofuel) gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. ...
Distributed generation is a new trend in the generation of heat and electrical power. ...
Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy. ...
NASA G2 flywheel Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as inertial energy. ...
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Hydrogen vehicle. ...
A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which energy, for mobile applications (vehicles, aircraft) and electrical grid load balancing (daily peak demand reserve), is stored as hydrogen (H2). ...
Hydrogen storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. ...
A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept. ...
Hypermodernity is a type, mode, or stage of society that reflects a deepening or intensification of modernity. ...
An Inertial fusion power plant is intended to industrially produce electric power by use of inertial confinement fusion techniques. ...
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power is the use of geothermal heat to generate electricity. ...
A liquid nitrogen (LN2) economy is a hypothetical proposal for a future economy in which the primary form of energy storage and transport is liquid nitrogen. ...
A low-carbon economy is a future economy in which the use of carbon based fuels and carbon dioxide emissions from burning fuels are significantly reduced. ...
A low-energy-house is any type of house that uses less energy than a regular house. ...
The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ...
One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt, Germany One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt The term Passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy use in buildings. ...
Passive solar building design involves the modeling, selection and use of appropriate passive solar technologies to maintain the building environment at a desired temperature range (usually based around human thermal comfort) throughout the suns daily and annual cycles. ...
A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ...
A laundromat in California with flat-plate solar water heating collectors on its roof. ...
Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...
Schematic of a Solar updraft tower This article is about a type of power plant. ...
Superinsulation is an approach to building design, construction and retrofitting. ...
When plotted on a logarithmic graph, 15 separate lists of paradigm shifts for key events in human history show an exponential trend. ...
Tidal Energy, sometimes called tidal power, is the power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water in tides and open ocean currents. ...
Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view. ...
Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ...
The Toyota RAV4 EV was powered by twenty-four 12 volt batteries, with an operational cost equivalent of over 165 miles per gallon at 2005 US gasoline prices. ...
“Velo†redirects here. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Power-assisted cycle. ...
A streetcar drawing current from a single overhead wire, returning current through the rails and ground An electric locomotive, taking power through a pantograph An electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle with one or more electric motors for propulsion. ...
Sequel, a fuel cell powered vehicle from General Motors A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle, such as an automobile, aircraft, or any other kind of vehicle that uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. ...
A hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive the wheels directly. ...
The number of US survey respondents willing to pay $4,000 more for a plug-in hybrid car increased from 17% in 2005 to 26% in 2006. ...
A Petroleum Electric Hybrid Vehicle (PEHV) is a vehicle using an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion. ...
Å koda 14 Tr trolleybus in Vilnius, Lithuania. ...
Skytrain Bangkok. ...
There is a large number of public transport systems in European towns that fulfill several of the BRT criteria given above, but they are rarely designated as BRT. Bus lanes and exclusive use of key city-centre streets is commonplace, and bus priority on approach to traffic lights is quite...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
// Production battery electric vehicles (BEVs) like the GM EV1 and Chevrolet S10 EV, Chrysler TEVan, Honda EV Plus, Ford Ranger EV, Nissan Altra, Toyota RAV4 EV, and Solectria Force have been made available to the consumer market in very limited quantities and locations. ...
A low-energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than a regular vehicle. ...
The Twike (TWin bIKE) is a Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) with hybrid human power as an option. ...
Ugandan bicycle taxi or bodaboda Utility cycling encompasses any cycling not done primarily for fitness, recreation such as cycle touring, or sport such as cycle racing, but simply as a means of transport. ...
This article is about vegetable oil used as fuel. ...
In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Biogas-bus in Bern, Switzerland Biogas typically refers to a (biofuel) gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. ...
Biomass to liquid (BTL) is a (multi step) process to produce liquid fuels out of biomass: It mainly aims at using the whole plant to improve the CO2 balance and the costs. ...
// Definition Pyrolysis oil is under investigation as substitute for mineral oil. ...
Alternate Fuels (alternate fuel), also known as non-conventional fuels, is any material or substance that can be used as a fuel, other than fossil fuels, or conventional fuels of petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas. ...
Alternative propulsion is a term used frequently for power train concepts differing to the standard internal combustion engine concept used in gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles. ...
Ecodriving is a term used in Europe to name initiative which support energy efficient use of vehicles. ...
In physics and engineering, energy conversion is any process of converting energy from one form to another. ...
Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ...
Distributed generation is a new trend in the generation of heat and electrical power. ...
It has been suggested that Wind turbines (UK domestic) be merged into this article or section. ...
A sustainable community energy system is an integrated approach to supplying a local community with its energy requirements from renewable energy or high-efficiency co-generation energy sources. ...
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) is a form of waste processing. ...
Anaerobic digestion is the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. ...
Switchgrass, a hardy plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States Rice chaff. ...
Blue energy is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water with the use of osmosis or reverse electro dialysis (RED) with ion specific membranes. ...
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...
Hydrogen production is done in bulk today from hydrocarbon fossil fuels via a chemical path. ...
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power is the use of geothermal heat to generate electricity. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a heat sink for climate control systems. ...
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator. ...
Tidal Energy, sometimes called tidal power, is the power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water in tides and open ocean currents. ...
Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view. ...
- Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). ...
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation whereby the natural flow and elevation drop of a river are used to generate electricity. ...
A nuclear power station. ...
Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ...
// A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) is a simple electrical generator which obtains its power from radioactive decay. ...
Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...
Active solar is a term which refers to the use of solar energy to actively convert the energy in sunlight into other forms. ...
The Barra system, developed by Horazio Barra in Italy, is a passive solar building technology. ...
Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or block heating systems in the case...
Sharav Sluice Energy Tower An energy tower is a method for producing electrical power for consumer consumption, the brainchild of Dr. Phillip Carlson, which has been expanded upon by Professor Dan Zaslavsky. ...
Photovoltaic tree in Styria, Austria The CIS Tower, Manchester, England, was clad in PV panels at a cost of £5. ...
A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ...
A solar combisystem is a solar heating system that provides both space heating and hot water from a common array of solar thermal collectors, normally linked to an auxiliary non-solar heat source. ...
A laundromat in California with flat-plate solar water heating collectors on its roof. ...
A Solar pond is large-scale solar energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. ...
An artists depiction of a solar satellite, which could send energy wirelessly to a space vessel or planetary surface. ...
A solar power tower is a solar power station based on a tower. ...
Photovoltaic solar panels on a house roof. ...
Solar Shingles (or Photovoltaic Shingles) are a new type of solar energy system that, at first glance, look like regular asphalt shingles but are actually photovoltaic cells (PV). ...
Solar thermal energy is a technology for harnessing solar power for practical applications from solar heating to electrical power generation. ...
A backyard installation of passive single–axis trackers, DC rated at 2340 watts. ...
Schematic of a Solar updraft tower This article is about a type of power plant. ...
Solar panels are used in passive and active solar hot water systems Passive solar is a term referring to those technologies that can be employed to convert sunlight into usable heat, to cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or to store the heat for future use, without the use...
A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall built from material that can act as a thermal mass such as stone, concrete, adobe or water tanks combined with an air space, insulated glazing and vents to form a large solar thermal collector. ...
Worldwide installed capacity and prediction 1997-2010, Source: WWEA Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually electricity using wind turbines. ...
Wind turbines in Neuenkirchen, Dithmarschen (Germany). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Storage · Grid energy storage · Thermal energy storage · Seasonal thermal store
| | Sustainability | Sustainable design · Sustainable architecture · Sustainable landscape architecture · Environmental design
Ecological economics · Development economics · Green economics · Green Gross Domestic Product · Triple bottom line
Sustainable agriculture · Food security · Forest gardening · Humanure · List of companion plants · List of repellent plants · Seed ball · Vermicompost
Sustainable industries · Agroforestry · Ecoforestry · Exploitation of natural resources · Green building · Green chemistry · Green computing · Natural building · Sustainable energy · Sustainable forest management · Sustainable procurement · Sustainable transport
Waste Management · Living machines · Mycoremediation
Appropriate technology · Autonomous building · Cob (building) · Composting toilet · Cool roof · Earth sheltering · Green roof · Rammed earth · Sheet composting · Solar chimney · Straw-bale construction · Windcatcher
Grid energy storage is the use of various energy storage techniques to complement electric power generation plants on the transmission grid. ...
Thermal energy storage can refer to a number of technologies that store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. ...
A seasonal thermal store (also known as a seasonal heat store or inter-seasonal thermal store) is a store designed to retain heat deposited during the hot summer months for use during colder winter weather. ...
Sustainability is an attempt to provide the best outcomes for the human and natural environments both now and into the indefinite future. ...
It has been suggested that Green design be merged into this article or section. ...
Sustainable architecture is building design that takes into account all aspects of the building that will affect and be affected by the environment. ...
Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. ...
Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ...
Ecological economics is an approach to rather than a branch of economics that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and natural ecosystems. ...
Development economics is a branch of economics that deals with the study of macroeconomic causes of long term economic growth, and microeconomics; the incentive issues of individual households and firms, especially in developing countries. ...
Green economics is an approach to economics in which the economy is considered to be a component of, and dependent upon, the natural world within which it resides and of which is it considered a part. ...
Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in. ...
The triple bottom line captures an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success - economic, environmental and social. ...
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities. ...
Subsistence farmers with a Treadle Pump. ...
Forest gardening (also known as 3-Dimensional Gardening) is a food production and land management system based on replicating woodland ecosystems, substituting trees (such as fruit or nut trees), bushes, shrubs, herbs and vegetables which have yields directly useful to mankind. ...
Humanure is a neologism designating human waste (feces and urine) that is recycled via composting for agricultural or other purposes. ...
This is a list of companion plant relationships. ...
This is a list of repellent plants. ...
Ancient technique re-introduced by Masanobu Fukuoka. ...
Vermicompost (also called worm compost, vermicast, worm castings, worm humus or worm manure) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by some species of earthworm. ...
The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the local populace. ...
Parkland in Burkina Faso: Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida and Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. ...
Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems1 instead of traditional forestry that maximizes economic productivity. ...
Timber Exploitation of natural resources is an essential condition of the human existence. ...
Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use and harvest energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal — the complete building life cycle. ...
Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. ...
Green Computing is the design of technological and computing products that reduce the use of hazardous substances and radiation. ...
Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ...
This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ...
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the management of forests according to the principles of sustainable development. ...
Sustainable procurement is a spending and investment process typically associated with public policy, although it is equally applicable to the private sector. ...
Girl on a bicycle in a car free area in Frankfurt Sustainable transport is a phrase which was coined in the late 20th century to describe all forms of transport which minimise emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants. ...
The living machine at Oberlin College with a settlement tank in the foreground and filtering tanks in the background The concept of living machines represents a particularly interesting variant on intelligent machines, and has mostly been associated with water treatment systems that make use of natural bioremediation processes such as...
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation, the process of using microbes to return an environment (usually soil) contaminated by pollutants to a less contaminated state. ...
Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Off-the-grid. ...
Cob building dated 1539 in Devon, England. ...
Composting toilets use biological processes to deal with the disposal and processing of human excrement into organic compost material. ...
The albedo of several types of roofs Cool roofs are an effective alternative to bulk attic insulation under roofs in humid tropical and subtropical climates. ...
Earth covered farm houses in Keldur, Iceland. ...
Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of Bøur in the Faroe Islands. ...
Rammed Earth is an old building material that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek low-impact building materials and natural building methods. ...
Sheet composting is the process of composting organic matter directly onto the soil as a mulch and letting it decay there, rather than in a heap. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ...
Further detailed information formerly in this article was moved to Wikibooks in May 2006 Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ...
A windcatcher (Badgir; بادگیر) is a traditional Persian architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. ...
Concepts and Examples · Ecological footprint · Green map · Self-sufficiency · Sustainable development · Sustainable living · The Natural Step · Permaculture · Zero energy building · Zones (Permaculture)
| | Management | Commission on Sustainable Development · Human development theory · Maldevelopment · Rio Declaration on Environment and Development · Rocky Mountain Institute · Sim Van der Ryn · Underdevelopment · World Business Council for Sustainable Development · World Summit on Sustainable Development · Precautionary principle · Intermediate Technology Development Group | | Related Articles | Ecological footprint · Ecosystem services · Ecovillage · Energy conservation · Energy consumption · Energy conversion · Energy Demand Management · Energy production · Human Development Index · Infrastructural capital · Renewable energy · Simple living · Sustainable energy · TPE · Transportation · Value of Earth · Waste · World energy resources and consumption | | Special Series | Environmental concerns with electricity generation | | Energy Related Development by Civilizations | | Measurement | Kardashev scale | | Future | 2000 Watt society · Hubbert peak · Peak oil | | Technologies | Air engine · Anaerobic digestion · Bioalcohol · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Distributed generation · Energy-efficient landscaping · Flywheel energy storage · Hydroelectricity · Hydrogen car · Hydrogen economy · Hydrogen storage · Hydrogen station · Hypermodernity · Inertial fusion power plant · Geothermal power · Liquid nitrogen economy · Low-carbon economy · Low energy building · Fusion · Passive house · Passive solar building design · Solar cell · Solar chimney · Solar panel · Solar power · Solar updraft tower · Superinsulation · Technological singularity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Zero energy building | | Transportation | Battery electric vehicle · Bicycle · Electric power-assist system · Electric vehicle · Hydrogen vehicle · Hybrid electric vehicle · Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle · Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle · Trolleybus · Public Transport · Bus rapid transit · Air car · Production battery electric vehicle · Low-energy vehicle · TWIKE · utility cycling · Vegetable oil used as fuel · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Biomass to liquid · Pyrolysis oil · Alternative fuel · Alternative propulsion · Ecodriving | | Energy Conversion | Electricity generation · Distributed generation · Microgeneration · Sustainable community energy system
Biological · Mechanical biological treatment · Anaerobic digestion · Biomass
Chemical · Blue energy · Fuel cell · Hydrogen production
Geothermal power · Earth cooling tubes · Deep lake water cooling
Hydroelectricity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Wave power · Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
Nuclear power · Nuclear reactor · Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Solar power · Active solar · Barra system · Central solar heating plant · Energy tower · Photovoltaics · Solar cell · Solar combisystem · Solar panel · Solar pond · Solar power satellite · Solar power tower · Solar roof · Solar shingles · Solar thermal energy · Solar tracker · Solar updraft tower · Passive solar · Trombe wall · Ocean thermal energy conversion
Wind power · Wind farm · Wind turbine
Green Map of Cambridge, Massachusetts Green Maps are environmentally themed maps which are usually created as a grassroots effort with a symbol set licensed from the non-profit Green Map System. ...
Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ...
Sustainable development has also been defined as the process of balancing the need of humans for economic and social development with the need to protect the natural and built environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. ...
Sustainable living might best be defined as a lifestyle that could, hypothetically, be sustained unmodified for many generations without exhausting any natural resources. ...
The Natural Step is a systematic definition of sustainability developed by Swedish scientist, Karl-Henrik Robèrt. ...
Permaculture Mandala summarising the ethics and principles of permaculture design. ...
Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ...
Zoning in Permaculture design refers to a method of ensuring that elements are correctly placed. ...
Contents // Categories: Stub | United Nations specialized agencies | Sustainability | Development ...
Human development theory is an economic theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics. ...
Maldevelopment is the state of an organism or an organisation that did not develop in the normal way (used in medicine, e. ...
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. ...
According to its web site, Rocky Mountain Institute is an entrepreneurial nonprofit organization that fosters the efficient and restorative use of natural, human and other capital to make the world more secure, just, prosperous, and life-sustaining. ...
Sim Van der Ryn is acknowledged as a leader in sustainable architecture. ...
Underdevelopment is the state of an organism or of an organisation (e. ...
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) brings together some 190 international companies in a shared commitment to sustainable development through economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Earth Summit 2002. ...
The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action or policy might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public, in the absence of a scientific consensus that harm would not ensue, the burden of proof falls on those who would advocate taking the...
Practical Action - the working name of Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) – is a charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka...
Ecosystem services are processes by which the natural environment produces resources useful to people. ...
Ecovillages are intended to be socially, economically and ecologically sustainable intentional communities. ...
For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ...
Energy consumption is a measure of the rate of energy use such as fuels or electricity. ...
In physics and engineering, energy conversion is any process of converting energy from one form to another. ...
Energy demand management is also known as demand side management (DSM). ...
// Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sustainable, accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and constructions. ...
Infrastructural capital refers to any physical means of production or means of protection beyond that which can be gathered or found directly in nature, i. ...
World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **). Enlarge image to read exclusions. ...
Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals may pursue for a variety of motivations, such as spirituality, health, or ecology. ...
This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ...
The ton of oil equivalent (TOE) is a unit for measuring energy. ...
In economics, value of Earth is the ultimate in ecosystem valuation, and important to value of life calculations. ...
WASTE is a peer-to-peer and friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features instant messaging, chat rooms & file browsing/sharing capabilities. ...
World power usage in TW (=1012 Watt), 1980-2004. ...
Assembly of an Enercon E-70 wind turbine Modern technology uses large amounts of electrical power. ...
// Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sustainable energy resources through knowledge, skills, and constructions. ...
Kardashev scale projections ranging from 1900 to 2100. ...
Future energy development faces great challenges due to an increasing world population, demands for higher standards of living, a need for less pollution, a need to avert global warming, and a possible end to fossil fuels (see Hubbert peak theory). ...
The 2000 Watt society is a vision, originated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at the end of the 1998, in which each person in the developed world would cut their energy use to an average of no more than 2,000 Watts by the year 2050, without lowering...
The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is an influential theory concerning the long-term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. ...
The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is an influential theory concerning the long-term rate of conventional oil production and depletion. ...
Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ...
The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air. ...
Anaerobic digestion is the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. ...
Bioalcohol is alcohol obtained from biological sources, not from petroleum. ...
In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Biogas-bus in Bern, Switzerland Biogas typically refers to a (biofuel) gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. ...
Distributed generation is a new trend in the generation of heat and electrical power. ...
Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy. ...
NASA G2 flywheel Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as inertial energy. ...
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Hydrogen vehicle. ...
A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which energy, for mobile applications (vehicles, aircraft) and electrical grid load balancing (daily peak demand reserve), is stored as hydrogen (H2). ...
Hydrogen storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. ...
A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept. ...
Hypermodernity is a type, mode, or stage of society that reflects a deepening or intensification of modernity. ...
An Inertial fusion power plant is intended to industrially produce electric power by use of inertial confinement fusion techniques. ...
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power is the use of geothermal heat to generate electricity. ...
A liquid nitrogen (LN2) economy is a hypothetical proposal for a future economy in which the primary form of energy storage and transport is liquid nitrogen. ...
A low-carbon economy is a future economy in which the use of carbon based fuels and carbon dioxide emissions from burning fuels are significantly reduced. ...
A low-energy-house is any type of house that uses less energy than a regular house. ...
The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ...
One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt, Germany One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt The term Passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy use in buildings. ...
Passive solar building design involves the modeling, selection and use of appropriate passive solar technologies to maintain the building environment at a desired temperature range (usually based around human thermal comfort) throughout the suns daily and annual cycles. ...
A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ...
A laundromat in California with flat-plate solar water heating collectors on its roof. ...
Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...
Schematic of a Solar updraft tower This article is about a type of power plant. ...
Superinsulation is an approach to building design, construction and retrofitting. ...
When plotted on a logarithmic graph, 15 separate lists of paradigm shifts for key events in human history show an exponential trend. ...
Tidal Energy, sometimes called tidal power, is the power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water in tides and open ocean currents. ...
Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view. ...
Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ...
The Toyota RAV4 EV was powered by twenty-four 12 volt batteries, with an operational cost equivalent of over 165 miles per gallon at 2005 US gasoline prices. ...
“Velo†redirects here. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Power-assisted cycle. ...
A streetcar drawing current from a single overhead wire, returning current through the rails and ground An electric locomotive, taking power through a pantograph An electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle with one or more electric motors for propulsion. ...
Sequel, a fuel cell powered vehicle from General Motors A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle, such as an automobile, aircraft, or any other kind of vehicle that uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. ...
A hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive the wheels directly. ...
The number of US survey respondents willing to pay $4,000 more for a plug-in hybrid car increased from 17% in 2005 to 26% in 2006. ...
A Petroleum Electric Hybrid Vehicle (PEHV) is a vehicle using an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion. ...
Å koda 14 Tr trolleybus in Vilnius, Lithuania. ...
Skytrain Bangkok. ...
There is a large number of public transport systems in European towns that fulfill several of the BRT criteria given above, but they are rarely designated as BRT. Bus lanes and exclusive use of key city-centre streets is commonplace, and bus priority on approach to traffic lights is quite...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
// Production battery electric vehicles (BEVs) like the GM EV1 and Chevrolet S10 EV, Chrysler TEVan, Honda EV Plus, Ford Ranger EV, Nissan Altra, Toyota RAV4 EV, and Solectria Force have been made available to the consumer market in very limited quantities and locations. ...
A low-energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than a regular vehicle. ...
The Twike (TWin bIKE) is a Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) with hybrid human power as an option. ...
Ugandan bicycle taxi or bodaboda Utility cycling encompasses any cycling not done primarily for fitness, recreation such as cycle touring, or sport such as cycle racing, but simply as a means of transport. ...
This article is about vegetable oil used as fuel. ...
In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Biogas-bus in Bern, Switzerland Biogas typically refers to a (biofuel) gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. ...
Biomass to liquid (BTL) is a (multi step) process to produce liquid fuels out of biomass: It mainly aims at using the whole plant to improve the CO2 balance and the costs. ...
// Definition Pyrolysis oil is under investigation as substitute for mineral oil. ...
Alternate Fuels (alternate fuel), also known as non-conventional fuels, is any material or substance that can be used as a fuel, other than fossil fuels, or conventional fuels of petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas. ...
Alternative propulsion is a term used frequently for power train concepts differing to the standard internal combustion engine concept used in gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles. ...
Ecodriving is a term used in Europe to name initiative which support energy efficient use of vehicles. ...
In physics and engineering, energy conversion is any process of converting energy from one form to another. ...
Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ...
Distributed generation is a new trend in the generation of heat and electrical power. ...
It has been suggested that Wind turbines (UK domestic) be merged into this article or section. ...
A sustainable community energy system is an integrated approach to supplying a local community with its energy requirements from renewable energy or high-efficiency co-generation energy sources. ...
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) is a form of waste processing. ...
Anaerobic digestion is the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. ...
Switchgrass, a hardy plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States Rice chaff. ...
Blue energy is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water with the use of osmosis or reverse electro dialysis (RED) with ion specific membranes. ...
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...
Hydrogen production is done in bulk today from hydrocarbon fossil fuels via a chemical path. ...
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power is the use of geothermal heat to generate electricity. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a heat sink for climate control systems. ...
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator. ...
Tidal Energy, sometimes called tidal power, is the power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water in tides and open ocean currents. ...
Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view. ...
- Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). ...
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation whereby the natural flow and elevation drop of a river are used to generate electricity. ...
A nuclear power station. ...
Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ...
// A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) is a simple electrical generator which obtains its power from radioactive decay. ...
Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...
Active solar is a term which refers to the use of solar energy to actively convert the energy in sunlight into other forms. ...
The Barra system, developed by Horazio Barra in Italy, is a passive solar building technology. ...
Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or block heating systems in the case...
Sharav Sluice Energy Tower An energy tower is a method for producing electrical power for consumer consumption, the brainchild of Dr. Phillip Carlson, which has been expanded upon by Professor Dan Zaslavsky. ...
Photovoltaic tree in Styria, Austria The CIS Tower, Manchester, England, was clad in PV panels at a cost of £5. ...
A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ...
A solar combisystem is a solar heating system that provides both space heating and hot water from a common array of solar thermal collectors, normally linked to an auxiliary non-solar heat source. ...
A laundromat in California with flat-plate solar water heating collectors on its roof. ...
A Solar pond is large-scale solar energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. ...
An artists depiction of a solar satellite, which could send energy wirelessly to a space vessel or planetary surface. ...
A solar power tower is a solar power station based on a tower. ...
Photovoltaic solar panels on a house roof. ...
Solar Shingles (or Photovoltaic Shingles) are a new type of solar energy system that, at first glance, look like regular asphalt shingles but are actually photovoltaic cells (PV). ...
Solar thermal energy is a technology for harnessing solar power for practical applications from solar heating to electrical power generation. ...
A backyard installation of passive single–axis trackers, DC rated at 2340 watts. ...
Schematic of a Solar updraft tower This article is about a type of power plant. ...
Solar panels are used in passive and active solar hot water systems Passive solar is a term referring to those technologies that can be employed to convert sunlight into usable heat, to cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or to store the heat for future use, without the use...
A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall built from material that can act as a thermal mass such as stone, concrete, adobe or water tanks combined with an air space, insulated glazing and vents to form a large solar thermal collector. ...
Worldwide installed capacity and prediction 1997-2010, Source: WWEA Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually electricity using wind turbines. ...
Wind turbines in Neuenkirchen, Dithmarschen (Germany). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Storage · Grid energy storage · Thermal energy storage · Seasonal thermal store
| | Sustainability | Sustainable design · Sustainable architecture · Sustainable landscape architecture · Environmental design
Ecological economics · Development economics · Green economics · Green Gross Domestic Product · Triple bottom line
Sustainable agriculture · Food security · Forest gardening · Humanure · List of companion plants · List of repellent plants · Seed ball · Vermicompost
Sustainable industries · Agroforestry · Ecoforestry · Exploitation of natural resources · Green building · Green chemistry · Green computing · Natural building · Sustainable energy · Sustainable forest management · Sustainable procurement · Sustainable transport
Waste Management · Living machines · Mycoremediation
Appropriate technology · Autonomous building · Cob (building) · Composting toilet · Cool roof · Earth sheltering · Green roof · Rammed earth · Sheet composting · Solar chimney · Straw-bale construction · Windcatcher
Grid energy storage is the use of various energy storage techniques to complement electric power generation plants on the transmission grid. ...
Thermal energy storage can refer to a number of technologies that store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. ...
A seasonal thermal store (also known as a seasonal heat store or inter-seasonal thermal store) is a store designed to retain heat deposited during the hot summer months for use during colder winter weather. ...
Sustainability is an attempt to provide the best outcomes for the human and natural environments both now and into the indefinite future. ...
It has been suggested that Green design be merged into this article or section. ...
Sustainable architecture is building design that takes into account all aspects of the building that will affect and be affected by the environment. ...
Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. ...
Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ...
Ecological economics is an approach to rather than a branch of economics that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and natural ecosystems. ...
Development economics is a branch of economics that deals with the study of macroeconomic causes of long term economic growth, and microeconomics; the incentive issues of individual households and firms, especially in developing countries. ...
Green economics is an approach to economics in which the economy is considered to be a component of, and dependent upon, the natural world within which it resides and of which is it considered a part. ...
Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in. ...
The triple bottom line captures an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success - economic, environmental and social. ...
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities. ...
Subsistence farmers with a Treadle Pump. ...
Forest gardening (also known as 3-Dimensional Gardening) is a food production and land management system based on replicating woodland ecosystems, substituting trees (such as fruit or nut trees), bushes, shrubs, herbs and vegetables which have yields directly useful to mankind. ...
Humanure is a neologism designating human waste (feces and urine) that is recycled via composting for agricultural or other purposes. ...
This is a list of companion plant relationships. ...
This is a list of repellent plants. ...
Ancient technique re-introduced by Masanobu Fukuoka. ...
Vermicompost (also called worm compost, vermicast, worm castings, worm humus or worm manure) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by some species of earthworm. ...
The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the local populace. ...
Parkland in Burkina Faso: Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida and Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. ...
Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems1 instead of traditional forestry that maximizes economic productivity. ...
Timber Exploitation of natural resources is an essential condition of the human existence. ...
Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use and harvest energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal — the complete building life cycle. ...
Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. ...
Green Computing is the design of technological and computing products that reduce the use of hazardous substances and radiation. ...
Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ...
This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ...
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the management of forests according to the principles of sustainable development. ...
Sustainable procurement is a spending and investment process typically associated with public policy, although it is equally applicable to the private sector. ...
Girl on a bicycle in a car free area in Frankfurt Sustainable transport is a phrase which was coined in the late 20th century to describe all forms of transport which minimise emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants. ...
The living machine at Oberlin College with a settlement tank in the foreground and filtering tanks in the background The concept of living machines represents a particularly interesting variant on intelligent machines, and has mostly been associated with water treatment systems that make use of natural bioremediation processes such as...
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation, the process of using microbes to return an environment (usually soil) contaminated by pollutants to a less contaminated state. ...
Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Off-the-grid. ...
Cob building dated 1539 in Devon, England. ...
Composting toilets use biological processes to deal with the disposal and processing of human excrement into organic compost material. ...
The albedo of several types of roofs Cool roofs are an effective alternative to bulk attic insulation under roofs in humid tropical and subtropical climates. ...
Earth covered farm houses in Keldur, Iceland. ...
Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of Bøur in the Faroe Islands. ...
Rammed Earth is an old building material that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek low-impact building materials and natural building methods. ...
Sheet composting is the process of composting organic matter directly onto the soil as a mulch and letting it decay there, rather than in a heap. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ...
Further detailed information formerly in this article was moved to Wikibooks in May 2006 Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ...
A windcatcher (Badgir; بادگیر) is a traditional Persian architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. ...
Concepts and Examples · Ecological footprint · Green map · Self-sufficiency · Sustainable development · Sustainable living · The Natural Step · Permaculture · Zero energy building · Zones (Permaculture)
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