NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Oceanic whitetip shark

The oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus, is a large pelagic shark of tropical and warm temperate seas. It is a stocky shark, most notable for its long, white-tipped, rounded fins. Image File history File linksMetadata Greyreefsharksmall2. ... This is a scale diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone. ... Orders Carcharhiniformes Heterodontiformes Hexanchiformes Lamniformes Orectolobiformes Pristiophoriformes Squaliformes Squatiniformes Symmoriida(extinct) Sharks (superorder Selachimorpha) are fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton[1] and a streamlined body. ... Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than air does. ...

This aggressive but slow-moving fish dominates feeding frenzies, and is a suspected danger to survivors of oceanic shipwrecks and downed aircraft.^[1]^[2] Recent studies^[3]^[4] have shown that its numbers are in steep decline — its large fins are highly valued as the chief ingredient of shark fin soup and, as with other shark species, the oceanic whitetip faces mounting pressure from fishing throughout its range. Feeding frenzy is an ecological term used to describe a situation where oversaturation of a supply of food leads to rapid feeding by predatory animals. ... Shark fin soup A dried shark fin prepared for cooking Shark fins and other shark parts for sale in a Chinese pharmacy Shark fin soup (Chinese: éšç¿…; Jyutping: jyu4 ci3, Mandarin: (Pinyin) YÃº ChÃ¬ / (Wade-Giles) YÃ¼ Chih4 ) is a Chinese delicacy commonly served as part of a Chinese feast... A lobster boat unloading its catch in Ilfracombe harbour, North Devon, England. ...

Taxonomy

The oceanic whitetip shark was first described by naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in his account of observations made during Louis Duperrey's 1822–1825 circumnavigation of the world on the corvette Coquille. Lesson described two specimens found in the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia, and named the shark Squalus maou after a Polynesian word for "shark". However, Lesson's description and name were forgotten.^[5] RenÃ© Lesson. ... Louis Isidore Duperrey (1786 - 1865) was a French sailor and explorer. ... Coquille, Oregon Coquille River Coquille Native American tribe This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Categories: Stub | Polynesia ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

It was next described by Cuban Felipe Poey in 1861 as Squalus longimanus.^[5] The name Pterolamiops longimanus has been used during its history. The species epithet, longimanus, refers to the size of its pectoral fins (longimanus translates from Latin as "long hands").^[6] The oceanic whitetip shark has many common names in English: Brown Milbert's sand bar shark, brown shark, nigano shark, whitetip whaler, and whitetip shark.^[6] Felipe Poey y Aloy (May 26, 1799 - January 28, 1891) was a Cuban zoologist. ...

The rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature are that in general the first-published description has priority; therefore the valid scientific name for the oceanic whitetip shark should be Carcharhinus maou. However, Lesson's name remained forgotten for so long that Carcharhinus longimanus is the widely accepted scientific name.^[7] The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals. It was founded in 1895 and currently comprises 28 members from 20 countries, primarily practicing zoological taxonomists. ...

Distribution and habitat

The oceanic whitetip is found globally in deep, open water, with a temperature greater than 18 °C (64 °F).^[8] It prefers waters between 20 °C (68 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F) and tends to withdraw from areas when temperatures fall below this.^[7] They were once extremely common and widely distributed, and still inhabit a wide band around the globe; however, recent studies suggest that their numbers have drastically declined.^[3] An analysis of the US pelagic longline logbook data between 1992–2000 (covering the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic) estimated a decline of 70% over that period.^[4]

They are found worldwide between 45° north and 43° south latitude.^[5]^[8] In 2004, an oceanic whitetip was discovered dead on the west coast of Sweden—far beyond what was once considered the northern boundary of its range.^[9]

The shark spends most of its time in the upper layer of the ocean—to a depth of 150 metres (490 ft)^[8]—and prefers off-shore, deep-ocean areas. According to longline capture data, increasing distance from land correlates to a greater population of sharks.^[6] Occasionally it is found close to land, in waters as shallow as 37 metres (120 ft), mainly around mid-ocean islands such as Hawaii, or in areas where the continental shelf is narrow and there is access to deep water nearby. It is typically solitary, though gatherings have been observed where food is available.^[7] Unlike many animals, it does not have a diurnal cycle, but is active during both day and night.^[6] Its swimming style is slow, with the pectoral fins widely spread. Despite their habitual isolation from members of their own species, they may be observed with pilot fish, dolphin fish, and remora.^[6] In 1988, Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch reported seeing an individual accompanied by a shortfin pilot whale.^[10] A diurnal animal (dÄ«-ÅrnÉ™l) is an animal that is active during the daytime and sleeps during the night. ... Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ... Binomial name Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) The pilot fish (Naucrates ductor) is a carnivorous fish that is a horse mackerel and belongs to the Carangidae family of fishes. ... Binomial name Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 The Mahi-mahi, Coryphaena hippurus, also known as dolphin, dolphin-fish, dorado or lampuka (in Maltese) are surface-dwelling ray-finned fish found in off-shore tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. ... Genera Echeneis Phtheiricthys Remora Remorina See text for species. ... Binomial name Globicephala macrorhynchus Short-finned Pilot Whale range Binomial name Globicephala melas Long-finned Pilot Whale range A Pilot Whale is one of two species of cetacean in the genus Globicephala. ...

Anatomy and appearance

The most distinguishing characteristic of C. longimanus is its long, winglike pectoral and dorsal fins. The fins are significantly larger than in most other shark species, and are conspicuously rounded. The shark's nose is rounded and its eyes are circular, with nictitating membranes.^[6] An image of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark taken from http://www. ... An image of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark taken from http://www. ... Binomial name Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) The pilot fish (Naucrates ductor) is a carnivorous fish that is a horse mackerel and belongs to the Carangidae family of fishes. ... Dorsal fin of an orca A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. ... Many species of land animals have a nictitating membrane, which can move across the eyeball to give the sensitive eye structures additional protection in particular circumstances. ...

C. longimanus has a 'typical', although somewhat flattened requiem shark body, often with a mildly humpbacked aspect. It is bronze, brown, bluish or grey dorsally (the color varies by region), and white ventrally (although it may occasionally have a yellow tint). The maximum size of the oceanic whitetip shark is 4 metres (13 ft), although usually it does not exceed 3 metres (10 ft). Its maximum weight is 170 kilograms (370 pounds). The female is larger than the male (although typically only by 10 centimetres (4 in)) with males about 1.8 metres (71 in) and females about 1.9 metres (75 in).^[6]^[7] Genera Carcharhinus Galeocerdo Glyphis Isogomphodon Lamiopsis Loxodon Nasolamia Negaprion Prionace Rhizoprionodon Scoliodon Sphyrna Triaenodon The requiem sharks are a family (Carcharhinidae) that includes some of the best-known and most common types of sharks, such as the tiger shark, blue shark, bull shark, and milk shark. ...

Most of the fins on its body (dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and caudal) have white tips (juvenile specimens and occasional adults may lack these). As well as the white tips, the fins may be mottled—and in young specimens can even have black marks. A saddle-like marking may be apparent between first and second dorsal fins.^[6] The shark has several kinds of teeth—those in the mandible (lower jaw) have a thin serrated tip and are relatively small and triangular (somewhat fang-like). There are between 13 and 15 teeth on either side of the symphysis. The teeth in the upper jaw are triangular, but much larger and broader with entirely serrated edges—there are 14 or 15 along each side of the symphysis.^[6] The denticles lie flat and typically have between five and seven ridges.^[6] The mandible (from Latin mandibÅla, jawbone) or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face. ... A symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. ... Denticles or placoid scales are small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. ...

Diet

C. longimanus feeds mainly on pelagic cephalopods and bony fish.^[8] However, its diet can be far more varied and less selective—it is known to eat threadfins, stingrays, sea turtles, sea birds, gastropods, crustaceans, mammalian carrion, and even rubbish dumped from ships. The bony fish it feeds on include lancetfish, oarfish, barracuda, jacks, dolphinfish, marlin, tuna, and mackerel. Its methods of predation include biting into groups of fish and swimming through schools of tuna with an open mouth. When feeding with other species, it becomes aggressive.^[7] Peter Benchley, author of Jaws, observed this shark swimming among pilot whales and eating their feces.^[11] Orders Subclass Nautiloidea â€ Plectronocerida â€ Ellesmerocerida â€ Actinocerida â€ Pseudorthocerida â€ Endocerida â€ Tarphycerida â€ Oncocerida â€ Discosorida Nautilida â€ Orthocerida â€ Ascocerida â€ Bactritida Subclass â€ Ammonoidea â€ Goniatitida â€ Ceratitida â€ Ammonitida Subclass Coleoidea â€ Belemnoidea â€ Aulacocerida â€ Belemnitida â€ Hematitida â€ Phragmoteuthida Neocoleoidea (most living cephalopods) ?â€ Boletzkyida Sepiida Sepiolida Spirulida Teuthida Octopoda Vampyromorphida The cephalopods (Greek plural (kephalÃ³poda); head-foot) are the mollusk class... Genera Eleutheronema Filimanus Galeoides Parapolynemus Leptomelanosoma Parapolynemus Pentanemus Polydactylus Polynemus Threadfins are silvery grey perciform marine fish of the family Polynemidae. ... Genera Dasyatis Himantura Pastinachus Pteroplatytrygon Taeniura Urogymnus See text for species. ... Genera Family Cheloniidae (Oppel, 1811) Caretta Chelonia Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Natator Family Dermochelyidae Dermochelys Family Protostegidae (extinct) Family Toxochelyidae (extinct) Family Thalassemyidae (extinct) Sea turtles (Chelonioidea) are turtles found in all the worlds oceans except the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans. ... Subclass Subclass Eogastropoda Patellogastropoda Subclass Orthogastropoda Superorder Cocculiniformia Superorder Hot Vent Taxa Neomphaolida Superorder Vetigastropoda Superorder Neritaemorphi Neritopsina Superorder Caenogastropoda Architaenioglossa Sorbeoconcha Superorder Heterobranchia Heterostropha Opisthobranchia Pulmonata The gastropods, or univalves, are the largest and most successful class of mollusks, with 60,000-75,000 species, and second largest class... Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The nauplius larva of a dendrobranchiate Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse, a terrestrial crustacean Pollicipes polymerus, the gooseneck barnacle Glyphea pseudastacus, a fossil glypheoid The crustaceans (Crustacea) are... Species Alepisaurus ferox Lowe, 1833 Alepisaurus brevirostris Gibbs, 1960 Lancetfish (genus Alepisaurus Lowe, 1833) (Lat. ... Genera Agrostichthys Regalecus Oarfish are large, greatly elongated, pelagic Lampriform fish comprising the small family Regalecidae. ... Species See text. ... Any of various fishesâ€”young pike, green pike or pickerel, or large California rockfish. ... Genera Istiophorus Makaira Tetrapturus See text for species. ... A shoal of skipjack tuna Tuna are several species of ocean-dwelling fish in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus. ... Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. ... Peter Bradford Benchley (May 8, 1940 â€“ February 11, 2006) was an American author best known for writing the novel Jaws and co-writing the screenplay for its highly successful film adaptation. ...

Behaviour

The oceanic whitetip is usually solitary and slow-moving, and tends to cruise near the top of the water column, covering vast stretches of empty water scanning for possible food sources.^[6] Until the 16th century,^[12] sharks were known to mariners as 'sea dogs'^[13] and the oceanic whitetip, the most common ship-following shark,^[7] exhibits dog-like behaviour when its interest is piqued: when attracted to something that appears to be food, its movements become more avid and it will approach cautiously but stubbornly, retreating and maintaining the minimum safe distance if driven off, but ready for a rush of boldness if the opportunity presents itself. Oceanic whitetips are not fast sharks, but they are capable of surprising bursts of speed. It is commonly found competing for food with silky sharks, making up for its comparatively leisurely swimming style with an aggressive attitude.^[7] Binomial name Carcharias falciformis (MÃ¼ller & Henle, 1839) The silky shark (Carcharias falciformis) is a large pelagic shark of tropical and warm temperate seas. ...

Groups are often formed when nearby individuals converge on a food source, whereupon the fabled "feeding frenzy" may occur. This seems to be triggered not by blood in the water per se, or by bloodlust, but by the species' highly strung and goal-directed nature (conserving energy between infrequent feeding opportunities when it is not slowly plying the open ocean). The oceanic whitetip is a competitive, opportunistic predator with great incentive to exploit the resource at hand, rather than avoiding trouble in favour of a possibly easier meal in the future.^[7]

There does not seem to be a segregation by sex and size as with some other species. Whitetips will follow schools of tuna or squid, and will trail groups of cetaceans such as dolphins and pilot whales as scavengers of their prey. Their instinct to follow is so strongly imprinted, as the result of countless millennia of baitfish migrations, that they will accompany ocean-going ships. When whaling took place in warm waters, oceanic whitetips were often responsible for much of the damage to floating carcasses.^[7] Suborders Mysticeti Odontoceti (see text) The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. ... Binomial name Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 Short-finned Pilot Whale range Globicephala melas Traill, 1809 Long-finned Pilot Whale range CalderÃ³n redirects here. ...

Reproduction

Mating season is in early summer in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and southwest Indian Ocean, although females captured in the Pacific have been found with embryos year round, suggesting a longer mating season in this region.^[7] The shark is viviparous — the embryos develop in utero and are fed by a placental sac. It has a gestation period of one year. Litter sizes vary from one to 15 with the young born at a length of about 0.6 metres (24 in).^[4] Sexual maturity is reached at close to 1.75 metres (69 in) for males and 2 metres (80 in) for females.^[4] The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, peaceful sea, bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the largest of the Earths oceanic subdivisions. ... A viviparous animal is an animal employing vivipary, a method of reproduction in which the embryo develops inside the body of the mother from which it gains nourishment, and not from an egg. ... The Gestation period in a viviparous animal refers to the length of its pregnancy. ...

Relationship to humans

It is a commercially important species to the extent that its fins are prized for soup and its meat and oil frequently utilized. It is used fresh, smoked, dried and salted for human consumption and its hide is utilised for leather.^[7] It is subject to fishing pressure throughout virtually its whole range^[4] — although it is more often taken as bycatch than by design, since it takes bait from longlines intended for other species.^[7]

Famed oceanographic researcher Jacques Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip as "the most dangerous of all sharks".^[14] Despite the greater notoriety of the great white shark and other sharks habitually found nearer the shore, the oceanic whitetip is considered responsible for more fatal attacks on humans than all other species combined, as a result of predation on those shipwrecked or from aircraft downed in the open ocean.^[7] These incidents are not included in common shark-attack indices for the 20th and 21st centuries, but would appear to total in the thousands worldwide, with one incident alone, the torpedoing of USS Indianapolis on July 30, 1945, giving a minimum figure of between 60 and 80 sailors killed by sharks.^[1] Also during World War II, the Nova Scotia, a steamship carrying approximately 1,000 people near South Africa was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. There were only 192 survivors, and many deaths were attributed to the oceanic whitetip shark.^[2] Jacques-Yves Cousteau (June 11, 1910 - June 25, 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Range (in blue) The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as white pointer, white shark, or white death, is an exceptionally large lamniforme shark found in coastal surface waters in all major oceans. ... USS Indianapolis (CA-35) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy. ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

These stories have led to a traditional negative image of sharks even though the risk of being killed by a shark is 1 in 300 million.^[15]

Even though the oceanic whitetip is highly opportunistic and aggressive, and has been known to attack humans for food in very rare incidents,^[1] divers have swum with this shark repeatedly without being harmed. Divers are advised to approach the shark only with extreme caution, not spear fish near this shark and, if the shark comes too close or gets too inquisitive, to get out of the water as soon as possible. It is generally suggested that if a shark starts to push the diver, then to hit it on the snout, gills or eyes, but anecdotal evidence suggests that this may be less effective in deterring whitetips than with other species of sharks.^[7]

Conservation status

In 1969, Lineaweaver and Backus wrote of the oceanic whitetip: "[it is] extraordinarily abundant, perhaps the most abundant large animal, large being over 100 pounds [45 kg], on the face of the earth".^[16] There was little further population study until 2003 when the numbers were estimated to have dropped by as much as 70% in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic between 1992–2000.^[4] Another study focusing on the Gulf of Mexico, using a mix of data from US pelagic longline surveys from the mid-1950s and observations from the late-1990s, estimated a decline in numbers in this location of 99.3% over this period.^[17] However, neither changes in fishing practices nor differences in the data collection methods were fully considered. Because of this there is debate as to the validity of the estimations.^[18] As a result of these findings its status on the IUCN Red List was moved to "Vulnerable" globally (from "Lower Risk/Near Threatened") and "Critically Endangered" in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic areas.^[4] Under the 1995 UN Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA), coastal and fishing states are specifically required to adopt measures to ensure the conservation of listed species, but little progress has been made in this area with regard to the oceanic whitetip.^[4] Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ...

See also

// Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Martin, R. Aidan.. Elasmo Research. ReefQuest. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
^ ^a ^b Bass, A.J., J.D. D'Aubrey & N. Kistnasamy. 1973. "Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. 1. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae)." Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., Durban, no. 33, 168 pp.
^ ^a ^b Baum, J.K. and Myers, R.A. 2004. Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecology Letters. 7(3): 135–45.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Carcharhinus longimanus. Retrieved on 18 July 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ITIS. Integrated Taxonomic Information System: Carcharhinus longimanus. Retrieved on 31 July 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Cathleen Bester. OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK. Florida Museum of Natural history. Retrieved on 22 July 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 484–86, 555–61, 588.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. Carcharhinus longimanus. FishBase. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
^ Eli. Fishwatcher. Fishwatcher. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
^ Stafford-Deitsch, Jeremy (1988). Shark: A Photographer's Story. Sierra Club Books.
^ Benchley, Peter (2002). Shark Trouble. Random House.
^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
^ RF Marx (1990). The History of Underwater Exploration. Courier Dover Publications, 3.
^ Cousteau, Jacques-Yves & Cousteau, Philippe (1970). The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
^ Sharks: The fantasy and the facts. Royal Alberta Museum. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
^ Thomas H. Lineaweaver III and Richard H. Backus (1969). The Natural History of Sharks. Lippincourt.
^ Baum, J.K. and Myers, R.A. 2004. Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecology Letters. 7(3): 135–145.
^ Baum, J.K., Kehler, D. and Myers, R.A. 2005. Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries 30: 27–30.

Baum et al (2005). Carcharhinus longimanus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is vulnerable
Leonard J. V. Compagno, Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes, Princeton University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-691-08453-X
Leonard J. V. Compagno, Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1984
William N. Eschmeyer, Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1–3, California Academy of Sciences, 1998, ISBN 0-940228-47-5
Richard H. Backus, Stewart Springer and Edgar L. Arnold, Jr. A contribution to the natural history of the white-tip shark, Pterolamiops longimanus (Poey), 1956, Deep-Sea Research vol. 3
A. J. Bass, J. D. D'Aubrey and N. Kistnasamy, Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. 1. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae), 1973, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban
Leonard J. V. Compagno, FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 4, Parts 1 and 2, Sharks of the World, 1984, Rome: FAO
Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, 1976, New York: Grosset & Dunlap
Reader's Digest, Sharks: Silent Hunters of the Deep, 1989, Sydney: Reader's Digest
Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch, Shark: A Photographer's Story, 1988, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books
"Carcharhinus longimanus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 09 2005 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2005.
Carcharhinus longimanus (TSN 160330). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 16 November 2005.

February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... the royal alberta museum is cool and lalalallalalalallallllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllla lllllllllllllllllla dumdedumdedumdumdum lol thsi is me jesse i am bad as a cat lol duh lol hud i got it wrong but hear my bling i am jesse doing the rapping thing. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Leonard Compagno is an international authority on shark taxonomy and the author of many scientific papers and books on the subject, best known of which is his 1984 catalogue of shark species produced for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. ... Leonard Compagno is an international authority on shark taxonomy and the author of many scientific papers and books on the subject, best known of which is his 1984 catalogue of shark species produced for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. ... With its headquarters in Rome, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations programs seek to raise levels of nutrition and standard of living; to improve the production, processing, marketing, and distribution of food and agricultural products; to promote rural development; and, by these means, to eliminate hunger. ... Dr. Stewart Springer, (1906-1991) worked for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing Base, Pascagoula, Mississippi. ... Leonard Compagno is an international authority on shark taxonomy and the author of many scientific papers and books on the subject, best known of which is his 1984 catalogue of shark species produced for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. ... Richard Ellis is a marine biologist. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... Please note that the ITIS system URL has changed (25 September 2006). ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents