Military cordon in support of police taking surrender of terrorist Liberation cell, December 3, 1970

The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist kidnappings of government officials by members of the Front de libération du Québec in the province of Quebec, Canada, in October 1970, which ultimately resulted in a brief invocation of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the deployment of the national Army in Quebec and in the national capital Ottawa. President Kennedy in a crowded Cabinet Room during the Cuban Missile Crisis. ... http://www. ... http://www. ... The Liberation Cell was a Montreal-based cell of the Front de Libération du Quebec (FLQ) terrorist group in Quebec whose members were responsible for a decade of bombings and armed robberies in the 1960s that led to what became known as the October Crisis. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... The Front de libération du Québec (Québec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five people, which culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October... , Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Pierre Duchesne - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area  Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² (595... The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... “Trudeau” redirects here. ...

The Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa, and the Mayor of Montreal, Jean Drapeau, requested that the Government of Canada invoke the War Measures Act. The act provided for far-reaching powers for police. Therefore, Prime Minister's Trudeau invoked it in October of 1970 leading to arrests of any individuals thought to be separatist by the army, and to their detentions without bail. [1] The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated to Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985–1994). ... This is a list of mayors of Montreal, Quebec. ... Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montreal Jean Drapeau CC , GOQ (February 18, 1916 – August 12, 1999) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Montreal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986. ... The Canada wordmark, used by most agencies of the Canadian federal government. ... The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers. ...

At that time, the federal government refused to differentiate the members of the FLQ, extremist separatists, and those of the PQ who advocated democratic ways of achieving independance. Following that crisis, under the Prime Minister Trudeau's directions, this led to a series of scandals surrounding the RCMP, particularly to the perpetration of the illegal break-in by the latter to steal the PQ's memberlist in its offices in 1973. While the Royal Canadian Mounted Police has a history dating back to 1873, it has been involved in a number of high-profile scandals that climaxed in the 1970s. ...

Background

Since 1963, the terrorist Quebec nationalist group Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) had carried out several bombings that resulted in the deaths of six people. While mailboxes, particularly in the affluent and predominantly Anglophone city of Westmount, were common targets, the largest single bombing was of the Montreal Stock Exchange on February 13, 1969, which caused extensive damage and injured 27 people. FLQ members in a strategic move, had stolen several tons of dynamite from military and industrial sites. Financed by bank robberies, they threatened the public through their official communication organ, known as La Cognée, that more attacks were to come. Quebec nationalism is the subject of many international studies together with the contemporary nationalism of Scotland, Catalonia and other non-sovereign regions of the world. ... The Front de libération du Québec (Québec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five people, which culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October... Westmount City Hall Some typical homes in Westmount Westmount is a former (and future) city in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Island of Montreal, an enclave of the city of Montreal; pop. ... The Bourse de Montréal (Montreal Stock Exchange) began in 1832 as an informal stock exchange at the Exchange Coffee House in Montreal, Canada. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin, initially using diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr) as an adsorbent. ... It has been suggested that Safecatch be merged into this article or section. ...

By 1970, 23 members of the FLQ were in jail, including four members convicted of murder. On February 26, 1970, two men in a panel truck were arrested in Montreal when they were discovered to be in possession of a sawn-off shotgun and a communiqué announcing the kidnapping of the Israeli consul. One of them was a man named Jacques Lanctôt. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost north of Montreal in the Laurentian mountains and found firearms, ammunition, 300 pounds (136 kg) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the American consul. ^[1] is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... A sawn-off shotgun or a sawed-off shotgun is a type of shotgun with a shorter gun barrel and often a shortened or removed stock, compared to regular shotguns. ... Jacques Lanctôt (born November 5, 1945, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was an important member of the Quebec terrorist group the FLQ. Lanctôt joined the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) group in 1963 at the age of 17 and was involved in several violent demonstrations in Quebec... Prévost, Quebec is a small town within the La Rivière-du-Nord Regional County Municipality, Quebec and the administrative region of Laurentides in the Laurentian mountains about 40 minutes north of Montreal. ... The Laurentians mountains in the Hautes-Gorges Quebec national parc, Charlevoix, Quebec, Canada The Laurentian mountains (French: Laurentides) are a mountain range in southern Quebec, Canada, north of the St. ... A detonator is a device used to trigger bombs, shaped charges and other forms of explosive material and explosive devices. ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ...

Timeline

• October 5: Montreal, Quebec: British Trade Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped by members of the "Liberation Cell" of the FLQ. This was followed by a communiqué to the authorities that contained the kidnappers' demands, which included the release of a number of convicted or detained terrorists and the CBC broadcast of the FLQ Manifesto. The terms of the ransom note were the same as those found in June for the planned kidnapping of the U.S. consul. At the time, the police did not connect the two.
• October 8: Broadcast of the FLQ Manifesto in all French- and English-speaking media outlets in Quebec.
• October 10: Montreal, Quebec: Members of the Chenier Cell approach the home of the Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour of the province of Quebec, Pierre Laporte, while he played football with his nephew. Laporte is kidnapped by members of the "Chenier cell" of the FLQ.
• October 11: The CBC broadcasts a letter from captivity from Pierre Laporte to the Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa.
• October 13: Prime Minister Trudeau is interviewed by the CBC in respect of the military presence. In a combative interview, Trudeau asks the reporter what he would do in his place, and when asked how far he would go replies "Just watch me".
• October 15: Quebec City: The Government of Quebec, solely responsible for law and order, formally requisitions the intervention of the Canadian army in "aid of the civil power", as is its right alone under the National Defence Act. All three opposition parties, including the Parti Québécois rise in the National Assembly and agree with the decision. On the same day, separatist groups are permitted to speakat the Université de Montréal. The same day, about 3,000 students gather in a Montreal arena to show their support for the FLQ. The rally frightens many Canadians who view it as a possible prelude to outright insurrection in Quebec.
• October 16: Premier Bourassa formally requests that the Government of Canada grant the Government of Quebec "emergency powers" that allow them to "apprehend and keep in custody" individuals. This resulted in the implementation of the War Measures Act, which allowed the suspension of habeas corpus, giving wide-reaching powers of arrest to police. The City of Montreal had already made such a request the day before. These measures came into effect at 4:00 a.m. Prime Minister Trudeau made a broadcast announcing the imposition of the War Measures Act.
• October 17: Montreal, Quebec: The Chenier cell of the FLQ announces that hostage Pierre Laporte has been executed. He is strangled to death with his own rosary chain^{[citation needed]} and his body is stuffed in the trunk of a car and abandoned in the bush near Saint-Hubert Airport, a few miles from Montreal. A communiqué to police advising that Pierre Laporte had been executed referred to him derisively as the "Minister of unemployment and assimilation". In another communiqué issued by the "Liberation cell" holding James Cross, his kidnappers declared that they were suspending indefinitely the death sentence against James Cross, that they would not release him until their demands were met, and that he would be executed if the "fascist police" discovered them and tried to intervene.
• October 30: Columnist, politician, and future Premier of Quebec, René Lévesque, writes in the Journal de Montréal newspaper that "The Army occupies Quebec. It is unpleasant but undoubtedly necessary in times of crisis."
• November 6: Police raid the hiding place of the FLQ's Chenier cell. Although three members escaped the raid, Bernard Lortie was arrested and charged with the kidnapping and murder of Pierre Laporte.
• December 3: Montreal, Quebec: After being held hostage for 60 days, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the FLQ Liberation cell terrorists after negotiations with police. Simultaneously, the five known terrorist members, Marc Carbonneau, Yves Langlois, Jacques Lanctôt, Jacques Cossette-Trudel and his wife, Louise Lanctôt, are granted their request for safe passage to Cuba by the Government of Canada after approval by Fidel Castro. They are flown to Cuba by a Canadian Forces aircraft. One of them is the same Jacques Lanctôt who earlier that year had been arrested and then released on bail for the attempted kidnapping of the Israeli consul.
• December 27: Saint-Luc, Quebec: The three remaining members of the Chenier Cell still at large, Paul Rose, Jacques Rose, and Francis Simard, are arrested after being found hiding in a 6 m tunnel in the rural farming community. They would be charged with the kidnapping and murder of Pierre Laporte.

In the middle of the crisis, adding to the fear were the comments of the powerful and radical labour leader and vociferous FLQ supporter, Michel Chartrand, who said, "We are going to win because there are more boys ready to shoot members of Parliament than there are policemen." is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Liberation Cell was a Montreal-based cell of the Front de Libération du Quebec (FLQ) terrorist group in Quebec whose members were responsible for a decade of bombings and armed robberies in the 1960s that led to what became known as the October Crisis. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated to Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... The Minister of Labour (Quebec) is responsible for labour relations and regulations in the province of Quebec. ... , Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Pierre Duchesne - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area  Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² (595... Pierre Laporte (February 25, 1921 - October 1970), was a Canadian politician who was assassinated by members of the terrorist group, the Front de Libération du Québec (Quebec Liberation Front). ... The Chénier Cell was a Montreal-based cell of the Front de Libération du Quebec (FLQ) terrorist group in Quebec whose members were responsible for a decade of bombings and armed robberies in the 1960s that led to what became known as the October Crisis. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated to Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985–1994). ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Trudeau being interviewed during the October Crisis Just watch me is a phrase made famous by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on October 13, 1970, during the October Crisis. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (I shall put Gods gift to good use; the Don de Dieu was Champlains ship) Coordinates: , Country Province Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Founded 1608 by Samuel de Champlain Constitution date 1833 Government  - Mayor... The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ... The Université de Montréal (UdeM) (translated into English commonly as (the) University of Montreal) is one of six universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers. ... In common law countries, habeas corpus () (Latin: [We command that] you have the body) is the name of a legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from unlawful detention of themselves or another person. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Saint-Hubert Airport (ICAO airport code CYHU) is an airport in Longueuil, Quebec, near Montreal. ... is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... René Lévesque (pronounced ) (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a reporter, a minister of the government of Quebec, Canada, (1960 – 1966), the founder of the Parti Québécois political party, and 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 – October 3, 1985). ... Le Journal de Montréal is a tabloid daily newspaper in Montreal, Quebec, and is the largest-circulation French-language newspaper in North America. ... is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Bernard Lortie Bernard Lortie (born c. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Marc Carbonneau Marc Carbonneau (born May 29, 1933) is a convicted terrorist and taxi driver. ... There are three Yves Langlois on the public scene in Canada: one is a film director, the second is a film editor, and the third has been a member of the Front de Libération du Quebec (FLQ). ... Jacques Lanctôt (born November 5, 1945, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was an important member of the Quebec terrorist group the FLQ. Lanctôt joined the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) group in 1963 at the age of 17 and was involved in several violent demonstrations in Quebec... Jacques Cossette-Trudel (born 1947 in Shawinigan, PQ. Québec separatist (FLQ), communication counsellor and filmmaker Jacques Cossette-Trudel was the son of a senior Federal Government official with the Department of Energy under Pierre Elliott Trudeaus reign. ... Louise Lanctôt, born March 24, 1947 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is a convicted terrorist and writer. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... The Canadian Forces (French: Forces canadiennes), abbreviated as CF (French: FC), are the unified armed forces of Canada. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Saint-Luc is a town in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Richelieu River. ... Paul Rose in 1990. ... Jacques Rose of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, was a member of the Chenier cell of the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ). ... Francis Simard Francis Simard, born 1946, of Montreal, Quebec, was a member of the Chenier Cell of the terrorist group, the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ). ... Michel Chartrand (born in Montréal, Québec on June 16, 1916), is a former Quebec militant union leader and politician. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The Senate Chamber of Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ...

War Measures Act and military involvement

When asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau said, "Just watch me". Three days later he invoked the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa, and the Mayor of Montreal, Jean Drapeau. At the time, opinion polls in Quebec and the rest of Canada showed overwhelming support for the War Measures Act. Politician and future Parti Québécois Premier René Levesque wrote that he agreed it was necessary under the circumstances. Since then, however, the government's use of the War Measures Act in peacetime has been a subject of debate in Canada as it gave police sweeping powers of arrest and detention. Image File history File links OctoberCrisis-WTetleyBookcover. ... Image File history File links OctoberCrisis-WTetleyBookcover. ... “Trudeau” redirects here. ... Trudeau being interviewed during the October Crisis Just watch me is a phrase made famous by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on October 13, 1970, during the October Crisis. ... The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers. ... A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985–1994). ... Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montreal Jean Drapeau CC , GOQ (February 18, 1916 – August 12, 1999) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Montreal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986. ... The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ... René Lévesque (August 24, 1922 - November 1, 1987), was a reporter, a minister of the government of Quebec, Canada, (1960 - 1966), the founder of the Parti Québécois political party, and 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 - October 3, 1985). ...

Simultaneously, under provisions quite separate from the War Measures Act and much more commonly used, the Solicitor-General of Quebec requisitioned the deployment of the military from the Chief of the Defence Staff in accordance with the National Defence Act. Troops from Quebec bases and elsewhere in the country were dispatched, under the direction of the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec's provincial police force), to guard vulnerable points as well as prominent individuals at risk. This freed the police to pursue more proactive tasks in dealing with the crisis. A 1923 Canadian Act that merged the Ministry of Militia and Defence with the Ministry of the Naval Service and the newly created Ministry of Aviation Categories: Military history of Canada ... The Sûreté du Québec or SQ. (French for Surety of Quebec, but usually transliterated as Quebec Provincial Police) is the provincial police force of Quebec. ...

Outside Quebec, mainly in the Ottawa area, the federal government deployed troops under its own authority to guard federal offices and employees. The combination of the increased powers of arrest granted by the War Measures Act and the military deployment requisitioned and controlled by the government of Quebec, gave every appearance that martial law had been imposed. A significant difference, however, is that the military remained in a support role to the civil authorities (in this case, Quebec authorities) and never had a judicial role. Nevertheless, the sight of tanks on the lawns of the federal parliament was disconcerting to many Canadians. Moreover, police officials sometimes abused their powers and detained without cause prominent artists and intellectuals associated with the sovereignist movement.

Once the War Measures Act was in place, arrangements were made for all detainees to see legal counsel. In addition, the Quebec Ombudsman, Louis Marceau, was instructed to hear complaints of detainees and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested. On February 3, 1971, John Turner, Minister of Justice of Canada, reported that 497 persons had been arrested under the War Measures Act, of whom 435 had already been released. The other 62 were charged, of which 32 had committed crimes of such seriousness that a Quebec Superior Court judge refused them bail. An ombudsman (English plural: ombudsmans or ombudsmen) is an official, usually (but not always) appointed by the government or by parliament, who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... John Napier Turner, PC, CC, QC, MA, BCL, LLD (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... The Minister of Justice (French: Ministre de la Justice) of Canada is the minister in the Cabinet of Canada who is responsible for the Department of Justice and is also Attorney General of Canada. ... Quebec Superior Court is the highest trial Court in the Province of Quebec, Canada. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The word bail as a legal term means: Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that persons appearance for trial. ...

Aftermath

The body of Pierre Laporte was eventually found murdered by his captors while James Cross was freed after 60 days as a result of negotiations with the kidnappers who requested exile to Cuba rather than facing trial in Quebec. The cell members responsible for Laporte were arrested and charged with kidnapping and first-degree murder.

This incident proved to be the most serious terrorist attack on Canadian soil in modern times, and the response by the federal and provincial governments still sparks controversy. However, at the time, opinion polls showed overwhelming support in Quebec for the War Measures Act. A few critics (most notably Tommy Douglas and some members of the New Democratic Party) believed that Prime Minister Trudeau was being excessive in using the War Measures Act to suspend civil liberties and that the precedent set by this incident was dangerous. The size of the FLQ organization and the number of sympathizers in the public was not known. However, in its Manifesto, the FLQ terrorists stated: Thomas Clement Douglas, PC, CC, SOM, MA, LL.D (hc) (October 20, 1904 – February 24, 1986) was a Scottish-born Baptist minister who became a prominent Canadian social democratic politician. ... This article is about the Canadian political party. ... Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ...

In the coming year Bourassa (Premier Robert Bourassa) will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized.

Given that declaration, plus seven years of bombings and the wording of their communiqués throughout that time that strove to present an image of a powerful organization spread secretly throughout all sectors of society, the authorities took significant action.

Some supporters of the government's strong measures continue to maintain that there have been no equivalent terrorist incidents since 1970 because of the vigorous response by all levels of government. On the other hand, the more general consensus is that terrorism was found by Quebecers to be both repugnant and unrequired. Those who desire independence became fully conscious that it can and should be achieved through the democratic process. Those who are against independence, both in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada, received a traumatic shock and have made considerable effort to assuage French Canada's grievances as well as conceding that, if Quebec really wants to be independent, they cannot and will not stop it by force. ^{[citation needed]} There is a consensus in Canada amongst all factions that their differences will be resolved democratically. ^{[citation needed]}

Indeed, the events of October 1970 galvanized a loss of support for the violent wing of the Quebec secessionist movement that had gained support over nearly ten years, and increased support for political means of attaining independence, including support for the secessionist Parti Québécois, which went on to take power at the provincial level in 1976. It can be argued that Brian Mulroney's 1987 attempt to quell separatist aspirations through constitutional reform was a by-product of the October Crisis. ^{[citation needed]} After the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord, which sought to amend the Constitution of Canada to resolve the passage by a previous government of the Constitution Act 1982 without Quebec's ratification, a pro-independence political party, the Bloc Québécois was also created at the federal level. The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ... The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial premiers, including Robert Bourassa, premier of Quebec. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. ... // Overview The Constitution Act, 1982 is Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982. ... The Bloc Québécois is a centre-left federal political party in Canada that is devoted to the promotion of sovereignty for Quebec. ...

Cinema and television

• Orders (film) (Les Ordres), a historical film drama, directed in 1974 and based on the events of the October Crisis and the War Measures Act; concerning the effect it had on people in Quebec.
• Quebec director Pierre Falardeau shot in 1994 a movie titled Octobre which tells a fictionalized version the October Crisis, based on a book by Francis Simard.
• Nô is partially set in Montreal during the October Crisis and features fictional FLQ members planning a bombing.
• CBC Television produced a two hour documentary program Black October in 2000, in which the events of the crisis were discussed in great detail. The program featured interviews with former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, former Quebec justice minister Jérôme Choquette, and others.
• An 8 part miniseries about some of the incidents of the October Crisis titled October 1970 was released on October 12, 2006.

Orders (Original title: Les Ordres, known in the United Stated as: Orderers) is a 1974 Quebec historical drama film about the incarceration of innocent civilians during the 1970 October Crisis and the War Measures Act enacted by the Canadian government of Pierre Trudeau. ... Pierre Falardeau (born on December 12, 1946 in Montreal) is a Quebec film and documentary director, intellectual, pamphleteer and noted radical activist for Quebec independence. ... Octobre is a 1994 Quebecois movie by filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. ... Francis Simard Francis Simard, born 1946, of Montreal, Quebec, was a member of the Chenier Cell of the terrorist group, the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ). ... Nô is a 1998 film by director Robert Lepage. ... CBC Television is a Canadian English language television network. ... Black October is the title of the upcoming album from rapper Sadat X, set for release on October 3, 2006. ... Name Pierre Elliott Trudeau Number Fifteenth First term April 20, 1968–June 4,1979 Second term March 3, 1980–June 30, 1984 Predecessor Lester Bowles Pearson Successors Joe Clark John Napier Turner Date of birth October 18, 1919 Place of birth Montreal, Quebec Date of death September 28... Jérôme Choquette (born January 25, 1928) is a lawyer and politician in Quebec, Canada. ... A miniseries (sometimes mini-series), in a serial storytelling medium, is a production which tells a story in a limited number of episodes. ... October 1970 is an eight-part series currently in production. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Front de Libération du Québec
• War Measures Act

The Front de libération du Québec (Québec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five people, which culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October... The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers. ...

References

• "The Events Preliminary to the Crisis" in chronological order - 1960 to 5 October 1970
• "The October Crisis per se" in chronological order - 5 October to 29 December 1970
• Tetley, William. The October Crisis, 1970 : An Insiders View (2006) McGill-Queen's University Press ISBN 0773531181

William Tetley C.M., Q.C., LL. L. (born February 10, 1927 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a lawyer and professor of law at McGill University in Montreal, the visiting Professor of Maritime and Commercial Law at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, and a former member of the National... The McGill-Queens University Press is a joint venture between McGill University in Montreal, Quebec and Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, two of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Canada. ...

External links

• Documents on the October Crisis
• Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and of its aftermath
• Historical Site dedicated to the Quebec Liberation Front (FLQ) from an "indépendantist" perspective. (in French)
• CBC Digital Archives - The October Crisis: Civil Liberties Suspended