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Encyclopedia > Odinism

Reconstructions of the traditions of Germanic paganism began with 19th century Romanticism. From the 1960s, various Neopagan movements based on pre-Christian Germanic faiths have emerged. Heathen (Old Norse heiðinn), the Germanic translation of Latin paganus, is preferred by some adherents as a self-description. In the USA, Ásatrú ("Æsir faith") and Odinism are widely used as a generic term for Germanic paganism, while in Britain, Heathenry, and in Scandinavia Forn Sed ("Old custom", Anglo-Saxon fyrnsidu) is current, while others make a sharp distinction between these terms. Germanic paganism refers to the religion and mythology of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization, including Norse, Anglo-Saxon mythology, information obtained from archaeological finds and remnants of pre-Christian beliefs in the folklore of medieval and modern Germanic peoples. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ... Heathen is a term used both to describe a person who does not follow an organized religion, and also a modern practitioner of Heathenry. ... Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Ásatrú (Icelandic Æsir faith) is a new religious movement which is attempting to revive the pre-Christian (Viking Age) Nordic religion as described in the Eddas. ... In Old Norse, the Æsir (singular Áss, feminine Ásynja, feminine plural Ásynjur, Anglo-Saxon Ós, from Proto-Germanic *Ansuz) are the principal gods of the pantheon of Norse mythology. ... Ásatrú describes a number of attempts to reconstruct the indigenous religions of Northern Europe. ... Heathenry is the term preferred, in the UK (and increasingly elsewhere), by many followers of Germanic paganism or Germanic neopaganism as the name of their religion. ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ...

Contents


Terminology

Ásatrú

Ásatrú is an Old Norse compound derived from Ása, the genitive of Áss, which refers to the Aesir, (one of the two families of gods in Norse mythology, the other being the Vanir), and Trú, literally "troth" or "faith". Thus, Ásatrú is the "Æsir's faith." The term is the Old Norse/Icelandic translation of Asetro, a neologism coined in the context of 19th century romantic nationalism, used by Edvard Grieg in his 1870 opera Olaf Trygvason. The Icelandic form of the word is first recorded in 1945 in Heiðinn siður á Íslandi ("Heathen traditions in Iceland") by Ólafur Briem. Ásatrúar, sometimes used as a plural in English, is properly the genitive of Ásatrú. This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... The Æsir (pron. ... A neologism is word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) —often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Edvard Hagerup Grieg (June 15, 1843–September 4, 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the romantic period. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Olaf Tryggvason (969–September 9, 1000) (Old Norse: Óláfr Tryggvason, Norwegian: Olav Tryggvason) was son of Tryggve Olavsson, king of Viken (Vingulmark and Ranrike), and great-grandson of Harald Fairhair. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...


Use of Ásatrú for Germanic paganism preceding 19th century revivalist movements is therefore an anachronism. Likewise, use of Ásatrú as a synonym of Germanic Neopaganism, while widespread in the USA, can be misleading. Organizations self-describing as Ásatrú cover a wide spectrum, including left-wing or alternative New Age, tribalist or reconstructionist, folkish, or neonazi (e.g. Artgemeinschaft) movements. In the strict sense, the term refers to reconstructed medieval Norse or Icelandic paganism and in particular to the Íslenska Ásatrúarfélagið. Ásatrú (Icelandic Æsir faith) is a new religious movement which is attempting to revive the pre-Christian (Viking Age) Nordic religion as described in the Eddas. ... Germanic paganism refers to the religion and mythology of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization, including Norse, Anglo-Saxon mythology, information obtained from archaeological finds and remnants of pre-Christian beliefs in the folklore of medieval and modern Germanic peoples. ... Reconstructions of the traditions of Germanic paganism began with 19th century Romanticism. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... The Artgemeinschaft Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (AG GGG) is a German Neopagan organization, founded in 1951. ... The Íslenska Ásatrúarfélagið Icelandic fellowship of Æsir faith (Ásatrú) is an Icelandic new religious movement with the purpose of reviving the pre-Christianization religion of Scandinavia. ...


Heathen

Heathen (Old English hæðen, Old Norse heiðinn) was coined as a translation of Latin paganus, in the Christian sense of "non-Abrahamic faith". In Icelandic Sagas, the terms heiðni and kristni (Heathenry and Christianity) are used to parallel each other, as straightforward descriptions of the older and newer faiths. Historically, the term was influenced by Gothic *haiþi, appearing as haiþno in Ulfilas' bible as translating gunē Hellēnis, "Greek (i.e. gentile) woman" of Mark 7:26, probably with an original meaning "dwelling on the heath", but it was also suggested that it was chosen because of its similarity to Greek ethne "gentile" or even that it is not related to "heath" at all, but rather a loan from Armenian hethanos, itself loaned from Greek ethnos. Some Germanic Neopagans narrow the sense of the word to Germanic paganism in particular, and prefer it over pagan as a self-designation. Heathen is a term used both to describe a person who does not follow an organized religion, and also a modern practitioner of Heathenry. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... An Abrahamic religion (also referred to as desert monotheism) is any religion derived from an ancient Semitic tradition attributed to Abraham, a great patriarch described in the Torah, the Bible and the Quran. ... The Gothic language (*gutiska razda, *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰) is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths. ... Representation of Ulfilas surrounded by the Gothic alphabet Ulfilas or Wulfila (perhaps meaning little wolf) (c. ... The word Gentile from the Latin gentilis, can either be a translation of the Hebrew Goy/גוי or of the Hebrew word Nochri/נכרי. In the most common modern use it refers to the former being derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and it is... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ... Heaths are anthropogenic habitats found primarily in northern and western Europe, where they have been created by thousands of years of human clearance of natural forest vegetation by grazing and burning on mainly infertile acidic soils. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... The word Gentile from the Latin gentilis, can either be a translation of the Hebrew Goy/גוי or of the Hebrew word Nochri/נכרי. In the most common modern use it refers to the former being derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and it is...


Odinism

Coined by Orestes Brownson in 1848, in A revival of Odinism, or the old Scandinavian heathenism, and re-introduced in the late 1930s by Alexander Rud Mills, and in the 1960s to early 1970s with Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship in America, and by the Odinic Rite in England, the term focuses on worship of Odin in particular, and in the narrow sense refers to the Odinic Rite society, but in a wider sense it is also used synonymously with Ásatrú or Heathen. Orestes Augustus Brownson (1803-1876) was a New England intellectual and activist, preacher and labor organizer. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alexander Rud Mills (1885-1964) was an early and prominent Odinist in Australia, and one of the earliest proponments of the rebirth of Odinism in the 20th Century whose role in the emergence of Germanic Neopaganism in that country before and during World War II resulted in his arrest and... Else Christensen (1913–2005), affectionately referred to as the Folk Mother, was a pioneering figure in the emergence of Asatru and Odinism in the Post WWII Era. ... The Odinist Fellowship was an early Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist organization, founded by Else Christensen in 1969, in Canada. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... Odin is considered the highest god in Norse mythology and Norse paganism. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ...


Forn Siðr

Old Norse Forn Siðr, Anglo-Saxon Fyrnsidu and its modern Scandinavian analogues Forn Sed, all meaning "Old Custom", is used as a term for pre-Christian Germanic culture in general, and for Germanic neopaganism in particular, mostly by groups in Scandinavia. Old Norse forn "old" is cognate to Sanskrit purana, English far. Old Norse siðr "custom" (not to be confused with sīðr "late"), Anglo-Saxon sidu, seodu "custom", cognate to Greek ethos, in the sense of "traditional law, way of life, proper behaviour". In meaning, the term corresponds exactly to Sanskrit sanātana dharma, the native term for Hinduism. In contradistinction to Ásatrú, inn forni siðr is actually attested in Old Norse, contrasting with inn nýi siðr "the new custom", and similarly Heiðinn siðr, contrasting with Kristinn siðr, and í fornum sið "in old (heathen) times" [1]. Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... The Puranas are part of Hindu Smriti; these religious scriptures discuss devotion and mythology. ... Ethos (ήθος) is a Greek word originally meaning the place of living that can be translated into English in different ways. ... Sanskrit ( संस्कृतम्) is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit/Hindi: हिन्दु धर्म; also known as Sanātana Dharma - सनातन् धर्म, and Vaidika Dharma - वैदिक धर्म) is a worldwide religious tradition that is based on the Vedas, and is the direct descendant of the Vedic religion. ...


Theodism

Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of the Anglo-Saxon tribes which settled in England. þéodisc is the adjective of þéod "people, tribe", cognate to deutsch. As it evolved, the Theodish community moved past simply Anglo-Saxon forms and other Germanic tribal groups were also being reconstituted; Theodism, in this larger sense, now encompass groups practicing tribal beliefs from Scandinavia and the Continent, following in the model set forth by the Anglo Saxon theods founded in the 1970s. Theodish aetts include, Norman, Frisian, Angle, Saxon, Jutish, Gothic, Alemannic, Swedish, and Danish tribal cultures; in this wider sence, Theodism thus becomes synonymous with other terms generically for Germanic Neopaganism, such as Asatru and Forn Sed. Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Deutsch is: the German word for german a misspelling of the word Dutch, see Dutch (disambiguation) one of the three cognates of medieval Dietsch // A German family name Diana Deutsch, British-born, American cognitive psychologist Felix Deutsch, Helene Deutsch, Austrian-born American psychologist, Morton Deutsch Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch, Russian astronomer...


History

The first modern attempt at revival of ancient Germanic religion took place in the 19th Century during the late Romantic Period amidst a general resurgence of interest in traditional Germanic culture, in particular in connection with romantic nationalism in Scandinavia and the related Viking revival in Victorian era Britain. The last traditional pagan sacrifices in Scandinavia, at Trollkyrka, appear to date to about this time. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Early modern publications dealing with what we now call Viking culture appeared in the 16th century, e. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of Great Britain is considered the height of the British industrial revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Trollkyrka (Trolls church) is a tall and secluded mountain in the heart of the National Park of Tiveden, Sweden, which served until the 19th century as a pagan sacrificial ground (horgr, see also blót). ...


Organized Germanic pagan or occult groups such as the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft emerged in Germany in the early 20th century. Several early members of the Nazi Party were part of the Thule Society, a study group for German antiquity. The connections of this movement to historical Germanic paganism are tenuous at best, with its emphasis lying on the esoteric as taught by the likes of Julius Evola, Guido von List or Karl Maria Willigut. While occult elements played an important role in the formative phase of Nazism, and of the SS in particular (Nazi use of runes has its origin in these early times), after his rise to power, Adolf Hitler discouraged such pursuits, to the disappointment of Nazi mysticists like Rudolf Hess and Alfred Rosenberg, and Neopagan societies were even exposed to some amount of persecution, with at least one member of List's Armanenschaft killed in a concentration camp, although Heinrich Himmler remained actively interested in Ariosophy and related concepts throughout the war, incorporating the Ahnenerbe into the SS in 1940. Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community) is a German Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist society. ... The Nazi swastika symbol The National Socialist German Workers Party ( German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... Thule Society emblem The Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society) was founded August 17, 1918, by Rudolf von Sebottendorff. ... Julius Evola, born Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola, aka Baron Giulio (May 19, 1898-June 11, 1974), was a controversial Italian esotericist, who wrote prolifically on matters political, philosophical, historical, and religious from a Traditionalist point of view. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Karl Maria Willigut (born 10 December 1866 in Vienna, died 1946) was a leading figure in Nazi mysticism. ... The infamous double-sig rune SS insignia. ... A rune can mean a single character in the Runic alphabet as well as an inscription of several runic charcters or symbols. ... â–¶ (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 to his death. ... Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... Rudolf Hess Rudolf Hess should not be confused with another prominent Nazi, Rudolf Höß (also spelled Höss or Hoess. ... Alfred Rosenberg in 1933 Alfred Rosenberg (January 12, 1893–October 16, 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. ... Many adherents of historical Germanic paganism and Germanic Neopaganism (Asatru, Odinism) have been persecuted, mainly by Christians. ... Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (October 5, 1848 - May 17, 1919), author of the famous Secret of the Runes, was an occult and völkisch author who is seen as one of the most important figures in Germanic mysticism and runic revivalism in the late... Heinrich Himmler â–¶ (help· info) (October 7, 1900 – May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... The Nazi Ahnenerbe Forschungs und Lehrgemeinschaft organization was founded by Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Wirth, and Richard Walter Darré in 1935 as a research foundation. It was moved into the SS by Himmler in 1940. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...


A second revival began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Ásatrú was recognized as an official religion by the Icelandic government in 1973, largely due to the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... Ásatrú (Icelandic Æsir faith) is a new religious movement which is attempting to revive the pre-Christian (Viking Age) Nordic religion as described in the Eddas. ... Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1924–1993), a native of Iceland, was a godhi, or Heathen priest. ...


At about the same time, Else Christensen began publishing "The Odinist" newsletter in Canada. In the United States, Steve McNallen, a former U.S. Army officer, began publishing a newsletter titled "The Runestone". He also formed an organization called the Asatru Free Assembly, later renamed the Ásatrú Folk Assembly (AFA) [2], which held annual "Althing" meetings. These early societies went through a series of reformations and splits in 1987/88, resulting in the Ásatrú Alliance [3], an offshoot of the AFA headed by Valgard Murray, publisher of the "Vor Tru" newsletter and the Ring of Troth [4]. In the United States, the most prevalent form of Heathen organization is in small groups called Kindreds, sometimes also known as a Hearths, Garths or Steads. Else Christensen (1913–2005), affectionately referred to as the Folk Mother, was a pioneering figure in the emergence of Asatru and Odinism in the Post WWII Era. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The Ring of Troth (founded 1987) is a US Germanic Neopagan organization. ... Disambiguation: You may be looking for the poem Kindred (poem) by Ruth Bidgood A Kindred is the most prevalent form of Ásatrú group in the United States. ...


In 1976 Garman Lord formed the Witan Theod, the first aett within the Theodish community, as an apostasy of Seax Wicca; striving to cleave to a more organic and accurate reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon religiosity. Shortly thereafter, Ealdoraed Lord founded the Moody Hill Theod in the same area of upstate New York, Watertown. Unlike the other major Heathen organization of the time in America, the Asatru Free Assembly, which concentrated on the Viking Age, Theodism was focused on Anglo Saxon lore, beliefs, and all its attendant social structures, particularly the concept of thew (customary law). The religion was founded strictly to be a reconstructionist tradition [called often “retro-heathen”], now known as Theodish Belief, theodisic Geleafa (belief of the tribe - in Old English) or simply Þéodism. Angelseaxisce Ealdriht was a confederation promoting Theodish or specifically Anglo-Saxon Heathenry from 1996 to 2004, founded by Swain and Eric Wodening and Winifred Hodge. Since the Anglo-Saxon society was based on sacral kingship, American Theodist Neopagans saw it necessary to elect an Aetheling; this position, king of Winland Rice has been occupied by one Garman since 1995 [5]. Theodism, in the larger sense now encompass groups practicing tribal beliefs from Scandinavia and the Continent, in addition to following in the model set forth by the early Anglo Saxon theods of their insular thew. Theodish aetts include, Dansk-Norman, Frisian, Angle, Saxon, Jutish, Gothic, Alemannic, Frankish, and Swedish, tribal cultures. Theodism places emphasis on oaths and allegiance between members. The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Vinland was the name given to part of North America by the Icelandic Norseman Leif Eiríksson, about year 1000. ... An oath (from Saxon eoth) is either a promise or a statement of fact calling upon something or someone that the oath maker considers sacred, usually a god, as a witness to the binding nature of the promise or the truth of the statement of fact. ...


The Odinic Rite was established in England in 1972, and in the 1990s expanded to include chapters in Germany (1995) [6], Australia (1995) [7] and North America (1997) [8]. The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. ...


In Germany, Nazism was replaced with Neo-Nazi currents after World War II, with the Artgemeinschaft operating from 1951. A non-political revival began in the wake of the New Age movement, with the Heidnische Gemeinschaft (HG) founded by Géza von Neményi in 1985. Von Neményi in 1991 re-activated the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (GGG) and split off the HG. The movement further diversified during the 1990s, with Nornirs Ætt splitting off the universalist Rabenclan in 1997, and the Eldaring, inspired by the US Ring of Troth, founded in 2000. Hostility between factions remains pronounced in Germany, with even Nornirs Ætt and Rabenclan, two expressedly anti-racist organizations, discontinuing their collaboration in 2005. The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths {{{notes}}} World War II, also known as the Second World War (sometimes WW2 or WWII or World War Two), was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the... The Artgemeinschaft Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (AG GGG) is a German Neopagan organization, founded in 1951. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... The Heidnische Gemeinschaft (HG; pagan society) is an esoteric German Neopagan society founded in 1985 by Géza von Neményi, influenced by the Armanen-Orden. ... Géza von Neményi (born 1958) founded the German Neopagan society Heidnische Gemeinschaft (1985) and reactivated the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (1991). ... This article is about the year. ... Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community) is a German Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist society. ... Nornirs Ætt is a German Germanic Neopagan association, founded 1997 as a split off the Rabenclan. ... The Rabenclan (raven clan) is a German Neopagan organization, founded in 1994, with the express purpose of combatting Neo-Nazi and folkish currents within the Neopagan subculture. ... Eldaring full name Der Eldaring - the Troth Deutschland e. ...


In the 1990s and 2000s, a variety of Scandinavian associations and networks have formed. Swedish Sveriges Asatrosamfund (since 1994), Norwegian Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost in Norway (1996) and Foreningen Forn Sed (1999), recognized by the Norwegian government as a religious society, allowing them to perform "legally binding civil ceremonies" (i. e. marriages), Danish Forn Siðr (1999) and Swedish Nätverket Gimle (2001), an informal community for individual heathens, primarily living in Sweden with no connection to any formal organisation, and Nätverket Forn Sed (2004), a network consisting of local groups (blotlag) from all over the country. It was recently founded by members from other Forn Sed societies. The network is against racism, sexism and homophobia. The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. ... Saddam Hussein shortly after his capture Major controversy over U. S. presidential election (November 7-December 13, 2000) September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on New Yorks World Trade Center and Virginias Pentagon killing almost 3000 people. ... The Ã…satrufellesskapet Bifrost (Asatru fellowship Bifrost, founded 1996) is one of two Asatru organizations recognized by the Norwegian government. ... Foreningen Forn Sed is a religious society for those who believe in the Norwegian folklore, the spirits and entities the folklore represents, in addition to gods and other beings from the Norse pantheon. ... ...


Distribution of adherents

Today, Germanic Neopaganism is practiced primarily in Scandinavia, Germany, Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Small communities are also found in many other countries, mostly in Western Europe (Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal) and Russia. The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ...


The number of adherents worldwide is unknown, partly because of the lack of a clear definition separating Asatru from related currents. Those organised in some sort of organization number perhaps several hundred in North America, about 700 in Iceland, and a few hundred in both Scandinavia and Germany, with smaller groups scattered world wide, adding to a total of a few thousands.


As of 2001, the University of New York estimated that some 140,000 people in the USA self-identify as "Pagan" [9] (excluding Wiccan (134,000), New Age (68,000), Druid (33,000), Spiritualist (116,000) and aboriginal religions (4,000)). The total number of Neopagans worldwide is estimated at roughly one million [10] [11], of which about a third each are located in the UK, the USA, and over the rest of the world. 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...


Celtic Neopaganism is more widespread than Germanic traditions in the UK, so that including individuals not organized in societies, the worldwide number of people identifying in some way with Asatru or Germanic Neopaganism may range at roughly a few hundred thousands.


Factions

Besides the Norse/Germanic mythology at its core, Heathenry has regional varieties of emphasis, often from the subjective interpretations of influential local practitioners. Thus, in Germany and the USA, some movements have racial, white supremacy or Neo-Nazi ideologies, while in Iceland, on the other hand, Ásatrú has left wing associations. It has been suggested that Validity of human races be merged into this article or section. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds that the white race is superior to other races. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Ásatrú (Icelandic Æsir faith) is a new religious movement which is attempting to revive the pre-Christian (Viking Age) Nordic religion as described in the Eddas. ...


Some Neopagan organizations in Germany in particular have a relationship to Ariosophy, Occultism and Neo-Nazi ideology, such as the Armanen-Orden in the tradition of Karl Maria Willigut. Other organizations, like the re-founded Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft or Odinic Rite are not clear in their associations, while the Rabenclan has a reputation of anti-Nazi criticism in German Neopaganism. In the USA, notably Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship was influenced by National Socialism, while other organizations emphatically reject any such leanings. The official policy of the more liberal Troth takes no stance towards ethnicity or race, although their members are allowed to believe anything they choose. Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... For other uses of this term, see occult (disambiguation). ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... The Armanen-Orden (founded 1976) is an esoteric Neopagan society reviving the occult teachings of Guido von List (Ariosophy). ... Karl Maria Willigut (born 10 December 1866 in Vienna, died 1946) was a leading figure in Nazi mysticism. ... Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community) is a German Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist society. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... The Rabenclan (raven clan) is a German Neopagan organization, founded in 1994, with the express purpose of combatting Neo-Nazi and folkish currents within the Neopagan subculture. ... Else Christensen (1913–2005), affectionately referred to as the Folk Mother, was a pioneering figure in the emergence of Asatru and Odinism in the Post WWII Era. ... The Odinist Fellowship was an early Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist organization, founded by Else Christensen in 1969, in Canada. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of...


A perhaps overly-simplified break down of the factions in North American Asatru [12] could be identified as thus: Universalist, Tribalist and Folkish Asatru. Universalist Asatruar practice a cultural and moral relativism to the point of syncretism, while Folkish Asatruar insist on the necessity of Northern European heritage for the adherents of Asatru. Tribalist Asatruar take the middle approach between these two perspectives, and emphasizes the cultural identity and history of (reconstructed) Germanic traditions without an emphasis on heritage or ethnicity, notably those practicing Theodism, which seeks re-tribalization. In comparative religion, a universalist religion is one that holds itself true for all people; it thus allows all to join, regardless of ethnicity. ... Tribal refers to a culture or society based on tribes or clans. ... ... In comparative religion, a universalist religion is one that holds itself true for all people; it thus allows all to join, regardless of ethnicity. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... ... Tribal refers to a culture or society based on tribes or clans. ... Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ...


Ásatrú also has connections with the black metal subculture, notably the infamous Varg Vikernes who was responsible for the burning of several Christian churches in the 1980s and 1990s in Norway, in an attempt to restore Norway to its pagan roots. It has been suggested that Pagan metal be merged into this article or section. ... Varg Vikernes Varg Qisling Larssøn Vikernes, born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973, outside of Bergen, Norway. ...


Tenets

Germanic Neopagan organizations generally favor democratic and republican forms of church government, as inspired by the parliamentary Things of the Viking era and subsequent parliamentary systems of Britain and the Scandinavian countries. They promote individual rights and freedom of speech reminiscent of the free jarls of Norse saga. The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... It has been suggested that The republican form of government be merged into this article or section. ... A thing (Old Norse and Icelandic: þing; other modern Scandinavian: ting) was the governing assembly in Germanic societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by lawspeakers. ... The name Viking is a borrowed word from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. ... A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Jarl is the Scandinavian language cognate of Earl. ... The Norse sagas or Viking sagas (Icelandic: sögur), are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history, about early Viking voyages, about migration to Iceland, and of feuds between Icelandic families. ...


Solitary practice, or practice in small circles of friends or family is common. Neopagan societies have been formed since the 1970s, but most take the role of a loose federation and do not require committed membership comparable to a church. Consequently, there is no central authority, and associations remain in a state of fluidity as factions form and break up again. A church building (or simply church) is a building used in Christian worship. ...


Germanic Neopaganism is primarily bound together by common symbological and social concepts. Personal character and virtue is emphasized: truthfulness, self-reliance, and hospitality are important moral distinctions, underpinning an especially cherished notion of honour. Honour (CwE) or honor (AmE) comprises the reputation, self-perception or moral identity of an individual or of a group. ...


Heathenry notably lacks any discussion of redemption, salvation, or perfection, as well as their conceptual precursors. Although some adherents theorize an afterlife that involves a kind of rough justice, the Heathen moral system parts ways with other religions in its' egoist foundations. Heathenry does not formalize restraint on individual behavior. For example, it is inimical to lists of wholesale injunctions against specific behaviors. Redemption can mean several things: Redemption is a term in Christianity synonymous with salvation; or delivery from sins. ... Salvation refers to deliverance from an undesirable state or condition. ... Six Sigma is a quality management program to achieve six sigma levels of quality. ... Egoism may refer to any of the following: psychological egoism - the doctrine that holds that individuals are motivated by self-interest. ...


Comparison of the Nine Noble Virtues of modern heathenry, which are loosely based on the Havamal can be contrasted with the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments. Such a comparison shows that it is not the actual behaviour (such as "thou shalt not steal") which are prescribed, but rather an emphasis on character traits, such as "truth", "self reliance" and "honour". It is left to the individual to figure out that stealing in most contexts will be in violation of such ideals. Consequently, some actions which other religions condemn wholesale, may be considered virtues in Heathenry, as long as they are carried out shrewdly and in accord with personal honour, both in the eyes of the individual and the community. Individual pride is one such example. The Nine Noble Virtues are the ethical code followed by practitioners of Odinism / Asatru. ... Hávamál (The Words of the High One), (known also as The Sayings of Har, or the High Song of Odin), a work of Old Norse poetry, is a source document for the study of Norse mythology, being a set of rules for wise living (and survival) purportedly written... The Ten Commandments on a monument in the grounds of the Texas State Capitol This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated 1675 decalogue at the Esnoga synagogue of Amsterdam The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, is a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was...


Germanic paganism reveres the natural environment in principle; but, unlike some nature-oriented Neopagan movements, Germanic Neopaganism opposes neither technology nor its material rewards. More mystical currents of Heathenry may be critical of industrialization or modern society, but even such criticism will focus on decadence, lack of virtue or balance, rather than being a radical criticism of technology itself. Decadence was the name given, first by hostile critics, and then triumphantly adopted by some writers themselves, to a number of late nineteenth century fin de siècle writers associated with Symbolism or the Aesthetic movement. ...


Wyrd is a concept of fatalism or determinism, similar to some Graeco-Roman concepts of destiny, and sometimes personified analogous to the Moirae (see Norns). Wyrd is a concept in ancient Anglo-saxon and Nordic cultures roughly corresponding to fate. ... Fatalism is the view that human deliberation and actions are pointless and ineffectual in determining events, because whatever will be will be. ... Determinism is the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. ... Destiny or Fate concerns the fixed natural order of the universe. ... In Greek mythology, the white-robed Moirae or Moerae (Greek Μοίραι — the Apportioners, often called the Fates) were the personifications of destiny (Roman equivalent: Parcae, sparing ones, or Fatae; also equivalent to the Germanic Norns). ... The Norns spin the threads of fate at the foot of Yggdrasil, the tree of the world. ...


Rites

  • Blót is the term for the historical Norse sacrifice in honour of the gods, usually focusing on one of the gods in the pantheon. Asatru blóts are often celebrated outdoors in nature, the celebrants sometimes clad in home-made Viking Age attire. A blót may be highly formalized, but the underlying intent resembles inviting and having an honored guest or family member in for dinner. Food and drink may be offered. Most of this will be consumed by the participants, and some of the drink will be poured out onto the soil as a libation. Home-brewed mead as the "Germanic" drink par excellance is popular.
  • Sumbel (also spelled symbel) is a Norse and Anglo-Saxon drinking rite in which an intoxicating drink (usually mead or ale) is passed around an assembled circle. At each passing of the drink, participants make a short speech, usually following the pattern of "Toast-Boast-Oath", see Bragarfull. The Toast honors some mentor, revered relative, or favorite god of the participant. The Boast is an opportunity for the participant to honour himself in terms of some good work accomplished. The Oath is a promise to carry out some good work in the future. Participants are not required to say anything and may simply pass the drink along. Oaths made during Sumbel are considered binding upon the individuals making them. Another common pattern is to toast to a god or virtue, then a hero or ancestor, and the final round being either open, or else given to either a boast or an oath.
  • Seid (Old Norse seiðr) is a shamanistic rite associated with altered states of consciousness. In the US it is practiced only by a minority of Neopagans; in particular, Diana Paxson and her group, Hrafnar are reconstructing seid from available historical material, particularly its oracular form. In the UK seidr relies less on the formal ritual of Paxson and more on direct relationships with landwights and ancestors; most UK heathen groups will include at least one person interested in exploring seidr. Jan Fries traces seid as an inspiration for his "seething" shamanic technique, though he is less concerned with precise historical reconstruction. The berserkergangr may be described as a sort of religious ecstasy, associated with Odin.

The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. ... Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning to make sacred, from Old Marcus Aurelius and members of the Imperial family offer sacrifice in gratitude for success against Germanic tribes: contemporary bas-relief, Capitoline Museum, Rome French, from Latin sacrificium : sacer, sacred; sacred + facere, to make) is commonly known as the... The Viking Age is the name of the period between 793 and 1066 AD in Scandinavia and Britain, following the Germanic Iron Age (and the Vendel Age in Sweden). ... Libation scene, Greek red figure cup, c. ... Mead Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Mead Mead is a fermented alcoholic beverage made of honey, water, and yeast. ... Symbel (from Proto-Germanic *sumlan banquet, continuing *sm-lo-, i. ... The bragarfull promise-cup or bragafull best cup or chieftains cup was in Norse culture a particular drinking from a cup or drinking horn on ceremonial occasions, often involving the swearing of oaths when the cup or horn was drunk by a chieftain or passed around and drunk by... Seid (Old Norse: seiðr, sometimes anglicized as seidhr, seidh, seidr, seithr or seith) was a form of shamanism practised by pre-Christian Norse and arguably other Germanic cultures and continued in modern times by people who practice the reconstructionist beliefs of Ásatrú or heathenry. ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion; an infallible authority, usually spiritual in nature. ... Jan Fries is a German occultist, freestyle shaman, and author of several books. ... Berserkers (or Berserks) were Norse warriors who had sworn allegiance to the sky god Odin and worked themselves into a frenzy before a battle. ... Odin is considered the highest god in Norse mythology and Norse paganism. ...

Artistic Output And Influence

Grown out of 19th century Romanticism, the Viking revival had associations with the Gothic novel and Romantic art such as the Pre-Raphaelites or the art nouveau. Also of note is the influence of Richard Wagner's "Ring Cycle." Artistic taste of Asatru adherents is often related to the High Fantasy genre based on Germanic mythology. New Age currents are another influence. These elements blend with traditional Germanic folklore. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Early modern publications dealing with what we now call Viking culture appeared in the 16th century, e. ... Strawberry Hill, an English villa in the Gothic revival style, built by seminal Gothic writer Horace Walpole The gothic novel is a literary genre that belongs to Romanticism and began in Britain with The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole. ... The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. ... Alfons Mucha, lithographed poster Dancel (1898). ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his groundbreaking symphonic-operas (or music dramas). His compositions are notable for their continuous contrapuntal texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate... The Ring of the Nibelung or, in the original German, Der Ring des Nibelungen, is a series of four epic operas. ... High fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy fiction that is set in invented or parallel worlds. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... Folklore is the body of verbal expressive culture, including tales, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs current among a particular population, comprising the oral tradition of that culture, subculture, or group. ...


There have been several novels published by Heathens, particularly Diana Paxson and Kveldulf Gundarsson under the name Stephen Grundy, both drawing on the Volsunga Saga and Nibelungenlied for inspiration. The Ramsund carving in Sweden depicts 1) how Sigurd is sitting naked in front of the fire preparing the dragon heart, from Fafnir, for his foster-father Regin, who is Fafnirs brother. ... First page from Manuscript C of the Nibelungenlied (ca. ...


Neofolk music in particular, counts Germanic paganism as one of its largest and most obvious influences. Many of the instruments used are traditional, and the music is largely acoustic. Kim Larsen of :Of The Wand & The Moon:, a runestone and an effigy of the algiz rune. ...


The Black metal genre at the time of its formation in 1980s Norway was deeply anti-Christian, and had a stated goal of removing the influence of Christianity and other non-Scandinavian religions from Norwegian culture and to effect a return to the nation's Norse roots. The genre continues to be centered on Pagan (Pagan metal) or Satanic imagery, anti-Christian lyrics and occult themes. Often, there are also traits of White supremacy movements, particularly in the National Socialist black metal subgenre. Other subgenres of heavy metal with Neopagan connections include Viking metal and Folk metal. It has been suggested that Pagan metal be merged into this article or section. ... Pagan metal is a subgenre of black metal that draws heavily on Pagan or Neopagan, Celtic and/or Anti-Christian imagery. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds that the white race is superior to other races. ... National Socialist black metal (also known as NS black metal or NSBM) is a Neo-Nazi subgenre of black metal music concerned with ideas of racial separatism and Aryanism. ... It has been suggested that metal music be merged into this article or section. ... Viking metal is a sub-genre of heavy metal. ... It has been suggested that Celtic Metal be merged into this article or section. ...


Symbolism

Popular symbols of Asatru/Germanic Neopaganism are the Valknut, Mjollnir and Irminsul or Yggdrasil and the Triskelion. Depictions of Odin are also common. Runes are popular, in particular the Odal rune (see Odalism). Odinic Rite additionally claims the Fylfot (Swastika) as an "ancient Odinist symbol". The Black Sun is a symbol used by Neonazi and occult currents. Additionally, the "Gibor rune", as well as isolated use of the "Sig" and Tyr runes may indicate a Neonazi background (see also Thor Steinar). Odin with Sleipnir, Valknuts are drawn beneath the horse (Tängelgarda stone) The valknut (Old Norse valr, slain warriors + knut, knot) is a symbol consisting of three interlocked triangles. ... Mjolnir has inspired many works of art, such as this drawing. ... Detail of the bent Irminsul on the Externsteine relief. ... This illustration shows a 19th century attempt to visualize the world view of the Prose Edda. ... The armoured triskelion on the flag of the Isle of Man Triskelion (or triskele, from Greek τρισκελης three-legged) is a symbol consisting of three bent human legs, or, more generally, three interlocked spirals, or any similar symbol with three protrusions exhibiting a symmetry of the cyclic group C3. ... Odin is considered the highest god in Norse mythology and Norse paganism. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Odalism (from the Proto-Germanic word Odal which roughly means heritage,) is a Teutonic Folkish movement based on pride in ones own ancient cultural and religious traditions, rather than adopting those of outside cultures. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... This article covers the etymology and usage of the word fylfot and the occurrence of the fylfot in European heraldry. ... A right-facing Swastika in decorative Hindu form For the town in Ontario, see Swastika, Ontario. ... Black Sun can refer to: Black Sun (book by Abbey) Black Sun (book by Goodrick-Clarke) Black Sun (film) Black Sun (album) Black Sun (Star Wars) The Black Sun, Cyric, a god in the Forgotten Realms setting Black Sun is a virtual nightclub in the novel Snow Crash by Neal... The Armanen runes (or Armanen Futharkh as List called them) are a row of 18 runes closely based on the Younger Futhark invented by, or according to his claim revealed to, the Austrian occult mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List in 1902. ... SIG can refer to: Special Interest Group. ... Týr, depicted here with both hands intact, is identified with Mars in this illustration from an 18th century Icelandic manuscript. ... the former Thor Steinar logo Thor Steinar is a German fashion label registered as a trademark by Axel Kopelke in October 2002. ...


List of Organizations

With the frequent renaming, merging and splitting of organizations, it is difficult to give a clear picture; the list below, sorted geographically, includes associations with a certain amount of structure and stability.

1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Allgermanische Heidnische Front (AHF) is a folkish heathen organization, promoting a philosophy called Odalism. ...

See also

Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism) describes a heterogeneous group of new religious movements, particularly those influenced by ancient, mainly pre-Christian and sometimes pre-Judaic religions. ... Northvegr (Northern way) is the website of the Northvegr Foundation, a nonprofit uneducational foundation. ... Paganism (from Latin paganus) and Heathenry are catch-all terms which have come to connote a broad set of spiritual/religious beliefs and practices of a natural religion, as opposed to the Abrahamic religions. ... Germanic paganism refers to the religion and mythology of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization, including Norse, Anglo-Saxon mythology, information obtained from archaeological finds and remnants of pre-Christian beliefs in the folklore of medieval and modern Germanic peoples. ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... A Finnish god carved on wood. ... The Baltic countries were the last part of Europe to be Christianized, and vestiges of paganism blend into a neopaganism movement that is largely independent of Western Asatru. ... Most Slavic neopagans follow customs of old Slavic religion and revere Slavic gods. ... Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ...

External links