The Oder River is 854 km long: 112 in the Czech Republic, 742 in Poland (including 187 on the border between Germany and Poland) and second longest river in Poland (after the Vistula). It drains 118,861 square kilometers of watershed, 106,056 of which are in Poland (89%), about 5,587 in Germany (5%), and 7,217 in the Czech Republic (6%). Channels connect it to Havel, Spree, Vistula system and Kłodnica. It flows through Silesian, Opole, Lower Silesian, Lubusz and West Pomeranian voivodships of Poland and Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania provinces of Germany.
The main branch empties into the Szczecin Lagoon. The Szczecin Lagoon is bordered on the north by islands of Usedom (west) and Wolin (east). Between these two islands, there is only a narrow channel (Swina) going to the Bay of Pomerania, which forms a part of the Baltic Sea.
The river was known to the ancient Romans as Viadrus, Viadua, as it was a branch of the Amber Road from the Baltic Sea to the Roman Empire. However in the Middle Ages it was called in Latin documents as Odera, Oddera and first mentioned in Dagome Iudex document (ca. 990), describing the boundary of early Poland under duke Mieszko I.
The Oder river must have been an important trade route and human settlement axis as early as 9th or 10th century as the documents mention many tribes living along the river: the Bavarian Geographer (ca. 845) specifies the following peoples: Silesians, Dadoshanie, Opolans, Lupiglaa and Golenshitse in Silesia and also Wolinians and Pyrzycans in Western Pomerania. Document of Prague bishopric (1086) mentions Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane and Dedositze in Silesia.
In the 13th century, the first dams were built to protect agricultural lands.
After World War II, the Oder and the Neisse formed the Oder-Neisse line, which was designated as the new border between Germany and Poland.
The WartaRiver in Poznan The WartaRiver near Kostrzyn Warta (Latin: Varta, German: Warthe) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river.
Drawa is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Notec river (near Krzyz Wielkopolski), with a length of 186 kilometres (20th longest) and the basin area of 3,296 sq.
Bóbr (-Polish, Czech: Bobr, German: Bober) is a river in the northern Czech Republic and southwestern Poland, a tributary of the Oder River, with a length of 272 kilometres (2 in Czech Republic, 270 in Poland, 10th longest Polish river) and the basin area of 5,876 sq.
In the longitudinal profile of the river two significant parts can be distinguished: the mountain part of the first 50 km of the river, with the slope exceeding 0.7% and the lowland part in the remaining part with the slope 0.30-0.45%.
One of the largest river systems of the left side catchment of the Odrariver, which influence on the flow of the Odrariver, is the Kaczawa catchment.
Floods in the upper and middle Odra catchment occurred in the 19th century in the years: 1813 (the largest), 1829, 1854,1880, 1891, 1894, 1896, and in the 20th century in the years: 1902, 1903, 1958, 1965, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1981, 1985, 1997.
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