An oil well in Canada. Canada has the world's second largest proven oil reserves.

Hubbert Peak Graph showing oil production has peaked in non-OPEC and non-FSU countries

Countries with largest oil reserves

Oil reserves refer to portions of oil in place that are claimed to be recoverable under economic constraints. Oil Well with horsehead pump near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. ... Oil Well with horsehead pump near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. ... An oil well is seen in Texas. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 553 pixelsFull resolution (853 × 590 pixel, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/png)This graph shows that oil production has already peaked in non-OPEC, non-former Soviet Union countries. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 553 pixelsFull resolution (853 × 590 pixel, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/png)This graph shows that oil production has already peaked in non-OPEC, non-former Soviet Union countries. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x993, 118 KB) Summary Shows countries with largest oil reserves based on info on table at w: oil reserves. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x993, 118 KB) Summary Shows countries with largest oil reserves based on info on table at w: oil reserves. ... Oil in place is a term referring to the total hydrocarbon content of an oil reservoir and is often abbreviated STOOIP, which stands for In this case, stock tank refers to the storage vessel containing the oil after production. ...

Oil in the ground is not a "reserve" unless it is claimed to be economically recoverable, since as the oil is extracted, the cost of recovery increases incrementally as the amount of oil remaining is reduced. The recovery factor (RF) is the percentage of oil in place which is expected to be economically recoverable under a given set of conditions. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

Oil reserve estimates are ideally a measure of geological and economic risk — of the probability of oil existing and being producible under current economic conditions using current technology. The international authority for reserves definitions is generally the Society of Petroleum Engineers. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission demands that oil companies with exchange listed stock adopt reserves accounting standards that are consistent with common industry practice. However these standards are based on historical production practices and are not always meaningful in dealing with deep-water and non-conventional oil fields that are becoming the source of more and more of the world's oil production. In addition, many of the world's largest oil-producing countries do not follow normal industry standards in estimating their oil reserves and do not publish any data which would allow their estimates to be verified. Lets talk about risk control strategies, anyone with more information and willing to share, please do so. ... Probability is the likelihood that something is the case or will happen. ... Society of Petroleum Engineers is a professional organization whose mission is to collect, disseminate, and exchange technical knowledge concerning the exploration, development and production of oil and gas resources, and related technologies for the public benefit; and to provide opportunities for professionals to enhance their technical and professional competence. ... The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, commonly referred to as the SEC, is the United States governing body which has primary responsibility for overseeing the regulation of the securities industry. ...

Proven, probable and possible reserves are the three most common categories of reserves used in the oil industry. They represent the probability that a reserve exists based on the geologic and engineering data and interpretation for a given location.

Proven Reserves - defined as oil and gas "Reasonably Certain" to be producible using current technology at current prices, with current commercial terms and government consent, also known in the industry as 1P. Some industry specialists refer to this as P90, i.e., ideally having a 90% certainty of being produced. Proven reserves are further subdivided into "Proven Developed" (PD) and "Proven Undeveloped" (PUD). PD reserves are reserves that can be produced with existing wells and perforations, or from additional reservoirs where minimal additional investment (operating expense) is required. PUD reserves require additional capital investment (drilling new wells, installing gas compression, etc.) to bring the oil and gas to the surface.

Probable Reserves - defined as oil and gas "Reasonably Probable" of being produced using current or likely technology at current prices, with current commercial terms and government consent. Some Industry specialists refer to this as P50, i.e., ideally having a 50% certainty of being produced. This is also known in the industry as 2P or Proven plus probable.

Possible Reserves - i.e., "having a chance of being developed under favourable circumstances". Some Industry specialists refer to this as P10, i.e., ideally having a 10% certainty of being produced in the foreseeable future. This is also known in the industry as 3P or Proven plus probable plus possible.

Proven reserves in order

Saudi Arabia

With a quarter of the world's proven oil reserves and some of its lowest production costs, Saudi Arabia produces over 4 gigabarrels (600 million tons) of oil per year (17 tons per second) and is likely to remain the world's largest oil exporter for the foreseeable future.^{[citation needed]}However, there are serious political risks involved in Saudi Arabian domination of the world oil market.^{[citation needed]}In spite of recent increases in oil income, Saudi Arabia faces serious long-term challenges, including rates of unemployment of at least 13 percent, one of the world's fastest population growth rates (its population grew sixfold since 1960), and the need for political and economic reforms [1].

According to the Oil and Gas Journal^{[citation needed]}, Saudi Arabia reports it has 262 gigabarrels of proven oil reserves (65 years of future production), around a quarter of proven, conventional world oil reserves^{[citation needed]}. Although Saudi Arabia has around 80 oil and gas fields, more than half of its oil reserves are contained in only eight fields, and more than half its production comes from one field, the Ghawar field.^{[citation needed]} Ghawar Field is an oil field in Saudi Arabia. ...

One challenge for the Saudis in maintaining or increasing production is that their existing fields sustain 5-12 percent annual decline rates, meaning that the country needs new capacity each year to compensate.^{[citation needed]} The challenge is that the Ghawar field, found in 1948, has produced about half its total reserves, and is starting to run into production problems — notably, there are rumors that it is now producing more water than oil. Other Saudi fields are not only smaller, but more difficult to produce.^{[citation needed]} Historically, when Saudi Arabia has run into production problems in other fields, it has simply shut them in and stepped up production in Ghawar, but if Ghawar runs into problems that no longer will be possible.^{[citation needed]}

Since Saudi Arabia is the world's largest producer of oil, their reserves are analyzed very closely and estimates vary on the amount of economically recoverable oil in Saudia Arabia.^{[citation needed]} The raw data are not available to outside scrutiny. The International Energy Agency has predicted that Saudi oil output will double during the next two decades, projecting production of 7 gigabarrels per year in 2020, although this seems unlikely, if only for political reasons.^{[citation needed]}

A dissenting opinion regarding Saudi oil reserves came from Matthew Simmons who claimed in his 2005 book "Twilight in the Desert" that Saudi Arabia's oil production is declining, and that it will not be able to produce more than current levels — about 4 gigabarrels per year [2]. In addition to his belief that the Saudi fields have hit their peak, Simmons also argues that the Saudis may have irretrievably damaged their large oil fields by overpumping salt water into the fields in an effort to maintain the fields' pressure and thus make the oil easier to extract.^{[citation needed]} Simmons interpretation of normal oilfield practice into a future crisis has been refuted by reservoir engineers at CERI.[3] Matthew Simmons. ...

Since 1982 the Saudis have withheld their well data and any detailed data on their reserves, giving outside experts no way to verify the overall size of Saudi reserves and output.^{[citation needed]} However, experts question the Saudi claim that recent declines in production are due to lack of demand (which no other producer has experienced), and pointed to the fact that the number of drilling rigs in Saudi Arabia has tripled with no comparable increase in production as similar to what happened in Texas when US production peaked and started to decline in the 1970s.^{[citation needed]} This could mean that many Saudi oil wells have peaked and have begun the decline toward the end of their economic usefulness.^{[citation needed]} Only with verifiable data can production and reserves increases or declines be demonstrated.^{[citation needed]} According to the U.S. Energy Information Agency, Saudi oil production declined about 8% during 2006 to 8.75 million barrels per day in December.[4] Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ...

Canada

Canadian conventional oil production peaked in 1973, but oil sands production is forecast to increase to at least 2020

Canada's proven oil reserves were estimated at 179.2 gigabarrels (billion barrels) as of January 2007, placing it second only to Saudi Arabia.^[1] Over 95% of these reserves are oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta. ^[2] Although Alberta contains nearly all of Canada's oil sands and about 75% of its conventional oil reserves, several other provinces and territories, especially Saskatchewan and offshore Newfoundland, have substantial oil production and reserves.^[3] Image File history File links Canadian_Oil_Production_1960_to_2020. ... Image File history File links Canadian_Oil_Production_1960_to_2020. ... Open pit mining Tar sands, also referred to as oil sand or bituminous sand, is a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen. ... Motto: Fortis et liber(Latin) Strong and free Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Official languages English (see below) Government - Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong - Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 28 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (8th [Province]) Area Ranked... Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (Latin: The Strength of Many Peoples) Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Gordon Barnhart - Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 14 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (Split from NWT) (9th (province)) Area  Ranked... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ...

Total Canadian oil production was about 1.2 gigabarrels in 2006, giving Canada about 150 years of reserves at current rates. Over 99% of Canadian oil exports are sent to the United States, and contrary to popular belief, Canada and not Saudi Arabia is the United State's largest supplier of oil. The picture is complicated by the fact that Canada is both an importer and exporter of oil and refined products. In 2006, in addition to producing 1.2 gigabarrels, Canada imported 0.44 gigabarrels, consumed 0.8 gigabarrels itself, and exported 0.84 gigabarrels to the U.S.^[2] The excess of exports over imports was 0.4 gigabarrels.

The addition of 174 gigabarrels of the vast Alberta oil sands deposits, mostly in the Athabasca Oil Sands, to proven reserves by the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (AEUB),^[4] was controversial at the time because oil sands contain a semisolid form of oil referred to as bitumen by Canadian government authorities, rather than conventional crude oil.^[4]. The existence of the deposits (historically referred to as "tar sands") has been known for centuries since major rivers cut through the sands to reveal the bitumen in the river banks, but their development had to wait for high prices and the invention of new technology. In recent years technological breakthroughs have overcome the challenges of producing it and most Alberta oil is now non-conventional production from oil sands rather than conventional oil fields. The AEUB estimates that by 2016 Alberta oil sands production will triple to amount to 86% of the province's total oil production, and Alberta will by then be one of the largest oil producers in the world.^[4] The Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada. ... The Ministry of Energy is a Cabinet-level agency of the government of the Canadian province of Alberta responsible for coordinating policy relating to the development of mineral and energy resources. ... Ewer from Iran, dated 1180-1210CE. Composed of brass worked in repoussé and inlaid with silver and bitumen. ...

The difference between crude bitumen and crude oil is somewhat arbitrary since bitumen is really just an unusually thick and viscous grade of crude oil, and many U.S. oil refineries have been modified to handle it in recent years as domestic U.S. oil production declines. The main problem is that it must be heated or diluted with solvents before it will flow through pipelines.

A problem for companies trading on U.S. stock markets is that outdated U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules do not allow them to report oil sands production as an oil and gas activity, so they cannot report their oil sands reserves as oil reserves.^[5] This can produce a seriously underestimated value for the assets of companies with large oil sands operations such as Petro-Canada. ^[6] The Securities and Exchange Commission, commonly referred to as the SEC, is the United States governing body which has primary responsibility for overseeing the regulation of the securities industry. ... Petro-Canada is a Canadian oil and gas firm headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. ...

Analysts estimate that a price of $30 to $40 per barrel is required to make oil sands production profitable,^[2] but with oil prices rising to over $80/bbl, oil sands production has become profitable enough to trigger over $100 billion worth of new oil sands projects. The biggest constraint on oil sands development is a serious labor and housing shortage in Alberta as a whole and the oil sands center of Fort McMurray in particular. According to Statistics Canada, by September, 2006 unemployment rates in Alberta had fallen to record low levels^[7] and per-capita incomes had risen to double the Canadian average. Another problem was that Canada was running out of pipeline capacity to ship rapidly increasing exports of oil to U.S. markets, and the National Energy Board warned that exporters could face pipeline apportionment by the third quarter of 2007.^[8] Fort McMurray is a town in the northeastern part of Canadas western province of Alberta, in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, Alberta. ... Statistics Canada (French: Statistique Canada) is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. ... The membership of the United States House of Representatives changes each decade following the decennial United States Census. ...

An indicator of how the economics of oil sands had changed became apparent in July 2007 when Royal Dutch Shell stated in its annual report that in 2006 its Canadian oil sands unit made an after tax profit nearly double its worldwide profit on conventional crude.^[9] A few days later Shell announced it was going to build a $27 billion oil sands refinery near Edmonton, one of a string of oil sands upgrader announcements that could boost Canada's synthetic oil production to 3.46 million barrels per day by 2015.^[10] Royal Dutch Shell plc is a multinational oil company of British and Dutch origins. ...

As of 2006, Canada was the only major OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) producer showing an oil production increase. The other major OECD producers (the United States, United Kingdom, Norway and Mexico) were all in decline. According to the Conference Board of Canada, total crude oil production in Canada is projected to increase by over 10 per cent in 2007, following an increase of 5 per cent in 2006. As a result of new nonconventional oil projects, total crude oil production is forecast to increase by an average of 8.6 per cent per year from 2008 to 2011.^[11] The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ...

Iran

Iran has the world's second largest reserves of conventional crude oil at 133 gigabarrels, according to the CIA World Factbook, although it should be noted that both Canada and Venezuela have larger reserves if Non-conventional oil is included. Iran is the second largest oil holder globally with approximately 10% of the world's oil. World Factbook 2004 cover The World Factbook is an annual publication by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States with basic almanac-style information about the various countries of the world. ... Non-conventional oil is oil extracted using techniques other than the traditional oil well method. ...

Iran averages about 1.5 gigabarrels per year (88 years of future production), which is a significant decline from the 6 gigabarrels per year it produced when the Shah of Iran was in power. The United States prohibits imports of oil from Iran, which limits its exposure to an Iranian oil cutoff, but does not reduce the likelihood that an interruption of Iranian oil would cause a spike in world oil prices. American pressure on Iran to renounce Iran's nuclear program makes the possibility of military confrontation quite high, and the political risks of Iranian oil far outweigh any geological ones. One of the worlds longest-lasting monarchies, the Iranian monarchy went through many transformations over the centuries, from the days of Persia to the creation of what is now modern day Iran. ... This article is about Irans civilian nuclear program. ...

Iraq

An oil power plant in Iraq, which has some of the world's largest oil reserves

Iraq has the third largest reserves of conventional oil in the world at 112 gigabarrels. Despite its vast oil reserves and low costs, production has not recovered since the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Constant looting, insurgent attacks, and sabotage in the oil fields has limited production to around 0.5 gigabarrels per year at best. Political risk is thus the main constraint on Iraqi oil production and likely to remain so in the near future. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority, by any irregular armed force that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government, or administration. ... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ...

United Arab Emirates and Kuwait

The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait are nearly tied for the fourth largest conventional oil reserves in the world at 98 and 97 gigabarrels, respectively. Both countries produce approximately 0.8 gigabarrels per year, leaving around 100 years of reserves in each. Abu Dhabi has 94 percent of the UAE's oil reserves while most of Kuwait's oil reserves are in the Burgan Field, the world's second largest oil field after Saudi Arabia's Ghawar. Kuwait hopes to step up oil production to reach capacity of 4 million bbl/d by 2020, but since Burgan was found in 1938 and is getting very mature, this will be a challenge. Furthermore, according to data leaked from the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Kuwait's remaining proven and non-proven oil reserves are only about half the official figure - 48 gigabarrels (60 years of future production). Abu Dhabi or Abu Zaby (Arabic language: أبوظبي) is the largest of the seven emirates that comprise the United Arab Emirates and was also the largest of the former Trucial States. ... The onshore Burgan Field in the desert of southeastern Kuwait is one of the worlds largest and richest oil fields. ... The Kuwait Oil Company is one of the biggest oil companies in the world. ...

Venezuela

According to the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Venezuela has 77.2 billion barrels of proven conventional oil reserves (80 years of future production), the largest of any country in the Western Hemisphere. In addition it has non-conventional oil deposits similar in size to Canada's - at 1,200 billion barrels approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. About 267 billion barrels of this may be producible at current prices using current technology. [5] Venezuela's Orinoco tar sands are less viscous than Canada's Athabasca oil sands – meaning they can be produced by more conventional means, but are buried deeper – meaning they cannot be extracted by surface mining. In an attempt to have these extra heavy oil reserves recognized by the international community, Venezuela has moved to add them to its conventional reserves to give nearly 350 billion barrels of total oil reserves. This would give it the largest oil reserves in the world, even ahead of Saudi Arabia. In October 2007 the Venezuelan government said its proven oil reserves have risen to 100 billion barrels. The energy and oil ministry said it has certified 12.4 billion additional barrels of proven reserves in the country's Faja del Orinoco region [6] The Orinoco Oil Sands, also known as the Orinoco Tar Sands, are deposits of oil sands located near the Orinoco River in Venezuela. ... The Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada. ...

Venezuela’s development of its non-conventional oil reserves is mainly limited by political unrest. In late 2002 and early 2003 a strike at the state oil company PDVSA resulted in a dramatic drop in Venezuelan oil production and the firing of most of the oil company’s workers. This has significantly limited its ability to develop and produce oil. [7] Estimates of Venezuelan oil production vary. Venezuela claims its oil production is over 3 million barrels per day, but oil industry analysts and the U.S. Energy Information Administration believe it to be much lower. In addition to other reporting irregularities, much of its production is extra-heavy oil, which may or may not be included with conventional oil in the various production estimates. The U.S. Energy Information Agency estimated Venezuela's oil production in December 2006 was only 2.5 million barrels per day (approx 0.9 gigabarrels annually), a 24% decline from its peak of 3.3 million in 1997.[8] Notwithstanding that, Venezuela continues to be the second or third largest supplier of oil to the United States, sending about 1.5 million barrels per day to the U.S. Venezuela is also a major oil refiner and the owner of the Citgo gasoline chain. Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA) is the Venezuelan nationally owned petroleum company. ... Citgo Petroleum Corporation or Citgo, a subsidiary of Petróleos de Venezuela S.A., the Venezuelan state-owned petroleum company, is a United States-incorporated firm refiner and marketer of gasoline, lubricants, petrochemicals and other petroleum products. ...

United States

United States oil reserves peaked sharply in 1970 after the supergiant Prudhoe Bay field was found in Alaska.

United States oil production also peaked in 1970. By 2005 imports were twice production.

United States proven oil reserves declined to a little more than 21 gigabarrels by the end of 2004 according to the Energy Information Administration, a 46% decline from the 39 gigabarrels it had in 1970 when the huge Alaska North Slope ('ANS') reserves were booked. Since there have been millions of oil wells drilled in the US and there is nowhere left for an elephant the size of ANS to remain hidden, it appears that US oil reserves are on a permanent downward slide. As oil fields get closer to the end of production, estimates of what is left become more accurate. Consequently, US oil reserve numbers are very accurate compared to those of other countries. Image File history File links US_Proven_Oil_Reserves_1900_to_2005. ... Image File history File links US_Proven_Oil_Reserves_1900_to_2005. ... Prudhoe Bay is a census-designated place located in North Slope Borough, Alaska. ... Image File history File links US_Oil_Production_and_Imports_1920_to_2005. ... Image File history File links US_Oil_Production_and_Imports_1920_to_2005. ... The Energy Information Administration (EIA), as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, collects and disseminates data on energy reserves, production, consumption, distribution, prices, technology, and related international, economic, and financial matters. ... ...

United States crude oil production peaked in late 1970 at over 4 gigabarrels per year, but declined to 1.8 gigabarrels per year by early 2006 (only 11 years of future production). In fact, production in the fall of 2005 fell to only 1.5 gigabarrels per year as a result of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico — a level not seen since shortly after World War II. At the same time, US consumption of petroleum products increased to over 7.3 gigabarrels per year. The difference ( 5.5 gigabarrels ) was mostly made up by imports, with the largest supplier being Canada, which increased its exports of crude oil and refined products to the US to 0.8 gigabarrels per year at the end of 2005. Imports of oil and products now account for nearly half of the US trade deficit. In early 2007, the Energy Information Agency (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy projected that in 2007 oil consumption would rise to 20.9 million barrels per day, while oil production would fall to 5.1 million barrels per day, meaning that oil consumption would be nearly four times as high as oil production.^[12] Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... A petrochemical refinery in Grangemouth, Scotland. ...

The United States has the largest known concentration of oil shale in the world, according to the Bureau of Land Management and holds an estimated 800 gigabarrels of recoverable oil, enough to meet U.S. demand for oil at current levels for 110 years. Unfortunately, oil shale is much more difficult and expensive to extract and refine than conventional oil and oil sands. Oil shale must be produced by mining rather than drilling, and the shale contains a waxy oil precursor known as kerogen rather than liquid petroleum. Despite that, oil shale could be developed given high enough oil prices, and the technology for converting oil shale to oil has been known since the Middle Ages, although the scale of the mining and processing operations would be vastly greater than anything done in history. Oil shale Oil shale is a general term applied to a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing significant traces of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) that have not been buried for sufficient time to produce conventional fossil fuels. ... US BLM logo The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior which administers Americas public lands, totaling approximately 261 million surface acres (1,056,229. ... Kerogens are chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in sedimentary rocks. ...

Oil rigs near Huntington Beach, California, USA

The main constraint on oil shale development is probably going to be that Canadian and Venezuelan oil sands are only about half as expensive to produce, and the US has full access to Canadian oil sands production under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In addition, there are environmental concerns about oil shale development. The oil shale areas are semi-arid, in which mine scars last for centuries, and are at the headwaters of several important rivers, notably the Powder River in a region in which water rights are very important. These rivers are the source of irrigation water for vast areas of farmland and are the source of drinking water for many major cities. As a result, the oil shales are probably not going to be developed until global oil shortages become very severe. Image File history File links Lightmatter_oilrigs. ... Image File history File links Lightmatter_oilrigs. ... Natural gas drilling rig A drilling rig or oil rig is a structure housing equipment used to drill for and extract oil or natural gas from underground reservoirs. ... Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in southern California. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... NAFTA redirects here. ... Semi-arid generally describes regions that receive low annual rainfall (25 to 50 cm /10 to 20 in) and generally have scrub or grass vegetation. ... Powder River The Powder River is a a tributary of the Yellowstone River, approximately 375 mi (603 km) long in the southeastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming in the United States. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

In December, 2006, the Bureau of Land Management of the US Department of the Interior issued research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) leases for five oil shale projects in Colorado's Piceance basin. US BLM logo The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior which administers Americas public lands, totaling approximately 261 million surface acres (1,056,229. ... Oil shale Oil shale is a general term applied to a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing significant traces of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) that have not been buried for sufficient time to produce conventional fossil fuels. ...

Mexico

An offshore oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico is estimated to have about 14 gigabarrels of oil reserves

While the government of Mexico claims it has over 100 gigabarrels of oil, as of January, 2006, the prestigious Oil and Gas Journal estimated its proven reserves at only 12.9 gigabarrels. The reason for the discrepancy is that, while the oil may exist in theory, in practice, politics prevents it from being developed. The constitution of Mexico gives the state oil company, PEMEX, a monopoly over oil production, and the Mexican government treats Pemex as a major source of revenue, taking 60% of its revenues in taxes, according to Business Week on 13 December 2004. As a result, Pemex has insufficient capital to develop the resources on its own, and cannot take on foreign partners to supply money and technology it lacks. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 2049 KB) Photographer: Chad Teer from Coquitlam, Canada Title: Offshore Description: Offshore platform located in the Gulf of Mexico, port location Cd. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 2049 KB) Photographer: Chad Teer from Coquitlam, Canada Title: Offshore Description: Offshore platform located in the Gulf of Mexico, port location Cd. ... The Hibernia platform is the worlds largest oil platform. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... This article is about the current Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. ... A Pemex gas station in Puerto Vallarta Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) is Mexicos state-owned, nationalized petroleum company. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Since 1979, Mexico has produced most of its oil from the supergiant Cantarell Field, which is the second-biggest field in the world by production. In 1997, PEMEX started a massive nitrogen injection project to maintain oil flow, which now consumes half the nitrogen produced in the world. Unfortunately, non-miscible injection schemes such as nitrogen injection simply increase production rates rather than increasing the amount of oil that can be recovered, and result in the same amount of oil being produced over a shorter period of time. As a result of nitrogen injection, production at Cantarell rose from 1.1 million barrels/day in 1996 to a peak of 2.1 million barrels per day in 2004. However, during 2006 Cantarell's output fell 25% from 2.0 million barrels/day in January to 1.5 million barrels/day in December, and the decline continued at a higher than expected rate in 2007. Cantarell Field or Cantarell Complex is the largest oil field in Mexico and one of the largest in the world. ... Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a generic term for techniques for increasing the amount of oil that can be extracted from an oil field. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...

As for its other fields, 40% of Mexico's remaining reserves are in the Chicontepec Field, which was found in 1926, but which has remained undeveloped because the oil is trapped in impermeable rock. The remainder of Mexico's fields are much smaller, much more expensive to develop, and contain heavy oil that trade at a significant discount to light-oil which is cheaper to refine. As a result of concentrating on its one good oil field and ignoring everything else, Mexico's proven reserves have fallen every year for more than a decade, and it has less than 10 years worth of oil reserves at current production levels. As a result of the decline in the Cantarell field, during 2006 Mexico's total petroleum production dropped 12% from 3.4 million barrels/day in January to 3.0 million barrels/day in December. The Chicontepec Basin is a petroleum system in Mexico located north-east of Mexico City, covering an area of around 3,800 km² in the states of Veracruz, Puebla and Hidalgo. ... Heavy crude oil is the type of crude oil which is characterised by the presence of high amount of wax in it, as compared to light crude oil which contains a lesser amount of wax. ...

In 2002 PEMEX began developing an oil field called "Proyecto Ku-Maloob-Zaap", located 105 kilometers from Ciudad del Carmen. It is estimated that by 2011 the field will produce nearly 800,000 barrels/day [9]. However, this level of production will be achieved by using a nitrogen injection scheme similar to that of Cantarell, and production at Ku-Maloob-Zaap is expected to decline after 2011. It is a new Oil field discover by PEMEX on 2002, it is located 105 kilometers of Ciudad del Carmen, they plan to drill 82 fields and install 17 Platforms, they would also build an Oil Pipeline of 166 kilometers to transport the Production. ... Puente El Zacatal, the bridge connecting Ciudad del Carmen to the mainland. ...

In June, 2007 former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan warned that declining oil production in Mexico could cause a major fiscal crisis there, and that Mexico needed to increase investment in its energy sector to prevent it. [10]

Arctic reserves

See also: Oil exploration

Arctic basins tend to be richer in natural gas than in oil. The abundance of gas in the Arctic so far from main markets will require moving gas long distances. Problems of ensuring that oil and gas keep flowing freely in arctic subsea pipelines are virtually identical to those experienced at a depth of 8,000 feet in the Gulf of Mexico, where temperatures are at or close to the freezing point (at that pressure) along the seafloor where hydrates can form. Technology for moving oil from the seafloor to the shore is similar to that employed in Norway, and may someday have application in Alaska. Oil exploration is the search by petroleum geologists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earths surface. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... In physics and chemistry, freezing is the process whereby a liquid turns to a solid. ... The seabed (also sea floor, seafloor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...

Some large oil companies believe Arctic waters, including those of northern Alaska, hold great potential as an oil and natural gas frontier. Most of these basins are unexplored and undeveloped. The social, environmental, and economic aspects of development will be challenging. The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ... Official language(s) None[1] Spoken language(s) English 85. ... This article is about the fossil fuel. ... Social refers to human society or its organization. ... An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. ... Economics (deriving from the Greek words οίκω [okos], house, and νέμω [nemo], rules hence household management) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. ...

Extensive drilling in the Canadian Arctic by such companies as Petro Canada and Dome Petroleum discovered significant oil reserves, but not enough to justify an oil pipeline to southern Canada or the United States. All the oil wells which were drilled have since been abandoned. Currently, the Arctic ice pack makes the shipping season too short to justify shipping oil out by tanker, but it is possible future global warming could melt the Arctic ice pack and make tanker shipment feasible. In 2007 the Canadian Navy announced its intention to build eight new Arctic patrol vessels to assert sovereignty over its Arctic waters in anticipation of such an eventuality. Petro-Canada (TSX: PCA, NYSE: PCZ) is a Canadian oil and gas firm. ... Dome is a Calgary-based petroleum producer and one of few Canadian owned companies in the Alberta oilfields. ...

Middle Eastern reserves

There are varying estimates of how much oil is left in Middle Eastern reserves. Several oil companies and the U.S. Department of Energy state that the Middle East has two-thirds of all the world's oil reserves. Other oil experts, however, argue that the Middle East has two-thirds of only all proven oil reserves, and that the percentage of all oil reserves it has could be much lower than two-thirds [11]. The U.S. Geological Survey says that the Middle East has only between half and a third of the recoverable oil reserves in the world. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ...

Suspicious official estimates of oil reserves from OPEC countries

The OPEC countries decided in 1985 to link their production quotas to their reserves. What then seemed wise provoked important increases of the estimates; in order to increase their production rights. This also permits the ability to obtain bigger loans at lower interest rates. This is a suspected reason for the reserves rise of Iraq in 1983, then at war with Iran. Not to be confused with APEC. OPEC Logo The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international cartel[1][2] made up of Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. ...

In fact, Dr. Ali Samsam Bakhtiari, a former senior executive of the National Iranian Oil Company, has stated unequivocally that OPEC's oil reserves (notably Iran's) are grossly overstated. In a recent interview [12] he stated that world oil production is now at its peak and predicted that it will fall 32% by 2020. Bakhtiari is a senior expert at National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). ... The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. ...

The world's total declared reserves are 1317.4 billion barrels (jan 2007). The years 2004 and 2007 were added later. Some figures from the year 2007 are missing because these are from a listing in the Oil and Gas Journal from dec. 2006, which listed only the top ten suppliers. Abu Dhabi or Abu Zaby (Arabic language: أبوظبي) is the largest of the seven emirates that comprise the United Arab Emirates and was also the largest of the former Trucial States. ... Coordinates: , Emirate Government  - Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1]  - Metro 4,114 km² (1,588. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

oil reserves of OPEC 1980-2005.

The table suggests that, firstly, the OPEC countries declare that the discovery of new fields, year after year, replaces exactly or near exactly the quantities produced, because the declared reserves do not vary a lot from one year to the other. For example, Saudi Arabia extracted 9.55 million barrels per day in 2005, i.e. 3.4 billion barrels a year. Yet, their stated reserves do not decline, implying that they discover previously unknown reserves of exactly this amount, year after year. Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates, declares exactly 92.3 billion barrels since 1988, but in 16 years, 14 billion barrels were extracted. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (940x630, 42 KB) Data [1] user [2] Date: 26. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (940x630, 42 KB) Data [1] user [2] Date: 26. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

Also, there is much competition between states. For example, Kuwait gave to themselves 90 billion barrels of reserves in 1985, the year of the reserves link. Abu Dhabi and Iran responded with slightly higher numbers, to guarantee similar production quotas. Iraq replied with around 100. Apparently, with all this amount of inflation, Saudi Arabia was forced to reply, two years later, with its own revision.

Other examples suggest the inaccuracy of official reserve estimates:

• January 2006, the magazine Petroleum Intelligence Weekly declared that reserves of Kuwait were in fact only 48 billion barrels, of which only 24 billion were "completely proven", backing this statement on "leaks" of official confidential Kuwaiti documents. The value is half of the official estimate.[13]

• Shell company announced 9 January 2004 that 20% of its reserves had to pass from proven to possible (uncertain). This announcement led to a loss in the value of the stock; a lawsuit challenged that the value of the company was fraudulently overvalued. Shell later revised its reserves estimates three times, reducing them by 10,133 million barrels (against 14,500 million). Shell's president, Phil Watts, resigned.
• As can be seen on the table the reserves declared by Kuwait before and after the Gulf War 1990-1991 are the same, 94 billion barrels, despite the fact that immense oil-well fires ignited by the Iraqi forces had burned off approximately 6 billion barrels.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1970, Algeria increased its "proven reserves" estimate (until then 7-8 billion barrels) to 30 billion. Two years later, the estimate was increased to 45 billion. After 1974, the country's estimate was less than 10 billion barrels (as reported by Jean Laherrère).
• Pemex (state company of Mexico) in September 2002 decreased its reserve estimate by 53%, from 26.8 to 12.6 billion barrels. Later the estimate was increased to 15.7 billion.
• Other examples exist of reserves being underestimated. In 1993, the reserves of Equatorial Guinea were limited to some insignificant fields; the Oil And Gas Journal estimated them at 12 million barrels. Two giant fields and several smaller ones were discovered, but the numbers announced stayed unchanged until 2003. In 2002, the country still had 12 million barrels of reserves according to the journal, while it was producing 85 million barrels in the same year. The reserves of Angola were at 5.421 billion barrels, (four significant numbers, it gives the impression of great precision) from 1994 to 2003, despite the discovery of 38 new fields of more than 100 million barrels each.

Note however that the definition of proven reserves varies from country to country. In the USA, the conservative rule is to classify as proven only the reserves that are being produced. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia classifies as proven reserves known fields not yet in production. Venezuela includes non-conventional oil (bitumens) of the Orinoco in its reserve base. Royal Dutch Shell plc is a multinational oil company of British and Dutch origins. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Kuwaiti oil wells on fire. ... A Pemex gas station in Puerto Vallarta Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) is Mexicos state-owned, nationalized petroleum company. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ...

2020 Vision

The US EIA (Energy Information Administration) reduced their forecast for Saudi oil production to 15.4 mb/day in 2020 and Middle East OPEC countries increasing to 35.2 mb/day by 2020 from 20.7 mb/day in 2002 [Internation Energy Outlook 2005 table E1 [14]. These estimates were further reduced in the 2006 Annual Energy Outlook, in which Middle East OPEC production was projected to be 29.4/27.0/18.5 mb/day in 2020 assuming $34/$51/$85 oil prices respectively [15]. The Energy Information Administration (EIA), as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, collects and disseminates data on energy reserves, production, consumption, distribution, prices, technology, and related international, economic, and financial matters. ...

Strategic oil reserves

An oil well near Lubbock, Texas

Many countries maintain government-controlled oil reserves for both economic and national security reasons. Although there are global strategic petroleum reserves, the following highlights the strategic reserves of the top three oil consumers. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... “Lubbock” redirects here. ... Strategic petroleum reserves (SPR) refer to crude oil reserves held by the government of a particular country for the purpose of providing economic and national security during an energy crisis. ...

The United States maintains a Strategic Petroleum Reserve at four sites in the Gulf of Mexico, with a total capacity of 0.727 gigabarrels of crude oil. The sites are enormous salt caverns that have been converted to store crude oil. The US SPR has never been filled to capacity; the largest amount reached thus far was 0.7 gigabarrels on August 17, 2005, whereafter reserves were drawn down to meet demand in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. This reserve was created in 1975 following the 1973-1974 oil embargo, and as of 2005 it is the largest emergency petroleum supply in the world. At current US consumption rates (over 7 gigabarrels per year), the SPR would supply all normal US demand for approximately 37 days. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency petroleum store maintained by the United States Department of Energy. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ...

In 2004 China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) began development on a 101.9 million barrel strategic reserve.^[13] This strategic reserve plan calls for the construction of four storage facilities. An updated strategic reserve plan was announced in March 2007 for the construction of a second strategic reserve with an additional 209.44 million barrels.^[14] Separately, Kong Linglong, director of the National Development and Reform Commission's Foreign Investment Department, said that the Chinese government would soon move to establish a government fund aimed at helping its state oil groups purchase offshore energy assets. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Strategic petroleum reserves (SPR) refer to crude oil reserves held by the government of a particular country for the purpose of providing economic and national security during an energy crisis. ... March 2007 is the third month of the year. ...

As of 2003 Japan has a SPR composed of the following three types of stockpiles; state controlled reserves of petroleum composed of 320 million barrels, privately held reserves of petroleum held "in accordance with the Petroleum Stockpiling Law" of 129 million barrels, privately held reserves of petroleum products for another 130 million barrels.^[15] The state stockpile equals about 92 days of consumption and the privately held stockpiles equal another 77 days of consumption for a total of 169 days or 579 million barrels.^[16][17] These reserves are particularly important for Japan since they have practically no domestic petroleum production and import 99.7% of their oil. Strategic petroleum reserves (SPR) refer to crude oil reserves held by the government of a particular country for the purpose of providing economic and national security during an energy crisis. ...

OPEC countries

OPEC countries

Many countries with extensive oil reserves are members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. The members of the OPEC cartel hold about two-thirds of the world's oil reserves, allowing them to significantly influence the international price of crude oil. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4500x2234, 205 KB) Summary Shows w:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries countries. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4500x2234, 205 KB) Summary Shows w:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries countries. ... Logo The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is made up of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela; since 1965 its international headquarters have been in Vienna, Austria. ... For the American pop-punk band, see Cartel (band). ...

See also

Energy Portal

• Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas
• Energy security
• Global strategic petroleum reserves
• Non-conventional oil
• Oil exploration
• Peak Oil
• Strategic Petroleum Reserve
• World energy resources and consumption

Image File history File links Portal. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Energy security, or security of supply, is a key component of energy policy in many countries. ... Strategic petroleum reserves (SPR) refer to crude oil reserves held by the government of a particular country for the purpose of providing economic and national security during an energy crisis. ... Non-conventional oil is oil extracted using techniques other than the traditional oil well method. ... Oil exploration is the search by petroleum geologists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earths surface. ... For other uses, see Peak oil (disambiguation). ... The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency petroleum store maintained by the United States Department of Energy. ... World power usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005. ...

References

• Adams Neal, Terrorism & Oil (2002, pg.66), ISBN 0-87814-863-9
• Various, The Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union: Reserves, Extraction, Transportation (1998, pg. 24-59), ISBN 90-5699-062-4
• Robert J Art, Grand Strategy for America (2003, pg.62), ISBN 0-8014-4139-0
• Paul Roberts, "The End of Oil", (2004 p47-p52), Bloomsbury, pbk, ISBN 0-7475-7081-7

External links

• OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin
• U.S. Department of Energy International Energy Outlook July 2005
• U.S. Department of Energy Annual Energy Outlook 2006
• Energy Supply page on the Global Education Project web site Many charts and graphs on the world's energy supply and use.
• - Proyecto Ku-Maloob-Zaap, en la Sonda de Campeche
• TrendLines' current Peak Oil Depletion Scenarios Graph A monthly compilation update of 17 recognized estimates of URR, Peak Year & Peak Rate
• U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy information on managed reserves
• Discusses Peak Oil implications
• Peak Oil and Permaculture - An interview with David Holmgren
• How Much Oil Does Iraq Have?, by Gal Luft, Co-Director, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS), 12 May 2003
• New study raises doubts about Saudi oil reserves, by the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 31 March 2004
• Oil And The Future, by Richard Reese, 1997
• Kuwait oil reserves only half official estimate-PIW, Reuters, 20 January 2006
• Will The Proved Reserve Scandal Open The Door To Genuine Data Reform?, Reserve Reporting Conference, Matthew R. Simmons, 14 April 2004
• Reserves and Fishing - World Energy Magazine Vol. 7 No. 2
• Whose Reserves Estimates Can I Trust? - World Energy Magazine Vol. 7 No. 1

David Holmgren (born 1955) is an ecologist, ecological design engineer and writer. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

1. ^ EIA (2007). International Energy Outlook 2007. Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
2. ^ ^{a b c} EIA (2007). Country Analysis Brief: Canada. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
3. ^ USask (2006). "Canadian frontier petroleum" (DOC). University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
4. ^ ^{a b c} AEUB (2007). "ST98: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2006 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2007-2016" (PDF). Alberta Energy and Utilities Board. Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
5. ^ CERA (2007-02-06). Industry Consensus: Repair Outdated Reserves Reporting by Moving to SPE Standards. Modernizing Oil and Gas Reserves Disclosures. Cambridge Energy Research Associates. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
6. ^ 2006 Petro-Canada Annual Report. Legal Notice. Petro-Canada (2007-04-24). Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
7. ^ Cross, Philip; Geoff Bowlby (September 2006). The Alberta economic juggernaut (PDF). Canadian Economic Observer. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
8. ^ NEB (July 2007). Capacity constraints coming. 2007 Canadian Hydrocarbon Transportation System Assessment. National Energy Board of Canada. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
9. ^ Mortished, Carl. "Shell rakes in profits from Canadian oil sands unit", Times Online, The Times, 2007-07-27. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. 
10. ^ Dutta, Ashok. "Shell details $27B oilsands refinery", Calgary Herald, 2007-07-31. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. 
11. ^ Clavet, Frederic (February 2007). Canada's Oil Extraction Industry: Industrial Outlook, Winter 2007. The Conference Board of Canada. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
12. ^ Energy Information Agency, (EIA) (June 12, 2007). Short-Term Energy Outlook. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on 2007-06-20.
13. ^ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-06/10/content_450449.htm
14. ^ "China to fill its 3rd strategic oil reserve", Times of India, 2007-03-08. 
15. ^ http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/energy/japan/oilinfo.html
16. ^ "Energy Security in East Asia", Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 2004-08-13. 
17. ^ "Energy Security Initiative", Asia Pacific Energy Research Center, 2002-01-01.