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The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between the Mohawk nation and the town of Oka, Quebec which began on July 11, 1990, and lasted until September 26, 1990. It resulted in three deaths, and would be the first of a number of well-publicized violent conflicts between Indigenous people and the Canadian government in the late 20th century. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
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Badge of Le Royal 22e Régiment The Royal 22e Régiment is an infantry regiment and the most famous francophone organization of the Canadian Forces. ...
Lilium University of Saskatchewan - The University of Saskatchewan Centennial Lily by plant breeder Donna Hay. ...
This article is about the people known as Mohawk. For other uses, see Mohawk. ...
Situation with respect to Montreal, to the East Oka, Quebec is a village on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, northwest of Laval on Quebec route 344. ...
is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ...
First Nations is a Canadian term of ethnicity which refers to the aboriginal peoples located in what is now Canada, and their descendants who are neither Inuit nor Métis. ...
Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth Realm (see Monarchy in Canada) with a federal system of parliamentary government, and strong democratic traditions. ...
Historical background The crisis developed from a dispute between the town of Oka and the Mohawk community of Kanesatake. The Mohawk nation had been pursuing a land claim which included a burial ground and a sacred grove of pine trees near Kanesatake. This brought them into conflict with the town of Oka, which was developing plans to expand a golf course onto the land. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
This article is about the people known as Mohawk. For other uses, see Mohawk. ...
Kanesatake is a Mohawk community on the shore of Lac des Deux-Montagnes in southwestern Quebec, Canada, near Montreal. ...
Aboriginal land claims are claims of Native or Aboriginal peoples (also referred to as Indigenous peoples) about their ownership of land before the arrival of settlers, primarily Europeans. ...
This article is about the sport of golf. ...
In 1717, the governor of New France granted the lands encompassing the cemetery and the pines to a Catholic seminary permission to hold the land in trust for the Mohawk nation. The Church expanded this agreement to grant themselves sole ownership of the land, and proceeded to sell off the land and timber. In 1868, one year after Confederation, the chief of the Oka Mohawk people, Joseph Onasakenrat, wrote a letter to the Church condemning them for illegally holding their land and demanding its return. The petition was ignored. In 1869, Onasakenrat returned with a small armed force of Mohawks and gave the missionaries eight days to return the land. The missionaries called in the police, who imprisoned the Mohawks. In 1936, the seminary sold the remaining territory and vacated the area. These sales were also protested vociferously by the Mohawks, but the protests produced no results.[1] // Events January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign Triple Alliance February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region. ...
Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France - Royal Control 1655 - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759 - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760 - Treaty...
Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
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Joseph Onasakenrat (September 4, 1845 - February 8, 1881) was a Mohawk chief of Kanesatake. ...
1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
In 1961, a nine-hole golf course, le Club de golf d'Oka, was built on land, The Mohawk launched a legal protest against construction. By the time the case was heard, much of the land had already been cleared and construction had begun on a parking lot and golf greens adjacent to the Mohawk cemetery. Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In 1977, the band filed an official land claim with the federal Office of Native Claims regarding the land. The claim was accepted for filing, and funds were provided for additional research of the claim. Nine years later, the claim was finally rejected for failing to meet key criteria.[2] Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ...
Immediate causes The mayor of Oka, Jean Ouellette, announced in 1989 that the remainder of the pines would be cleared to expand the members-only golf club's course to eighteen holes. Sixty luxury condominiums were also planned to be built in a section of the pines. However, none of these plans were made in consultation with the Mohawks. Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ...
This article refers to a form of housing. ...
As a protest against a court decision which allowed the golf course construction to proceed, some members of the Mohawk community erected a barricade blocking access to the area in question. Mayor Ouellette demanded compliance with the court order, but the protestors refused. Quebec's Minister for Native Affairs John Ciaccia wrote a letter of support for the natives, stating that "these people have seen their lands disappear without having been consulted or compensated, and that, in my opinion, is unfair and unjust, especially over a golf course."[citation needed]
Crisis
 Mohawk warrior stands atop an overturned Sûreté du Québec car as part of the barricade On July 11, the mayor asked the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) to intervene, citing Mohawk criminal activity around the barricade. The Mohawk people, in accordance with the Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy, asked the women, the caretakers of the land and "progenitors of the nation", whether or not the arsenal they had amassed should remain. The women decreed that the weapons should be used only if the Sûreté du Québec opened fire first. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ...
Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ...
The Sûreté du Québec or SQ. (French for Surety of Quebec, but usually transliterated as Quebec Provincial Police) is the provincial police force of Quebec. ...
A police SWAT team swiftly attacked the barricade deploying tear gas canisters and flash bang grenades in an attempt to create confusion in the Mohawk ranks. It is unclear whether the police or Mohawks opened fire with gunshots first, but after a fifteen-minute bullet exchange, the police fell back, abandoning six cruisers and a bulldozer. The police's own tear gas blew back at them. During the gun battle, 31-year-old Corporal Marcel Lemay of the SQ was shot in the mouth and died a short while later. This article is about Special Weapons and Tactics. ...
A riot control agent is a type of lachrymatory agent (or lacrimatory agent). ...
 Native Indians from the Seton Lake Indian Band blockade the BC Rail line in support of Oka, while an RCMP officer looks on. The situation escalated as the local Mohawks were joined by natives from across Canada and the United States. The natives refused to dismantle their barricade and the Sûreté du Québec established their own blockades to restrict access to Oka and Kanesatake. Other Mohawks at Kahnawake, in solidarity with the Kanesatake Mohawks, blockaded the Mercier Bridge between the Island of Montreal and the South Shore suburbs at the point where it passed through their territory. At the peak of the crisis, the Mercier Bridge and Routes 132, 138 and 207 were all blocked. Enormous traffic jams and frayed tempers resulted as the crisis dragged on. This led a group of Châteauguay residents to start building, without authorization, an unplanned 4-lane highway around the Kahnawake reserve. After the crisis, the Quebec government finished the highway, and it is now part of Autoroute 30. Download high resolution version (1040x1475, 166 KB)Native Indians from the Seton Lake Indian Band blockade the BC Rail line in support of Oka, while an RCMP officer looks on. ...
Download high resolution version (1040x1475, 166 KB)Native Indians from the Seton Lake Indian Band blockade the BC Rail line in support of Oka, while an RCMP officer looks on. ...
The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (formerly called Caughnawaga) is an Indian reserve on the south shore of the St. ...
The Honoré Mercier Bridge in Quebec connects the Montreal borough of LaSalle on the Island of Montreal with the Mohawk reserve of Kahnawake on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River. ...
The Island of Montreal (in French, île de Montréal), in extreme southwestern Quebec, Canada, is located at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. ...
Quebecs Route 132 is the longest highway in Quebec. ...
Quebec Route 138 is one of the oldest highways in Canada. ...
Route 207 is a provincial highway located in the Montérégie region of Quebec. ...
Traffic jams are common in heavily populated areas. ...
Autoroute 30 (or A-30, also known in French as Autoroute de lAcier (Steel Expressway)) is an incomplete superhighway in Quebec, Canada. ...
The Canadian federal government agreed to spend $5.3 million to purchase the section of the pines where the expansion was to take place, to prevent any further development. This exchange left the Mohawks outraged as the problems that led to the situation had not been addressed - ownership of the land had simply moved from one level of government to another. Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth Realm (see Monarchy in Canada) with a federal system of parliamentary government, and strong democratic traditions. ...
Racial hatred occasionally broke through the surface of the crisis as traffic frustration at the blockades grew into anger. The flames were fanned by radio host Gilles Proulx who repeatedly reminded his listeners that the Mohawks "couldn't even speak French" and the federal Member of Parliament for Chateauguay said that all the natives in Quebec should be shipped off to Labrador "if they wanted their own country so much".[citation needed] A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ...
Chateauguay is a ville (city) in southwestern Quebec south of Montreal on Lac St-Louis (part of the St. ...
Labrador (also Coast of Labrador) is a region of Atlantic Canada. ...
 Mohawk warrior Ronald "Lasagne" Cross confronts 'Van Doo' perimeter sentry while surrounded by media When it was apparent that the Sûreté du Québec had lost control of the situation, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) were brought in but were soon overwhelmed by the Mohawks and mobs created by the blocked traffic. Ten constables were hospitalized and on 14 August Quebec premier Robert Bourassa requisitioned the assistance of the Canadian Forces in "aid to the civil power" by invoking the Emergencies Act. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ...
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The Royal 22e Régiment is an infantry regiment and the most famous francophone organization of the Canadian Forces. ...
RCMP redirects here. ...
is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated to Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ...
A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985–1994). ...
The Canadian Forces (CF) (French: Forces canadiennes (FC)) are the unified armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Act, which states: The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces. ...
Military aid to the civil power (MACP) is assistance by the armed forces to the police in maintaining law and order. ...
The Emergencies Act is an Act of the Government of Canada to authorize the taking of special temporary measures to ensure safety and security during national emergencies and to amend other Acts in consequence thereof the Parliament of Canada. ...
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney was reluctant, but had no choice as it was Bourassa's right under the Act to employ the military when required to maintain law and order, the same as Bourassa had done two decades earlier with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the October Crisis in 1970. The Chief of the Defence Staff, General John de Chastelain accordingly placed Quebec-based troops in support of the provincial authorities. Some 2,500 regular and reserve troops from the 34th and 35th Canadian Brigade Groups and the 5th Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group were put on notice and, on the morning of 20 August, 33 troops of the Quebec-based Royal 22e Regiment, the 'Van Doos', led by Major Alain Tremblay took three barricades and arrived at the final blockade leading to the disputed area. The Sûreté du Québec had established a no man's land of one and a half kilometres between themselves and the barricade at the Pines, but the army pushed this to within five metres. Additional troops and mechanized equipment mobilized at staging areas around Montreal while CF-116 Freedom Fighter reconnaissance aircraft staged air photo missions over Mohawk territory to gather intelligence. Despite high tensions between military and native forces, no shots were exchanged. Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ...
“Trudeau†redirects here. ...
This article is about the terrorist kidnappings in Quebec. ...
John de Chastelain General Alfred John Gardyne Drummond de Chastelain, OC, CMM, CD, CH, LL.D., BA (born July 30, 1937) is a retired Canadian soldier and diplomat. ...
In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ...
is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Royal 22e Régiment is an infantry regiment and the most famous francophone organization of the Canadian Forces. ...
The Royal 22e Régiment is an infantry regiment and the most famous francophone organization of the Canadian Forces. ...
Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ...
29th Infantry Battalion, 2nd Division, Canadian Corps. ...
The CF-116 Freedom Fighter was an aircraft flown by the Canadian Forces based on the American F-5 Freedom Fighter. ...
Resolution On August 29, at the Mercier Bridge blockade, the Mohawks negotiated an end to their protest with Lieutenant Colonel Robin Gagnon, 'Van Doo' commander responsible for monitoring the blockades along the south shore of the St. Lawrence River west of Montreal. This resulted in the siege of the Kahnawake reserve being resolved. The Mohawks at Oka felt betrayed at the loss of their most effective bargaining chip, for once traffic was flowing again on the Mercier Bridge, the Quebec government rejected all further negotiations. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Royal 22e Régiment is an infantry regiment and the most famous francophone organization of the Canadian Forces. ...
On September 25, the final engagement of the crisis took place when a Mohawk warrior walked around the perimeter with a long stick, setting off the flares the army had set up to warn them of any escapes from the area. The army turned a hose on the man, but the hose lacked enough pressure to disperse a crowd. The Mohawks taunted the soldiers and then started throwing water balloons at them. is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
By September 26, the Mohawks dismantled their guns and threw them in a fire, ceremonially burned tobacco and then walked out of the pines and back to the reservation. Many were detained by the Canadian Forces and arrested by the SQ. is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Oka Crisis lasted seventy-eight days and resulted in the death of SQ Corporal Marcel Lemay. Two other deaths have also been indirectly attributed to the crisis: Joe Armstrong, a seventy-one-year-old World War II veteran who had died of a stress-induced heart attack after a confrontation with a group of non-native protestors; and an elderly non-native man who died after being exposed to tear gas on July 11.[citation needed] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The golf-course expansion, which had originally triggered the situation, was cancelled. The Oka Crisis eventually precipitated the development of Canada's First Nations Policing Policy. Aboriginal Police in Canada are police forces responsible for public order on First Nations across Canada. ...
Repercussions Mayor of Oka, Jean Ouellette was reelected in a landslide victory in 1991 and said of the crisis, "If I had to do it all again, I would," citing his responsibilities as mayor.[citation needed] Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
A few years after the crisis, the Mohawks of Kahnawake established the Kahnawake Gaming Commission and started issuing "licences" to gambling operators who host their Internet gaming websites on their reserve. Both the Canadian and Quebec governments dispute the legality of this operation, but have not risked taking further action. The websites hosted by the Kahnawake Gaming Commission are the only gambling sites that have operated in North America without legal action being taken against them. The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (formerly called Caughnawaga) is an Indian reserve on the south shore of the St. ...
The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (Kahnawá:ke) is an Indian reserve on the south shore of the St. ...
Online gambling is a general term for gambling using the Internet. ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
Legacy Canadian filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin has made several documentaries about the Oka Crisis, including Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance (1993) and Rocks at Whiskey Trench (2000). In 1994, Christine Welsh directed a film, Keepers of the Fire, which documented the role of Mohawk women during the crisis. Another documentary by Alex MacLeod, called Acts of Defiance, also came out in 1993. All of these documentaries were produced by Canada's National Film Board. Alanis Obomsawin (born August 31, 1932) is a Canadian filmmaker of Abenaki descent. ...
Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...
Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...
Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...
Toronto offices for the National Film Board of Canada The National Film Board of Canada (or NFB) is a Canadian public film-making organization organized to both fund and produce films that educate Canadians and promote Canada around the world. ...
Micheal Baxendale and Craig MacLaine have written a book on the crisis, This Land Is Our Land: The Mohawk Revolt at Oka. Geoffrey York and Loreen Pindera's People of the Pines: The people and the Legacy of Oka (1991) is considered the definitive text on the subject. Gerald R. Alfred, a Kahnawake Mohawk who was part of the band council during the crisis, and who later went on to become a professor of Political Science, wrote Heeding the Voices of our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism (1995), based on his dissertation. Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ...
Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...
John Ciaccia, the Minister of Native Affairs for Quebec at the time, wrote a book about the events that took place before, during and after in his book entitled The Oka Crisis, A Mirror of the Soul in (2000) Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...
Robin Philpot has also written a book about the way the crisis was used as a political tool for English Canada, following the failed Meech Lake Accord: Oka: dernier alibi du Canada anglais (1991) Robin Philpot is a Quebec journalist and electoral candidate for the Parti Québécois. ...
The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial premiers, including Robert Bourassa, premier of Quebec. ...
Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
Canadian punk band Propagandhi recorded a song about the Oka Crisis for their 1998 release Where Quantity Is Job #1. The song was entitled "I Would Very Much Like to See What Happened in Oka in 1990 Happen Everywhere", and, as the title would indicate, praised the actions of the Mohawk people. Propagandhi is a political Progressive punk rock band formed in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1986 by Chris Hannah and Jord Samolesky. ...
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
The correct title of this article is Where Quantity Is Job #1. ...
Montreal Gazette journalist, Albert Nerenberg, switched careers after smuggling a video camera behind the barricades to make his first documentary, Okanada. The Gazette is a major English-language daily newspaper produced out of Montreal, Quebec. ...
Albert Nerenberg is a Canadian independent filmmaker, actor and documentarian. ...
Counter-insurgency manual A 2005 draft of the Canadian Forces' counter-insurgency manual identified the Mohawk Warrior Society as an example of a domestic group that could use terror tactics to further its cause, largely because of its involvement in the Oka Crisis. Stewart Phillip, Grand Chief of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, denounced the inclusion of the group in the manual as an attack on natives' right to protest.[1] In response the Minister of National Defence, the Honourable Gordon O'Connor, announced that the group would not be included as an example in the final manual.[2] Stewart Phillip is a Okanagan Aboriginal leader who has served as President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs. ...
Gordon James OConnor, PC, OMM, CD, BA, B.Sc. ...
See also This article presents a detailed timeline of Quebec history both as part of the British Empire and the Dominion of Canada. ...
First Nations is a Canadian term of ethnicity which refers to the aboriginal peoples located in what is now Canada, and their descendants who are neither Inuit nor Métis. ...
The Gustafsen Lake Standoff was an Indigenous land dispute involving the Secwepemc Nation which began on June 15, 1995, and lasted until September 17, 1995. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Six Nations protesters at the site. ...
View of Seton Portage from Mission Mountain, c. ...
References - Gerald R. Alfred (1995). Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541138-2.
- Hornung, Rick (1992). One Nation Under the Gun: Inside the Mohawk Civil War. Pantheon. ISBN 0-679-41265-4.
- Craig MacLaine, Michael S. Boxendale (1991). This Land Is Our Land: The Mohawk Revolt at Oka. Optimum Publishing International Inc.. ISBN 0-88890-229-8.
- Alec G. MacLeod (1992). Acts of Defiance. National Film Board of Canada. IMDb
- Alanis Obomsawin (1993). Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance. National Film Board of Canada. IMDb
- Alanis Obomsawin (2000). Rocks at Whiskey Trench. National Film Board of Canada. IMDb
- Geoffrey York (1991). People of the pines: The warriors and the legacy of Oka. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-96916-8.
The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is a Canadian public filmmaking organization established to produce and distribute films that inform Canadians and promote Canada around the world. ...
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