The Okhrannoye otdeleniye (Russian: Охранное отделение, meaning Security Section or Security Station), also the Okhrana or Tsarist Okhranka in Western sources, or diminutive Okhranka by those dissatisfied with the tsarist regime, was a secret police force of the Russian Empire and part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in late 1800s, aided by Special Corps of Gendarmes. Look up Tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the US community of Czar, see Czar, West Virginia. ... A secret police (sometimes political police) force is a police organization that operates in secret to enforce state security. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Modern emblem of Russian MVD The Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (MVD) (Министерство внутренних дел) was the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the imperial Russia, late USSR, and still bears the same name in the Russian Federation. ... Events and Trends Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815). ... The Special Corps of Gendarmes (Отдельный корпус жандармов) was the secret military police of the Russian Empire in the 1800s and early 1900s. ...

As the name suggests, the primary purpose of the agency was the security of the tsar and royal family, including, but not limited to, fighting hostile organizations: terrorists ("bombists"), socialists, and revolutionaries. The Okhranka operated offices throughout the Russian Empire and in a number of foreign satellite agencies primarily concerned with monitoring the activities of Russian revolutionaries abroad, most notably in Paris, where Pyotr Rachkovsky was based (1884–1902). Its headquarters were located in St. Petersburg, Fontanka, 16; this street address was infamously known in the Russian Empire. Look up Tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the US community of Czar, see Czar, West Virginia. ... A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. ... , The Eiffel Tower, the tallest structure in Paris, is an international symbol of the city. ... Pyotr Ivanovich Rachkovsky (Russian: ; 1853-1910) was the chief of Imperial Russias secret service (known as the Okhranka). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland...

The task was performed by any means, including covert operations, undercover agents, and "perlustration" — reading of private correspondence. Even the Foreign Agency served this purpose. The Okhrank is notoriously known for its agents provocateurs — Dr. Jacob Zhitomirsky (a leading Bolshevik and close associate of Vladimir Lenin), Yevno Azef, and Dmitry Bogrov. Of note is the Bloody Sunday event, when imperial guards killed hundreds of unarmed workers who were peacefully marching during a protest organized by an Okhrana agent provocateur, Father Gapon. The Okhrana tried to compromise labour movement by creating police-run trade unions, the practice known as zubatovshchina. An agent provocateur (plural: agents provocateurs) is a person assigned to provoke unrest, violence, debate, or argument by or within a group while acting as a member of the group but covertly representing the interests of another. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... (help· info) (Владимир Ильич Ленин) IPA: born Ulyanov (April 22 [O.S. April 10] 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Communist revolutionary of Russia, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the main theorist of Leninism, which he described as an adaptation of Marxism to the... Yevno Azef Yevno Azef (1869-1918, also transliterated as Evno Azef), was a Russian socialist revolutionary who was also a double agent working for both as an organizer of assassinations for the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and a police spy for Okhrana. ... Dmitry Grigoriyevich Bogrov (Russian: Дмитрий Григорьевич Богров) a. ... For other incidents referred to by this name, see Bloody Sunday. ... Father Gapon George Gapon (Georgi Apollonievich Gapon) (1870–1906) was a priest whom preached in the worker’s suburbs of St. ... Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov (1864 - 1917) was a famous Russian police administrator. ...

Other controversial activities of the agency included fabrication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion document and fabrication of the antisemitic Beilis trial. 1992 Russian edition of the Protocols, adapting Eliphas Levis portrayal of Baphomet. ... This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jews as a religious or ethnic group. ... Menahem Mendel Beilis (Russian: ; 1874-1934) was a Ukrainian Jew accused of murder in a notorious trial, known as the Beilis trial. ...

Suspects captured by the Okhranka were typically given to the normal Russian judicial system, and then either executed or sent to forced labor camps known as katorgas in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia, although in extraordinary circumstances, the Okhrana was permitted to conduct summary executions by hanging or firing squad. Katorga (ка́торга, from Greek: katergon (galley)) was a system of penal servitude in Imperial Russia. ... Siberia is also an album by Echo & The Bunnymen. ...

History

The first special security department was Department on Securing the Order and Public Peace (Отделение по охранению порядка и общественного спокойствия) under the Head of St. Petersburg, created in 1866 after a failed assassination attempt on Alexander II, with a staff of 12 investigators. After another failed attempt, on August 6, 1880 the Emperor, under proposals of Count Loris-Melikov, created the Department of State Police under Ministry of the Interior and transferred both Special Corps of Gendarmes and Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery to the new body; the Chief of Gendarmes was merged with the Minister and Commander of the Corps was assigned Deputy of the Minister. Still, these measures did not prevent the assassination of Alexander II. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevitch (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (born April 17, 1818 in Moscow; died March 13, 1881 in St. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Michael Tarielovich, Count Loris-Melikov (1825? - 1888), Russian statesman, son of an Armenian merchant, was born at Tiflis in 1825 or 1826, and educated in St Petersburg, first in the Lazarev School of Oriental Languages, and afterwards in the Guards Cadet Institute. ... Modern emblem of Russian MVD The Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (MVD) (Министерство внутренних дел) was the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the imperial Russia, late USSR, and still bears the same name in the Russian Federation. ... The Special Corps of Gendarmes (Отдельный корпус жандармов) was the secret military police of the Russian Empire in the 1800s and early 1900s. ... The Third Section was an organization set up in 1826 in Imperial Russia and was designed to combat corruption and champion justice. ... His Imperial Majestys Own Chancellery or H.I.M. Own Chancellery (Russian: ) began as personal chancellery of the Pavel I and grew into a kind of regents office, run by Count Arakcheyev from 1815 and until the death of Alexander I of Russia. ...

In an attempt to implement preventive security measures, Emperor Alexander III immediately created two more 'Security and Investigation (охранно-розыскные) secret police stations, supervised by Gendarme officers, in Moscow and Warsaw; they became the basis of the later Okhranka. The Gendarmes still operated as security police in the rest of the country through their Gubernial and Uyezd Directorates. The Tsar also created Special Conference under the MVD (1881), which had the right to declare a State of Emergency Security in various parts of the Empire (which was actively used in the time of 1905's Revolution), and subordinated all of the imperial police forces to the Commander of the Gendarmes (1882). Alexander (Aleksandr) III (Russian: Александр III Александрович) (b. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: (help· info)) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... Guberniya (Russian: ) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of the Imperial Russia, usually translated as governorate or province. ... Uyezd or uezd (Russian: ) was an admistrative subdivision of Rus, Muscovy, and Russia used from the 13th century, originally describing groups of several volosts formed around the most important cities. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The rise of the Marxist movement called for integration of security forces. Since 1898, the Special Section (Особый отдел) of the Department of Police succceded the Gendarmes in gaining information from domestic and foreign agents and "perlustration". Following the SR assassination of MVD Minister Sipyagin on April 2, 1902, the new Minister Plehve gradually relieved Directorates of Gendarmes of investigation power in favor of Security and Investigation Stations (Охранно-розыскное отделение) under respective Mayors and Governors (who as a matter of fact were subordinate to the MVD Minister). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917 The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (the PSR, the SRs, or Esers; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР), эсеры in Russian) was a Russian political party active in the early 20th century. ... Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipyagin (Дмитрий Сергеевич Сипягин) (1853, Kiev - 1902, St Petersburg), a Russian statesman. ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Vyacheslav Konstantinovich von Plehve (Вячесла́в Константи́нович фон Пле́ве), also Pléhve, or Pleve (April 4, 1846 Meshchovsk, Kaluga Guberniya – July 15 (Old Style) 1904 St Petersburg) was the director of the tsarist Russian Police and later Minister of the Interior. ...

Following the outbreak of the 1905 Revolution and assassination of Pleve, Pyotr Stolypin, as the new MVD Minister and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, created of nation-wide net of Security Stations. By 1908, there were 31 Stations and more than 60 by 1911. Two more Special Sections of the Department of Police were organized in 1906. The centralized Security Section of the Department of Police was created on February 9, 1907; it was located on 16, Fontanka, St Petersburg. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... Vyacheslav Konstantinovich von Plehve (Вячесла́в Константи́нович фон Пле́ве), also Pléhve, or Pleve (April 4, 1846 Meshchovsk, Kaluga Guberniya – July 15 (Old Style) 1904 St Petersburg) was the director of the tsarist Russian Police and later Minister of the Interior. ... Pyotr Stolypin Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (Russian: Пётр Арка́дьевич Столы́пин) (April 14 (April 2 Old Style) 1862 - September 14 (September 1 Old Style) 1911) served as Nicholas IIs Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1906 to 1911. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland...

The assassination of Stolypin and the Azef case put the methods of the Okhranka under great suspicion; they were further compromised by discovering loads of similar double agents-provocateur. In Autumn 1913, all of the Security Stations but original Moscow, St Petersburg and Warsaw were dismissed. The start of World War I marked a shift from anti-revolutionary activities of the Department of Police to counter-intelligence; however, the efforts of the Department were poorly synchronised with counter-intelligence units of the General Staff and the Army. Yevno Azef Yevno Azef (1869-1918, also transliterated as Evno Azef), was a Russian socialist revolutionary who was also a double agent working for both as an organizer of assassinations for the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and a police spy for Okhrana. ... A double agent pretends to spy on a target organization on behalf of a controlling organization, but in fact is loyal to the target organization. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Combatants Allies: • Serbia, • Russia, • France, • Romania, • Belgium, • British Empire and Dominions, • United States, • Italy, • ...and others Central Powers: • Germany, • Austria-Hungary, • Ottoman Empire, • Bulgaria Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 8 million Full list Military dead: 3 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 6 million Full... Counter Intelligence A uk label started and owned by John Machielsen. ...

See also

• Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia
• Oprichniks, a force invested with special policing privileges that spread terror under tsar Ivan the Terrible and might be seen as a forerunner of secret services in Russia.

Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia was created in the course of Government reform of Alexander I in 1810 and exists till 1819. ... Oprichnik (опричникъ) was a member of a private army (Oprichniks) devoted to the service of tsar Ivan the Terrible during the oprichina times (1565-1573). ... Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ...

References

• Charles A. Ruud, Sergei A. Stepanov; Fontanka 16 — The Tsars' Secret Police; McGill-Queen's University Press (paperback, 2002) ISBN 0773524843
• Political police and political terrorism in Russia (second half of XIX – beginning of XX). Сollection of documents. Compiled by VI Kochanov, NN Parfyonova, MV Sidorova, Ye. I. Sherbakova. Moscow, AIRO-XX (2000). ISBN 5-88735-079-2. (In Russian). [1]
• Paris Okhrana 1885–1905 CIA historical review program (Approved for release 22 September 1993)

The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN (sometimes pronounced is-ben), is a unique identifier for books, intended to be used commercially. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

External links

• Fontanka 16 book review
• Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police
• Official history of the MVD of Russia: 1857-1879 1880-1904 1905-1916 (in Russian)