Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht Gerardus Gul (1892-1920).

The Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands is the mother church related to the Old Catholic Churches. It is sometimes called Ancient Catholic Church, Church of Utrecht (Ultrajectine Church) or Dutch Roman Catholic Church of the Old Episcopal Order. Roman Catholic and, in the past Jesuit, critics also tend to call it the Jansenist Church of Holland. Image File history File links Archbishop_Gerardus_Gul,_Jansenist_Old_Catholic_Bishop_of_Utrecht. ... The Old Catholic Church is a community of Christian churches. ... Ultrajectine defines the tradition of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands headquartered at the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Jansenism was a branch of Christian philosophy founded by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a Flemish theologian. ...

Early history

Catholicism came to the Netherlands by means of the proselytising of St. Willibrord in the 7th century. Willibrord had been consecrated by Pope Sergius I in 696 in Rome. In 1145 Pope Eugene III granted the Cathedral Chapter of Utrecht the right to elect bishops after such had been requested by the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III and Bishop Heribert of Utrecht. The Fourth Lateran Council confirmed this in 1215. Pope Leo X, issued the papal bull Debitum Pastoralis in 1520 giving extraordinary powers to Philip of Burgundy, 57th Bishop of Utrecht, essentially removing the ability of any external authority to "in the first instance, have his cause evoked to any external tribunal, not even under pretense of any apostolic letters whatever; and that all such proceedings should be, ipso facto, null and void". Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Coptic Orthodox Pope · Roman Catholic Pope Archbishop of Canterbury · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As... Saint Willibrord (c. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Sergius I (d. ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 696 ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Events Pope Lucius II is succeeded by Pope Eugene III Nur ad-Din ascends to power in Syria Construction begins on Notre-Dame dChartres in Chartres, France Korean historian Kim Pusik compiled the historical text Samguk Sagi. ... The Blessed Eugene III, né Bernardo Pignatelli (d. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about a title... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Conrad III (1093-1152), the first German king of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia. ... The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213. ... Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ...

Reformation and Jansenism

Forced into hiding during the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church of the Netherlands continued to thrive, even eventually obtaining a comfortable enough status with the local authorities so as to allow it to practice Catholicism as long as this did not take place in public or semi-public buildings and areas. The Popes appointed Apostolic Vicars to Utrecht, while the other sees remained vacant since the dissolution of diocesan structures due to the reformation. Strangely, despite the Debitum Pastoralis and the waivers it provided, in 1692 the Dutch ancient Church came under persecution from counter-reformist Jesuits, who, despite opposition to this from Rome, accused Petrus Codde, Apostolic Vicar of Utrecht and the Dutch Republic, of favoring the so-called Jansenist heresy. Pope Innocent XII appointed a Commission of Cardinals who started an investigation of Archbishop Codde, ending in exoneration. In 1700 Archbishop Codde was summoned to Rome and brought before a second Commission appointed by Pope Clement XI. After another acquittal, Clement XI suspended the Archbishop in 1701 and appointed his successor, Gerard Potcamp, to the See of Utrecht. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... The Diocese of Utrecht was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I, and with the consent of the Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, settled at the market-town of Utrecht. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Jansenism was a branch of Christian philosophy founded by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a Flemish theologian. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Innocent XII, né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13, 1615 - September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII. He came of a distinguished Naples family and was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome. ... The coat of arms of a Cardinal are indicated by a red galero (wide-brimmed hat) with 15 tassels on each side (the motto and escutcheon are proper to the individual Cardinal). ... Clement XI, né Giovanni Francesco Albani (July 23, 1649 – March 19, 1721) was pope from 1700 to 1721. ... The Bishopric of Utrecht was one of the ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, and included not only the present day Dutch province of Utrecht, but also the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe, and Overijssel. ...

This was not a popular decision in Holland, culminating in a demand by the Dutch for the return of Codde, and the refusal of his successor Gerard Potkamp by a large part of the clergy. Codde returned to Utrecht in June of 1703. Codde formally resigned, protesting the circumstance in his Pastoral Letter of March 19, 1704. He died December 18, 1710. is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events April 10 - The worlds first copyright legislation became effective, Britains Statute of Anne Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 3 - Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. ...

During and shortly before the controversy on Codde, the Netherlands and its Catholic clergy had become a refuge for a number of well-known dissenting Catholic priests from France and Belgium, who were persecuted because of accusations of Jansenism and because of their anti-Roman views on jurisdiction and, generally, the Vatican rule over the Catholic Church in Europe. Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought tracing itself back to Cornelius Otto Jansen (1585 – 1638), a Flemish theologian. ...

Lacking an own archbishop in partibus infidelium, the Dutch Church was able to arrange for an Irish bishop, Luke Fagan, Bishop of Meath (later Archbishop of Dublin), to ordain Catholic priests for the see of Utrecht. The legal matters arising from the supposed Roman violations of Debitum Pastoralis led to the case being brought before the Pontifical Roman Catholic University of Leuven (Southern Brabant) in May of 1717, which found in favor of the Ancient Church, but was unable to resolve the matter with the Roman Church, leading to an autonomous, Dutch, independent Catholic church. Finally in 1723 dissatisfied Dutch clergymen elected Cornelius van Steenoven to be their Archbishop of Utrecht. He was consecrated, without a papal mandate, by Dominique Marie Varlet (who had been consecrated by the Pope to be the Coadjutor Bishop of Babylon, a Titular See = a diocese in name only), who was staying in the Netherlands to confirm children and to support the Dutch clergy out of sympathy with their cause. Both consecrator and consecrated incurred the penalty of suspension and excommunication for illicit episcopal consecration (only punished by a suspension at the time and until 1950) and because of illegitimately claiming a diocesan see of jurisdiction without the permission of the Roman Pontiff (punished by excommunication). Consecrating bishop Varlet was reconciled to Rome afterwards, even though he subsequently consecrated four bishops for the independent Ultrajectine Church, which would become known as 'Old Catholic' after 1853. Van Steenoven after his consecration autonomously, and from the Roman view point illegitimately and invalidly, appointed bishops to the vacant Dutch sees of Deventer, Haarlem and Groningen. The Church of Ireland diocese of Meath and Kildare has existed since 1976, when it was created by the amalgamation of the existing historic diocese of Meath and diocese of Kildare. ... Primate of Ireland is a title possessed by the Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland (Anglican) Archbishops of Dublin. ... The Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1425, is now the names of two Belgian universities, after the original university split in 1968: the Dutch-speaking Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and the French-speaking Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium This is a disambiguation page — a... Historically, Brabant has been the name of several administrative entities in the Low Countries with quite different geographical extent: as Carolingian shire (pagus Bracbatensis), located between the rivers Scheldt and Dijle (between 9th-11th century); as landgraviat: the part of the shire between the rivers Dender and Dijle (from 1085... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... The Diocese of Utrecht was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I, and with the consent of the Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, settled at the market-town of Utrecht. ... Chrismation is the name given in Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern_rite Catholic churches to the sacrament known as confirmation in the Latin Rite Catholic churches. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In Rome, the title of Supreme Pontiff (in Latin, Pontifex Maximus), belongs to the chief religious official of the city. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Ultrajectine defines the tradition of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands headquartered at the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. ... Deventer is a municipality and city in the Salland region of the Dutch province of Overijssel. ... Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province North Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 32. ... Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province Groningen Area (2006)  - Municipality 83. ...

Most Dutch Catholics nevertheless continued to follow the Roman Pope and obeyed his newly appointed Apostolic Vicars at Utrecht as well as the later official Roman hierarchy established in 1853, when Catholicism was allowed in the public sphere again after two and a half centuries of secret and private practice of Mass and prayer. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin... Apostolic vicariate is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church for non-Catholic or missionary regions and countries which do not have a diocese yet. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Vatican I

After Pope Pius IX reestablished a Church hierarchy in Holland in 1853, the breakaway Church of Utrecht adopted the name "Old Catholic Church" to distinguish itself from the newly created Roman hierarchy by its seniority in Holland. In 1870 Vatican I was convened, and the bishops of the Church of Utrecht, not recognized by the Church in Rome, were refused seats, because they were not seen as being Roman Catholic. At the council, the dogmas of papal primacy in jurisdiction and papal infallibility were defined, to the objection of the Old Catholic hierarchy of the Church of Utrecht and some communities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Many separate communities were formed at this time, seeking to practice pre-Vatican I, anti-Roman centralism, Catholic ideas. Since no bishops left Rome over the issues of Vatican I, these communities sought Apostolic Succession from the Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht, leading to the formation of the Utrecht Union of Churches, and the final adoption of the name "Old Catholic" by these German speaking communities. Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878. ... In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is the dogma that, by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of error[1] when he solemnly declares or promulgates to the Church a dogmatic teaching on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at... The Union of Utrecht is a federation of Old Catholic Churches, not in communion with Rome, that seceded from the Roman Catholic Church over the issue of Papal infallibility. ...

Doctrine

Perhaps the most fundamental position of the Old Catholic Church is its claim to Apostolic succession directly back to Christ, and to being legally separate from the Roman Catholic Church. In Christianity, the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (or the belief that the Church is apostolic) maintains that the Christian Church today is the spiritual successor to the original body of believers in Christ, composed of the Apostles. ... Christ is the English term for the Greek word (Christós), which literally means The Anointed One. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic...

The churches of the Union of Utrecht generally follow the theological and ecclesiological lead of the Church of England, with whom they have been in Communion since 1931. The Polish National Catholic Church, which was the only Old Catholic body in the U.S. and was a member of the Union, did so until the Episcopal Church in the U.S. began ordaining women in about 1975. The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) is a former member of the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht and for much of that period was the only member church of the Union of Utrecht based outside Western or Central Europe (although it was not so when the Philippine Independent Church, also... This article is about the Episcopal Church in the United States. ...

Old Catholics have celebrated Mass in the vernacular virtually since their foundation, even if not in all of their places of worship. They did so already in the 18th century in Utrecht. They reject the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility, as well as later Roman Catholic dogma (e.g. Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary). They sometimes reject auricular confession. Old Catholic clergy can marry at any time, since their Church allowed marriage to its priests in 1878. Arnold Harris Mathew in his declaration of ecclesial independence of December 29th, 1910, wrote to the Old Catholics of Utrecht, that he deplored the lack of an eucharistic fast among continental Old Catholics, the abolition of both daily celebration of the Mass and the ceremony of Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, and the abolition of veneration of the saints among certain Old Catholics.[1] (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Mary, mother of Jesus as the Immaculate Conception. ... Look up assumption in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Modern confessional in the Church of the Holy Name, Dunedin, New Zealand. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Bishop Arnold Harris Mathew Arnold Harris Mathew (1852–1919) was the first Old Catholic bishop in the United Kingdom. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Blessed Sacrament is displayed in a procession at the 2005 Southeastern Eucharistic Congress. ...

The main bodies of the Old Catholics are theologically progressive. The main church of Dutch Old Catholics since 1998 has allowed women to enter the priesthood, and has for a long time allowed divorce. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many Roman Catholic priests who adhere to certain modern or liberal views in either discipline or theology, have joined the Old Catholic Church in order to pursue marriage or a theologically modern way of ministering. Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... For the record label, see Divorce Records. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

While the vernacular was introduced at a very early stage, external rites remained very Catholic, as well as the prayers of Mass, which still emphasized sacrificial intention. Although distinct from the Roman Catholic Church, since the 1960s most Old Catholics have followed the liturgical reforms of the Vatican Council II. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ...

Independent Old Catholic bodies, both in the U.S. and elsewhere, tend to follow the theological and ecclesiological ideas of their founders and current bishops, which can vary from extremely conservative to extremely liberal. It is generally not useful to talk of "the" Old Catholic Church in the U.S.

Old Catholic Archbishops of Utrecht

• Cornelius van Steenoven (1723-1725)
• Cornelius Johannes Barchman Wuytiers (1725-1733)
• Theodorus van der Croon (1734-1739)
• Petrus Johannes Meindaerts (1739-1767)
• Walter van Nieuwenhuisen (1768-1797)
• Johannes Jacobus van Rhijn (1797-1808)
• Willibrord van Os (1814-1825)
• Johannes van Santen (1825-1858)
• Henricus Loos (1858-1873)
• Johannes Heijkamp (1875-1892)
• Gerardus Gul (1892-1920)
• Franciscus Kenninck (1920-1937)
• Andreas Rinkel (1937-1970)
• Marinus Kok (1970-1982)
• Antonius Jan Glazemaker (1982-1999)
• Joris Vercammen (2000-pres.)

Archbishop Joris Vercammen is the current Old Catholic Primate and Archbishop of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands. ...

External links

• Oud Katholieke Kerk van Nederland
• Sources related to Jansenism and Old Catholicism
• A History of the So-Called Jansenist Church of Holland; with a Sketch of Its Earlier Annals, And some Account of the Brothers of the Common Life, by John Mason Neale (1858)