Old Polish (Polish: język staropolski) is a name used to describe the period in the history of the Polish language between 9^th and 16^th century. Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Polish (jÄ™zyk polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ... The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Balto-Slavic language group is a reconstructed hypothethical language group consisting of the Baltic and Slavic language subgroups of the Indo-European family. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... This article or section should be merged with List of West Slavic languages The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group (q. ... The Lechitic languages include three languages spoken in Central Europe, principally in Poland and historically also in eastern part of today Germany. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Polish (jÄ™zyk polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ... Polish (jÄ™zyk polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ...

History

The Polish Language started to change after the Baptism of Poland - then came some words from the Latin, such as kościół (a church, lat. castellum - a castle). Around 14th/15th centuries the aorist and imperfect tenses became obsolete. In 15th century the dual stops being used. Christianization of Poland in 966 by Jan Matejko The Baptism of Poland (Polish: Chrzest Polski) was the event in 966 that signified the beginning of the Christianization of Poland, commencing with the baptism of Mieszko I, who was the first ruler of the Polish state. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Aorist (from Greek αοριστος, indefinite) is a term used in certain Indo-European languages to refer to a particular grammatical tense and/or aspect. ... The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. ... Dual forms exist in some languages in addition to singular and plural forms of nouns and pronouns; the latin term is dualis. ...

The alphabet

Parkoszowic

About 1440 Cracow Academy professor and rector Jakub Parkoszowic tried to codify the Polish alphabet. He wrote first tract on Polish orthographic rules (in Latin) and rhyme Obiecado (in Polish). Parkoszowic wanted to differentiate: Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, often shortened to UJ) is a university in Krakow, Poland. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings, but all of them indicate someone who is in charge of something. ... A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

• long and short vowels by doubling long ones,
• palatal and non-palatal consonants with letter of different shapes (round and edged).

His idea wasn't popular and did not became obligatory. Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ...

Kochanowski

In 16th century Jan Kochanowski proposed a set or ortographic rules and an alphabet of 48 letters and digraphs: a á à ą b b' c ć cz d dz dź dż é è ę f g h ch i j k l ł m m' n ń o ó p p' q r rz s ś sz t u v w w' x y z ź ż. Jan Kochanowski Jan Kochanowski (1530 - August 22, 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet and writer. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Literature

• Bulla gnieźnieńska - papal document which includes 410 Polish names bulla papieska wydana 7 lipca 1136
• Bogurodzica 10th-13th century - the oldest known Polish religious hymn
• The Book of Henryków (Polish: Księga henrykowska, Latin: Liber fundationis) - includes the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language.
• The Holy Cross Sermons (Polish: Kazania świętokrzyskie) 14th century

• Psałterz floriański 14th century - a psalmody; consists of parallel Latin, Polish and German texts
• Rozmowa Mistrza Polikarpa ze Śmiercią (Latin: De morte prologus, Dialogus inter Mortem et Magistrum Polikarpum) - Polish verse
• Lament świętokrzyski (also known as: Żale Matki Boskiej pod krzyżem or Posłuchajcie Bracia Miła)

Bogurodzica Bogurodzica (The Mother of God) is the oldest Polish religious hymn. ... The Book of Henryków (Polish: , Latin: ) is a Latin chronicle of the Cistercian abbey in Henryków in Lower Silesia. ... The Holy Cross Sermons (Polish: Kazania świętokrzyskie), so called after the Holy Cross Monastery in Polands Holy Cross Mountains (Polish: Góry Świętokrzyskie) where they had originally been housed: dating from the 14th century, they are the oldest extant manuscripts of fine prose in the Polish language. ...

Example

Ach, Królu wieliki nasz

Coż Ci dzieją Maszyjasz,

Przydaj rozumu k mej rzeczy,

Me sierce bostwem obleczy,

Raczy mię mych grzechów pozbawić

Bych mógł o Twych świętych prawić.

(The introduction to The Legend of Saint Alexander (15^th century)

See also

• Middle Polish
• Early Modern Polish
• Modern Polish